Spindle trees

Spindle trees
	Japanese spindle bush ( Euonymus japonicus )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Spindle tree (Celastrales)
Family :	Spindle trees
Scientific name
	Celastraceae
	R.Br.

The spindle trees (Celastraceae) are a family of plants within the order of the spindle trees (Celastrales). The almost 100 genera with around 1210 species are mainly found in the tropics. Some species provide wood or are ornamental plants in parks and gardens.

Description and ecology

In the Celastraceae family, which has recently been expanded, the vegetative characteristics and the fruits are particularly variable.

Illustration of the common spindle bush ( Euonymus europaea )

Appearance and leaves

The Celastroideae and Hippocrateoideae are woody plants: shrubs , trees or lianas . The Parnassioideae and Stackhousioideae are perennial herbaceous plants . They are evergreen or deciduous. Many species carry milky juice . A vast number of taxa have tri terpene derivatives in their bark. The simple leaves are opposite, occasionally also alternate, their edges are often serrated. Most taxa have small stipules .

Inflorescences and flowers

The flowers are terminal or axillary in mostly zymose , or rarely racemose , inflorescences or bundled together.

Flower diagram of Euonymus europaea

The flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual. If the flowers are unisexual, the species can be single-sexed ( monoecious ) or dioecious ( dioecious ). The radial symmetry flowers are mostly inconspicuous and (rarely two) four to five-fold. Overall, the structure of the flower organs has been greatly simplified and their number has been reduced. The flowers are five, less often four-fold. The perianth is divided into calyx and crown, but the petals are often missing. Usually only one circle with (rarely only two) mostly three to five stamens is fertile ( fertile ), the inner stamen circle are (rarely only two) mostly three to five staminodes or pseudostaminodes for the production of nectar , it is usually a flat, cushion or cup-shaped disc present. Two to five carpels have become a top permanent up from constant ovary grown. In each ovary chamber there are usually one to two or more ovules per compartment . Each flower contains a stylus with a simple to five-part stigma . The pollination is effected by insects ( Entomophilie ).

Fruits and seeds

There are very different fruits in this family. Most taxa produce capsule fruits . Some taxa have winged seeds (Samara), other species have seeds with a seed coat ( Arillus ). There are also berries and stone fruits .

ingredients

Often found gutta-percha ( polyterpenes ), dulcitol , alkaloids and digitaloid ( Evonosid , Evobiosid , Evomonosid ).

Subfamily Cassinoideae: Cassine peragua

Subfamily Cassinoideae: Elaeodendron melanocarpum

Subfamily Cassinoideae: leaves and flowers of Mortonia utahensis

Subfamily Celastroideae: habitus of Brexia madagascariensis

Subfamily Celastroideae: Round-leaved tree shrike ( Celastrus orbiculatus )

Subfamily Celastroideae: Denhamia oleaster

Subfamily Celastroideae: section of an inflorescence from Gymnosporia montana

Subfamily Celastroideae: branch with leaves and flowers of Maytenus boaria

Subfamily Celastroideae: branch with leaves and flowers of Paxistima myrsinites

Subfamily Celastroideae: branch with leaves and flowers of Putterlickia pyracantha

Subfamily Hippocrateoideae: inflorescence of Prionostemma aspera

Subfamily Parnassioideae: habit and flowers of Parnassia fimbriata

Subfamily Salacioideae: Cheiloclinium cognatum

Subfamily Salacioideae: fruit of Salacia aurantiaca

Subfamily Stackhousioideae: inflorescences of Stackhousia monogyna

Subfamily Tripterygioideae: Wilford's three-winged fruit ( Tripterygium wilfordii )

Systematics and distribution

The Celastraceae family was listed by Robert Brown in A Voyage to Terra Australis , 2, p. 554 in 1814 . The type genus is Celastrus L. Molecular genetic studies have led to the extension of the family. Synonyms for Celastraceae R.Br. are: Parnassiaceae Martinov , Lepuropetalaceae Nakai , Brexiaceae Loudon , Canotiaceae Airy Shaw , Chingithamnaceae Hand.-Mazz. , Euonymaceae Bercht. & J. Presl , Hippocrateaceae Juss. , Plagiopteraceae Airy Shaw , Pottingeriaceae Takht. , Salaciaceae Raf. , Siphonodontaceae Tardieu , Stackhousiaceae R.Br.

