Spindle bushes

Spindle bushes
	Common spindle bush , also called the European euonymus, ( Euonymus europaeus ), illustration
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden I
Order :	Spindle tree (Celastrales)
Family :	Spindle trees (Celastraceae)
Genre :	Spindle bushes
Scientific name
	Euonymus
	L.

The spindle bushes ( Euonymus ) are a genus of plants from the spindle tree family (Celastraceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Spindle shrub species are woody plants: shrubs or small trees , some species are creeping to climbing. They are evergreen or deciduous. The plant parts are mostly hairless, rarely they are hairy downy. The opposite or rarely opposite or whirling arranged leaves are simple. The leaf margin is smooth, serrated or curved. Stipules are present.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are arranged in mostly axillary, zymous inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are four to five-fold. The four or five petals are light yellow to dark purple in color. The fleshy disc is ring-shaped, four- or five-lobed. There is only one circle, the inner one, with four or five stamens . The four to five carpels have become an ovary grown, with usually two (rarely up to twelve) to erect hanging ovules per ovary chamber.

The spherical, four to five-fold capsule fruits are three to five-lobed, ribbed or winged on the side. The loculicidal capsule fruits often contain two (one or more) seeds. The ellipsoidal seeds are generally covered by a red or orange colored, fleshy seed coat, the arillus , which in some species is only formed at the seed base.

distribution

The distribution areas (areas) of the species are in the Himalayas , on the Indian subcontinent , in China (90 species, 50 of which only there), Japan , Malaysia , Europe , Madagascar and North America .

In Central Europe, the genus is represented by three species:

Ordinary spindle shrub (Syn .: Ordinary Euonymus europaeus ), a common type of shrub with a wide, area-wide distribution
Broad-leaved Euonymus (syn .: broad-leaved spindle bush, pre-alpine spindle bush; Euonymus latifolius ), which occurs mainly in the Alps and the Alpine foothills

Warty spindle bush ( Euonymus verrucosus ) with (south) east European (Pannonian) distribution focus such as Austria, the Czech Republic etc.

Systematics

This genus was first published in 1753 under the name Evonymus by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 197. Type species is Euonymus europaeus L .; Synonyms for Euonymus L. are: Genitia Nakai , Kalonymus J. Prokhanov , Masakia Nakai , Melanocarya Turcz. , Pragmatropa Pierre , Pragmotessara Pierre , Sphaerodiscus Nakai , Turibana Nakai .

Open fruits of the common spindle bush ( Euonymus europaeus ) with seeds and aril

Variety with variegated leaves of the climbing spindle bush or creeping spindle bush ( Euonymus fortunei )

Broad-leaved euonymus ( Euonymus latifolius )

Euonymus planipes

Deciduous leaves and four-fold flower of the warty spindle bush ( Euonymus verrucosus )

The genus Euonymus is divided into two sub-genera:

Subgenus Kalonymus Beck : With winged capsule fruits.

Subgenus Euonymus : With winged capsule fruits.

In the genus of the spindle bushes ( Euonymus ) there are 130 to 176 species (selection):

