Common loosestrife
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Common loosestrife ( Lysimachia vulgaris ) |
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| Lysimachia vulgaris | ||||||||||||
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The common loosestrife ( Lysimachia vulgaris ), also called panicle loosestrife and common loosestrife , is a species of the genus yellow loosestrife ( Lysimachia ) in the subfamily of the myrsin family (Myrsinoideae) within the primrose family (Primulaceae). It is common in Eurasia .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The common loosestrife is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 40 to 150 centimeters. The upright stem is often branched and hairy in the upper area.
The leaves are opposite or arranged in threes or four whorls on the stem. With a length of up to 12, rarely up to 15 centimeters, the leaf blade is ovate-lanceolate and not dotted with glands.
Generative characteristics
The common loosestrife blooms from June to August. Terminal and in the axils of the upper leaves are panicle or racemose inflorescences .
The flower is radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx tips are often reddish or bordered. The five yellow and often reddish colored petals are only fused at their base. The 7 to 12 millimeter long petal lobes are bare on the edge. The filaments of the five stamens have grown together to form a filament tube. The floral formula is: .
The upright, single-compartment capsule fruit opens with five fruit valves. The seeds are 1 to 1.8 millimeters long.
The basic chromosome number is x = 14; the degree of ploidy varies with chromosome numbers of 2n = 28 (diploid) or 2n = 56 (hexaploid).
Ecology and phenology
The common loosestrife is a helomorphic hemicryptophyte , a stem plant, a marsh plant and a deep-rooted plant . Vegetative reproduction occurs through underground runners .
In terms of flower biology, it is a so-called homogeneous disc flower . Glandular hairs or sap hairs are on the outside of this filamentary tube. The plant secretes lipids through them, which are used to attract pollinating insects. The common loosestrife is one of the few species in the Central European flora that attracts its pollinators with oil instead of nectar . Among the most frequent flower visitors that counts leg Bee ( Macropis europaea ), which is obviously tied in her presence to the dissemination of the ordinary Gilbweiderichs. The females collect the oil with the help of suction pads on their middle legs and brush it into their thigh brushes, where it mixes with the collected pollen to form a thick lump. This serves as a nutrient paste for the larvae . In addition to this type of bee, pollen-eating hoverflies can also be observed on the flower. The common loosestrife is also capable of self-pollination .
The flowers are different depending on the exposure; one speaks here of photodimorphism . The light flowers are petals dark yellow, red at the base and the stylus is significantly longer than the stamens and with them carried pollination . The shadow flowers are lighter and smaller, their style is as long as the stamens, which only favors spontaneous self-pollination . There are also transitions between the two types of flowers.
The diaspores are scattered by the wind and passing animals. Botanists refer to this spreading strategy as semachory . The seeds are very light due to an air-filled layer under the epidermis and can be spread by the wind as a granular flyer (so-called anemochory ). If the seeds fall into the water, because of this layer of air they can swim for up to a week and are carried on by the water current (so-called nautochoria ). In autumn, the seeds are eaten, among other things, by the zippammer , which eats the seeds from the capsule fruit; seeds are also scattered here. It is a so-called processing spread or dysochory . The common loosestrife grows in winter and ripens in October.
Occurrence
The common loosestrife is a boreal and Mediterranean flora element . It is common in Europe and parts of North Asia and is also found in Algeria.
In Central Europe it occurs particularly in companies of the Magnocaricion, Filipendulion or Molinion associations. The common loosestrife can often be found in light forest areas, in swamp bushes, reed beds , brook fringes and on damp meadows throughout Germany. It is also found scattered in limestone and dry areas. In Austria, the common loosestrife occurs frequently in damp bushes, fens, swamp meadows and alder forests on the colline to montane altitude level in all federal states.
Systematics
Lysimachia vulgaris was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné . A synonym for Lysimachia vulgaris L. is Lysimachia westphalica Weihe .
There are two subspecies of Lysimachia vulgaris :
- Lysimachia vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris
- Lysimachia vulgaris subsp. glandulosovillosa (Beck) Peev : It occurs in the former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria .
Use in herbal medicine
In folk medicine , the common loosestrife was previously used for scurvy , diarrhea , fever and ulcers , and because of its astringent and expectorant properties it was used to treat wounds and for respiratory problems. The common loosestrife is therefore often in the vicinity of earlier medieval cottage gardens, from which it overgrown (so-called ethelochory ). Recently the common loosestrife is largely uncommon as a medicinal plant .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Lysimachia vulgaris L., common loosestrife. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ a b Common loosestrife . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 743 .
- ↑ Lysimachia vulgaris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 19, 2019.
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ a b c Karol Marhold: Primulaceae. Data sheet Lysimachia vulgaris. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2011.
- ^ Gustav Hegi: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. 2nd Edition. (unchanged reprint). Volume V / 3, Paul Parey Verlag, Berlin / Hamburg 1975, ISBN 3-489-76020-4 .
- ↑ Dr. Hans W. Kothe: The great herb lexicon . Naumann & Göbel, Cologne 2012, ISBN 978-3-625-13441-1 , p. 211 .
literature
- Angelika Lüttig, Juliane Kasten: Rose hip & Co - blossoms, fruits and spread of European plants. Fauna Verlag, Nottuln 2003, ISBN 3-935980-90-6 . (Section ecology)
Web links
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Lysimachia vulgaris L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved January 20, 2016.
- Thomas Meyer: Yellow loosestrife data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