Most of the species are found in the tropics, but some taxa are also found in the temperate areas.

The spindle tree family (Celastraceae) is divided into five subfamilies in 2004, but seven subfamilies in 2012 and includes almost 100 genera with around 1210 species :

Subfamily Cassinoideae Loes. : It contains about 17 genera with about 120 species:

Acanthothamnus Brandegee (Syn .: Scandivepres Loes. ): It contains only one species:
Acanthothamnus aphyllus (Schltdl.) Standl. : It occurs in Mexico .

Allocassine N.Robson : It contains only one type:
Allocassine laurifolia (Harv.) N.Robson : It occurs in Mozambique , Zimbabwe and South Africa .

Cassine L. (Syn .: Hartogia Thunb. Ex Lf , Hartogiella Codd ): It contains only about three species in South Africa.

Crossopetalum P.Browne (Syn .: Rhacoma P.Browne ex L. , Myginda Jacq. ): The approximately 26 species are common in the Neotropic.

Elaeodendron Jacq. (Syn .: Crocoxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. , Pseudocassine Bredell , Telemachia Urb. ): The 40 or so species occur on the Caribbean islands , in Africa (four in Zimbabwe , five in Mozambique ), Madagascar, India , Macaronesia and Australia.

Fraunhofera Mart. : It contains only one type:
Fraunhofera multiflora Mart. : It only thrives in arid regions of northeastern Brazil .

Goniodiscus Kuhlm. : It contains only one type:
Goniodiscus elaeospermus Kuhlm. : It occurs only in the Brazilian state of Amazonas .

Gyminda coffin. : The four or so species occur in the Neotropic .

Hartogiopsis H.Perrier : It contains only one species:
Hartogiopsis trilobocarpa (Baker) H.Perrier : It occurs only in Madagascar.

Lauridia Eckl. & Zeyh. : It contains two species in South Africa:

Maurocenia Mill .: It contains only one species:
Maurocenia frangula Mill .: It occurs only in South Africa.

Mortonia A.Gray : The five or so species thrive in desert areas from the southwestern United States to Mexico.

Mystroxylon Eckl. & Zeyh. : It contains only one type:
Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Thunb.) Loes. : It occurs in Africa and Madagascar.

Orthosphenia Standl. : It contains only one type:
Orthosphenia mexicana Standl. : It occurs only in Mexican desert areas.

Pleurostylia Wight & Arn. (Syn .: Cathastrum Turcz. , Herya Cordem. ): The eight or so species are common in the Paleotropic .

Schaefferia Jacq. : The approximately 23 species are common in the Neotropic.

Tetrasiphon Urb. : It contains only one type:
Tetrasiphon jamaicensis Urb. : This endemic occurs only in Jamaica .

Subfamily Celastroideae Burnett : Since 2012 it contains only about 50 genera:

Apatophyllum McGill. : The five or so species occur in Australia .

Brassiantha A.C.Sm. : It contains only one type:
Brassiantha pentamera A.C.Sm. : It only occurs in New Guinea .

Brexia Noronha ex Thouars (Syn .: Thomassetia Hemsl. , Venana Lam. ): The four or so species occur only in Madagascar .
Brexia madagascariensis (Lam.) Ker Gawl. : Middle East Africa and Madagascar.

Brexiella H.Perrier : There are about two species only in Madagascar.

Canotia Torr. : There are about two species in California or Mexico.