Euonymus acanthocarpus Franch. : It occurs in China.
Winged spindle bush or winged spindle bush ( Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Sieb. )
American spindle bush , also called strawberry spindle bush, ( Euonymus americanus L. ): It is found in the central and eastern United States.
Euonymus apterus rule
Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. : It is common in North America in Canada and in the United States .
Euonymus bungeanus Maxim.
Euonymus carnosus Hemsl. : It occurs in Japan , Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Henan , Hubei , Hunan , Jiangsu , Jiangxi and Zhejiang .
Euonymus cornutus Hemsley : It occurs in India, Myanmar and China.
Euonymus echinatus Wall. : It occurs in India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and in China.
Common spindle bush or European spindle bush ( Euonymus europaeus L. )
Euonymus fimbriatus Wall. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Tibet .
Climbing spindle bush or creeping spindle bush ( Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz. )
Euonymus frigidus Wallich in Roxb. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and in China.
Euonymus giraldii Loes. : It occurs in China.
Euonymus glaber Roxb. : It occurs in India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and in China.
Euonymus grandiflorus Wall. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and in China.
Euonymus hamiltonianus Wall. : It occurs in Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Myanmar, China, Japan, Korea and in Russia's Far East .
Japanese spindle bush ( Euonymus japonicus Thunb. ): It occurs in Japan, Korea, China, India, Pakistan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
Euonymus kiautschovicus Loes. (Syn .: Euonymus patens Rehder ): It occurs in China, Korea, Japan, India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
Euonymus lanceolatus Yatabe
Broad-leaved euonymus or pre-alpine spindle bush ( Euonymus latifolius (L.) Mill. )
Euonymus laxiflorus Champ. ex Benth. : It occurs in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan.
Euonymus lucidus D.Don : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar and in Tibet .
Euonymus macropterus Rupr. : It occurs in China, Japan, Korea and Russia's Far East.
Euonymus matsudai Hayata
Euonymus melananthus Franch. & Sav. : It occurs in Japan.
Euonymus microcarpus (Oliver ex Loesener) Sprague : It occurs in China.
Euonymus myrianthus Hemsley : It occurs in China.
Euonymus nanoides Loesener & Rehder (Syn .: Euonymus oresbius W.W.Sm. ): It occurs in China.
Euonymus nanus Bieb. : It occurs in Romania, Moldova , Ukraine, Turkey, the Caucasus, China and Mongolia.
Euonymus nitidus Benth. (Syn .: Euonymus chinensis Lindl. )
Euonymus obovatus Nutt. : It occurs in eastern Canada and in the eastern and northern United States.
Western spindle bush ( Euonymus occidentalis Nutt. Ex Torr. ): It occurs in the US states of Oregon , Washington, Nevada and California.
Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq. : It occurs in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and on the Kuril Islands .
Euonymus pallidifolius Hayata : It occurs in Taiwan.
Euonymus parasimilis CYCheng ex JSMa : It is only known from the type material from Yunnan .
Euonymus pauciflorus Maxim. : It occurs in China, Japan and Russia's Far East .
Euonymus pendulus Wall. : It occurs in Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Cork-mad spindle bush ( Euonymus phellomanus Loes. Ex Diels ): It thrives in wooded areas and on dry slopes at altitudes of 1000 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Henan, Hubei, Ningxia , Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Sichuan.
Euonymus planipes (Koehne) Koehne : It occurs in Japan, Korea and in Russia's Far East.
Euonymus sachalinensis (F.Schmidt) Maxim. : It occurs in Japan and on Sakhalin .
Blood spindle bush ( Euonymus sanguineus Loes. , Syn .: Euonymus monbeigii W.W.Sm. ): It occurs in China.
Euonymus semenovii Regel & Herder : It occurs in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Xinjiang .
Euonymus spraguei Hayata : It only thrives in Taiwan at altitudes of 1100 and 2800 meters.
Euonymus tingens Wall. : It occurs in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and in China.
Euonymus trichocarpus Hayata
Euonymus velutinus fish. & CAMey. : It occurs in Iran, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan .
Euonymus verrucosoides Loes. : It occurs in China at altitudes from 1400 to 3700 meters.
Warty spindle bush ( Euonymus verrucosus Scop. )
Euonymus wilsonii Sprague : It occurs in Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangxi.

use

Varieties of some species are used as ornamental plants. Native species are planted in wild hedges in their respective countries of origin.

photos

Winged spindle bush or winged spindle bush ( Euonymus alatus ):

blossoms
Habit and autumn leaves
Cork formation on the branches

Large-flowered spindle bush ( Euonymus grandiflorus ):

Habit and autumn leaves
Fruit and autumn leaves
Yellow-colored Japanese spindle bush in spring

Japanese spindle bush ( Euonymus japonicus ):

Open fruits
Inflorescences

swell

Jin-shuang Ma & Michele Funston: Euonymus in der Flora of China , Volume 11, p. 440: Online.
Entry in the Flora of Pakistan . (engl.)

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 197 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Euonymus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Jin-shuang Ma & Michele Funston: Euonymus Linnaeus. , Pp. 36-38 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Celastraceae.

Web links

Commons : spindle bushes ( Euonymus ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Species in Austria with profiles.

[1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 1, 1753, p. 197 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.

[GRIN-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad Euonymus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved May 8, 2017.

[FoC-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Jin-shuang Ma & Michele Funston: Euonymus Linnaeus. , Pp. 36-38 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 11: Celastraceae.