Catha Forssk. ex Scop. (Syn .: Dillonia Sacleux ): It contains only one species:
Khat ( Catha edulis (Vahl) Forssk. Ex Endl. )

Celastrus L. (including Monocelastrus F.T.Wang & Tang ): The approximately 30 species are widespread in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas of Asia, Australia, Madagascar and the New World. Thereare 25 species in China , 16 of them only there.

Denhamia Meisn. : The seven or so species occur in eastern and northern Australia.

Dicarpellum (Loes.) ACSm. : It contains four types.

Empleuridium Sond. & Harv. : It contains only one type:
Empleuridium juniperinum Sond. & Harv. : It occurs in South Africa.

Spindle bushes ( Euonymus L. , Syn .: Evonymus L. orth. Var., Kalonymus (Beck) Prokh. , Pragmotessara Pierre , Pragmotropa Pierre , Quadripterygium Tardieu , Sphaerodiscus Nakai ): It is divided into two subgenus and contains about 130 species. It is widespread in Eurasia , North Africa (a species), Australasia , Madagascar, and North America. About 90 species occur in China, 50 of them only there. The species Euonymus s. st. are common in the northern hemisphere and the center of biodiversity is Asia.

Evonymopsis H.Perrier , sometimes with notation according to ICBN 60.5. Euonymopsis H.Perrier orth.var .: It contains about five species.

Gloveria Jordaan : It contains only one species:
Gloveria integrifolia (Lf) Jordaan : It occurs in South Africa.

Glyptopetalum Thwaites : The 20 or so species are widespread in tropical and subtropical Asia. There are nine species in China. seven of them only there.

Gymnosporia (Wight & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.f. : The approximately 80 species are in the tropics to subtropics of the Old World. The three Neotropical species were spun off in 2011.
Gymnosporia senegalensis (Lam.) Loes. : Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to southern Spain.

Haydenoxylon M.P.Simmons : The genus Haydenia M.P.Simmons was established in 2011, the name Haydenoxylon M.P.Simmons replacesthe name Haydenia in 2014 because it is already the genus Haydenia Seward , a genus of fossil species from the family Cyatheaceae. The three Neotropical species were from the genus Gymnosporia (Wight & Arn.) Benth. & Hook.f. outsourced.

Hedraianthera F. Muell. : It occurs in Australia.

Hexaspora C.T.White : It contains only one species:
Hexaspora pubescens C.T.White : It is only found in northern Queensland .

Hypsophila F. Muell. : The roughly three species occur in northeastern Australia.

Kokoona Thwaites : Of the eight or so species, one occurs in Sri Lanka and southern India, one in Myanmar and six in Sumatra , the Malay Peninsula , Borneo and the Philippines .

Lophopetalum Wight ex Arn. (Syn .: Solenospermum inch. ): The approximately 18 species arewidespreadin Southeast Asia and Malesia .

Lydenburgia N.Robson : There are about two species only in South Africa.

Maytenus Molina (Syn .: Boaria A.DC. ): Since 2017 only 15 to 24 species thrive in the Paramos in Costa Rica and Panama and in subtropical South America, in the Andes from Venezuela to Argentina .

Menepetalum Loes. : The six or so species occur only in New Caledonia .

Microtropis Wall. ex Meisn. (Syn .: Chingithamnus Hand.-Mazz. , Otherodendron Makino , Paracelastrus Miq. ): The approximately 60 species are distributed in the tropics and subtropics in Africa, in the New World, in Eastern Asia and Southeast Asia. In China, 27 species occur before 20 of them only there.

Monimopetalum Rehder : It contains only one species:
Monimopetalum chinense Rehder : It thrives at altitudes between 400 and 700 meters only in the Chinese provinces of southern Anhui (Qimen), eastern Hubei (only in Tongshan ) and northern Jiangxi (only in Jingdezhen ).

Monteverdia A. Rich. (Syn .: Moya Griseb. ): The 120 species since 2017 are widespread in the Neotropic.

Paxistima Raf. (including Pachystima Raf. ): The only two species are common in North America.

Peripterygia (Baill.) Loes. : It contains only one type:
Peripterygia marginata (Baill.) Loes. : It occurs only in New Caledonia .

Polycardia Juss. : The four or so species occur only in Madagascar.

Psammomoya Diels & Loes. : The only two species occur only in western Australia.

Pseudosalacia Codd : it contains only one species:
Pseudosalacia streyi Codd : It occurs only in Pondoland in southern KwaZulu-Natal and in the eastern Transkei area of the Eastern Cape , near the Uvongo, coast to Port St. John's. It grows as a shrub or small tree and israted inthe IUCN red listas "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Pterocelastrus Meisn. : The four or so species occur in southeastern Africa.

Putterlickia Endl. : The four or so species occur in South Africa and southern Mozambique .

Quetzalia Lundell : The eleven or so species occur from Mexico to Central America.

Robsonodendron R.H.Archer : The only two species occur in southern Africa.

Salaciopsis Baker f. (Syn .: Lecardia J. Poiss. Ex Guillaumin ): The six or so species occur only in New Caledonia.

Salvadoropsis H.Perrier : It contains only one species:
Salvadoropsis arenicola H.Perrier : It occurs only in Madagascar.

Sarawakodendron Ding Hou : It contains only one species:
Sarawakodendron filamentosum Ding Hou : This endemic occurs only in Sarawak on the island of Borneo . It grows as a small tree and israted inthe IUCN red listas "vulnerable" = "endangered".

Siphonodon handle. (including Capusia Lecomte ): The seven or so species are common in Southeast Asia, Macaronesia and Australia.

Torralbasia Krug & Urb. : It contains only one type:
Torralbasia cuneifolia (C. Wright ex Griseb.) Krug & Urb. : It occurs only on the Caribbean islands of Cuba , Hispaniola and Puerto Rico .

Tricerma Liebm. : The four or five species are distributed from the US states of Texas and Florida , on the Bahamas and Cuba, in Mexico, on the Galapagos Islands and from Ecuador via Bolivia and Peru to north-western Argentina.

Wilczekra M.P.Simmons : It was set up in 2013 and contains only one species:
Wilczekra congolensis (R.Wilczek) MPSimmons (Syn .: Euonymus congolensis R.Wilczek ): It was separated from the genus Euonymus and was the only species there in sub-Saharan Africa. This endemic occurs only in the Kasai sector of the Kinshasa province ofthe Democratic Republic of the Congo. There, this small tree thrives as the dominant plant species in the damp, semi-evergreen forest.

Xylonymus Kalkman ex Ding Hou : It contains only one species:
Xylonymus versteghii Kalkman ex Ding Hou : This endemic occurs only in western New Guinea.

Subfamily Hippocrateoideae (Juss.) Lindl. (Syn .: Hippocrateaceae): It contains about 19 genera with about 100 species in the Paleotropic and Neotropic :

Anthodon Ruiz & Pav .: The fouror sospecies occur from Panama to southeastern Brazil.

Apodostigma R. Wilczek : It contains only one species:
Apodostigma pallens (Planch. Ex Oliv.) R. Wilczek (Syn .: Apodostigma pallens f. Capuroniana N. Hallé , Hippocratea pallens Planch. Ex Oliv. ): It thrives at altitudes of 0 to 1500 meters from Senegal to Ethiopia and south to to northern Rhodesia and Angola ; it also occurs from eastern Kenya to Mozambique .

Arnicratea N.Hallé : The about three species thrive spread in altitudes up to 700 meters in India, Southeast Asia and Macaronesia.

Bequaertia R. Wilczek : It contains only one species:
Bequaertia mucronata (Exell) R. Wilczek : It iswidespreadin tropical West Africa.

Campylostemon Welw. : It contains at least eight species in Africa.

Cuervea Triana ex Miers : The five or so species occur in the New World and Africa.

Elachyptera A.C.Sm. : The approximately seven species occur in Central and South America and in Africa and Madagascar.

Helictonema Pierre : It contains only one species:
Helictonema velutina (Afzel.) R.Wilczek ex N.Hallé : It thrives in the forests of tropical Africa.

Hippocratea L. (including Hemiangium A.C.Sm. ): It contains 90 to 120 species in the tropics and subtropics worldwide. They are mostly lianas or climbing bushes, rarely trees.

Hylenaea Miers : The approximately three species occur in Central and South America.

Loeseneriella A.C.Sm. : The 20 or so species are widespread in tropical Africa and Asia.

Prionostemma Miers : Of the six or so species, about two come from Central to South America and about four in tropical Africa.

Pristimera Miers : The 30 or so species are mainly found in the Neotropic, but also in tropical Asia.

Reissantia N.Hallé : The approximately seven species are distributed in Africa as well as Madagascar, India, Southeast Asia and Macaronesia.

Semialarium N.Hallé : The only two species are distributed from Mexico to Central and South America.

Simicratea N.Hallé : It contains only one species:
Simicratea welwitschii (Oliv.) N. Hallé : It occurs in tropical Africa.

Simirestis N.Hallé : The eight species occur in forests of Africa.

Tristemonanthus Loes. : The only two species occur in tropical Africa.

Subfamily Parnassioideae (Syn .: Parnassiaceae): It contains only two genera with about 51 species:
- Heart leaf ( Parnassia L. ): It contains 50 species in the Holarctic .
- Lepuropetalon Elliott (Syn .: Cryptopetalum Hook. & Arn. ): It contains only one species:
  - Lepuropetalon spathulatum Elliott : It occurs in the southeastern USA to Mexico and in Chile . Some authors place them in a separate family Lepuropetalaceae.

Subfamily Salacioideae: It contains about six genera with about 225 species in the Paleotropic and Neotropic:
- Peritassa Miers : The 19 or so species are common in Central and South America.

Subfamily Stackhousioideae (Syn .: Stackhousiaceae): It contains only three genera with about 20 species, almost all of which occur in Australia:
- Macgregoria F. Muell. : It contains only one type:
  - Macgregoria racemigera F. Muell. : It thrives in arid Australia.
- Stackhousia Sm .: Most of the 14 to 19 species occur in Australia, one also extends to Malesia and Micronesia; one species ( Stackhousia minima ) is native to the mountains of New Zealand.
- Tripterococcus Endl. : The only two species occur only in southwestern Western Australia .

Subfamily Tripterygioideae Loes. : It contains about seven genera with about 39 species:
- Platypterocarpus Dunkley & Brenan : It contains only one species:
  - Platypterocarpus tanganyikensis Dunkley & Brenan : It occurs only in Tanzania .
- Plenckia Reissek (Syn .: Viposia Lundell ): The approximately four species occur in the savannas of Bolivia and Paraguay as well as in central Brazil.
- Ptelidium Thouars : The only two species occur only in Madagascar.
- Rzedowskia Medrano : It contains only one species:
  - Rzedowskia tolantonguensis Medrano : It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 2000 meters in Mexico.
- Tripterygium Hook.f. : It contains only one type:
  - Wilford's three-winged fruit ( Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f. ): It is distributed from north-eastern Myanmar over large areas of China and in Korea , Taiwan to Japan .
- Wimmeria Schltdl. & Cham. : There are only about twelve species left from Mexico to Panama.
- Zinowiewia Turcz. : The approximately 17 species occur from Mexico through Central America to northern South America.

Not classified in a subfamily:
- Pottingeria Prain (The position of this genus in the system has been discussed for a long time and it was also placed in its own family Pottingeriaceae. It can be clearly incorporated into the Celastraceae and it occupies a basic position here. It is possibly to be placed in its own subfamily: Subfamily Pottingerioideae Airy Shaw ): It contains only one species:
  - Pottingeria acuminata Prain : It occurs in South Asia (from Assam to Thailand ).

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The Celastraceae family on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
The families of the Celastraceae. Parnassiaceae and Siphonodontaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Entry in the Western Australian flora . (Section description)
Jin-shuang Ma, Zhixiang Zhang, Liu Quanru, Hua Peng, Michele Funston: Celastraceae , p. 439 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 . (Description and identification key of the Chinese taxa with distribution)
Mohammad Amin Siddiqi: Celastraceae. in the Flora of Pakistan : Description - Online. (Section description)
Li-Bing Zhangab, Mark P. Simmons: Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes. In: Systematic Botany. 31, Issue 1, 2006, pp. 122-137. doi : 10.1600 / 036364406775971778

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al Mark P. Simmons, Christine D. Bacon, Jennifer J. Cappa, Miles J. McKenna: Phylogeny of Celastraceae Subfamilies Cassinoideae and Tripterygioideae Inferred from Morphological Characters and Nuclear and Plastid Loci. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 37, Issue 2, 2012, pp. 456-467. doi : 10.1600 / 036364412X635502
^ MP Simmons: Celastraceae. In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Volume VI: Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons - Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. 2004, pp. 29-64.
↑ Celastraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b Melissa B. Islam, Mark P. Simmons, Robert H. Archer: Phylogeny of the Elaeodendron Group (Celastraceae) Inferred from Morphological Characters and Nuclear and plastid gene. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 31, Issue 3, 2006, pp. 512-524. ( JSTOR 25064181 )
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f L. Leonardo Biral, Mark P. Simmons, Eric de Camargo Smidt, LR Tembrock, M. Bolson, Robert H. Archer, Julio Antonio Lombardi: Systematics of New World - Maytenus (Celastraceae) and a New Delimitation of the genus. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 42, Issue 4, 2017, pp. 680-693. doi : 10.1600 / 036364417X696456 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Jin-shuang Ma, Zhixiang Zhang, Liu Quanru, Hua Peng, Michele Funston: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China . Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 . Celastraceae , p. 439 - online with the same text as the printed work .
^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3rd edition, Cambridge University Press 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mark P. Simmons, Jennifer J. Cappa: Wilczekra, a New Genus of Celastraceae for a Disjunct Lineage of Euonymus. In: Systematic Botany. Volume 38, Issue 1, February 2013, pp. 148–153. doi : 10.1600 / 036364413X661881
^ ^A ^b Mark P. Simmons, Fred R. Barrie: Haydenoxylon, a replacement name for Haydenia (Celastraceae). In: Novon , Volume 23, Issue 2, 2014, pp. 224–225. doi : 10.3417 / 2014011
↑ ^a ^b ^c A Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar .
^ Entry in the Western Australian Flora .
↑ ^a ^b Search for "Celastraceae" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species .
↑ Jennifer M. Coughenour, Mark P. Simmons, Julio Antonio Lombardi, K. Yakobson, Robert H. Archer: Phylogeny of Celastraceae subfamily Hippocrateoideae inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid loci. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , Volume 59, Issue 2, 2011, pp. 320-330. doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.02.017
↑ Jennifer M. Coughenour, Mark P. Simmons, Julio A. Lombardi, Jennifer J. Cappa: Phylogeny of Celastraceae Subfamily Salacioideae and Tribe Lophopetaleae Inferred from Morphological Characters and Nuclear and Plastid Genes. In: Systematic Botany , Volume 35, Issue 2, 2010, pp. 358-367. doi : 10.1600 / 036364410791638289
^ WR Barker: Flora of Australia .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Ding Hou, Ivan A. Savinov, Peter C. van Welzen: Celastraceae. Flora of Thailand , Volume 10, Part 2, 2010, pp. 1–198. on-line.

Web links

Commons : Cachaceae (Celastraceae) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Entries about Celastraceae in Plants For A Future
Description of the family from the Tübingen Botanical Garden. (German)
Robert H. Archer, Julio Antonio Lombardi (2013). Neotropical Celastraceae. In: W. Milliken, B. Klitgård, A. Baracat, 2009 onwards: Datasheet at Neotropikey = Interactive key and information resources for flowering plants of the Neotropics .