Zippammer
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Zippammer ( Emberiza cia ) |
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| Linnaeus , 1766 |
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The zippammer ( Emberiza cia ) is one of the bird species. It is both a grain eater and an insect eater. It occurs as a breeding bird in Southern Europe and North Africa as well as Western Asia to the Central Asian highlands. In the Mediterranean area, it can be found regularly in rocky biotopes. In Central Europe it is a sparse to rare breeding bird that is limited to sunny hilly regions and alpine valleys and prefers steep vineyard biotopes. There it reaches its northern limit of distribution. In Germany it occurs only in a few heat-favored areas. In the Red List of Breeding Birds in Germany, it is counted among the species threatened with extinction.
In Austria the Zippammer is indicated as NT (endangerment) in the current Red List (5th version) with 301 - 1000 breeding areas, whereby the distribution is spread over the whole of Austria, with a focus on the inner alpine dry valleys in the west as well as and especially in Area in and around the Wachau.
Field identifier
In terms of size and shape, the Zippammer comes close to a long-tailed sparrow. Similar to the goldhammer, there is no pronounced gender dimorphism in the first annual dress. Males in their first annual plumage are difficult to distinguish from adult females using field ornithology.
Field identifier of adult males
The color of the head, throat and front breast is blue-gray with distinctive black crowns, stripes of reins, eyes and beard. The back is chestnut brown with black longitudinal stripes, the rump unstriped tan brown, the underside cinnamon brown. The black-brown visible parts of the wings and cover feathers of the wing are predominantly bordered by wide tan-colored hems. The two outermost control feathers of the tail are conspicuously white in the lower half (especially the wide inner vane) and are clearly visible when excited by the characteristic "twitching spreading". In autumn, the striking colors of the freshly moulted head feathers are partially covered by brown tips.
Previous year males are not as contrasty as the adult males.
Adult females
The dark reins and other head stripes have a brownish tinge, the blue-gray of the intermediate fields and the chest is less intense with a brownish tinge. The belly appears dull, cinnamon-colored.
In previous year's females, the head stripes are indistinctly grayish-brown, the intermediate fields yellow-gray, the color of the throat, chest and stomach is less pronounced.
Nestlings and young birds
Nestlings are covered with long, dense and dark gray dunes. The throat and tongue are yellowish pink, whereas the papillae of the tongue are pale pink. The beak ridges are pale yellow.
The fledgling young birds have brown plumage that appears as a dashed line through the tan-brown bordered dark wing feathers.
The full-grown bird only gets its characteristic colored first annual dress when the small plumage moulting begins in September.
Vocalizations
Characteristic calls are ziep , zijep , more rarely zip (social vocal feeling sound ), when excited tjück , dridd , züpp , zitit and tititrija or tiritritja ("insult" when surprised at the nest), in case of danger (e.g. sparrowhawk) a long pull which is "understood" and also expressed by other bird species.
Youth singing
In autumn-winter, when the weather is calm and sunny, you can hear a continuous "splashing" soft song of young and adult birds, both males and females (the so-called "subsong", which has no resemblance to the district or territorial song).
Revier or territorial song
The Reviergesang is an inconspicuous song, which forms the motif song by stringing together stanzas that hardly differ from one another, each lasting two to three seconds. It is reminiscent of the songs of dunnock and reed bunting. This chant varies considerably between individuals, but is the same for a male for years. It is performed in two variants: early in the morning, approx. 20-30 minutes after the black redstart has started singing, softly melodic over a length of 30 to 70 minutes and during the day without induced aggression, e.g. B. the female breeds. In a "relaxed situation" during the singing, the singer assumes a posture that has sunk down to his feet and is straight in front, the tail is bent downwards. Exposed rock peaks, bush peaks and edge vineyard stakes are often chosen as singing stations. During territorial disputes or after the audition of the dummy vocal sound, the singing sounds hard and choppy (territorial singing), the verses are shortened and the singing duration is only short.
Distribution area and existence
The main distribution area of the Zippammer is the Mediterranean region, where it inhabits the mountainous regions of southern Europe, northwestern Africa and Asia Minor. In southern Europe, the Zippammer is widespread in rocky (karst) areas, e.g. B. in mountains like the Pyrenees ; in Central Europe it can be found in the Alps and the Vosges . The northernmost distribution limit in Central Europe is below the 52nd parallel in the Sauerland near Brilon . In 2010, ten breeding grounds were found in quarries southeast of Brilon. The easternmost known newer single broods in Germany were reported from Jena in 1996 and 2010. The largest sub-populations, however, are below about 50 ° 30 '(Bonn, Ahr) on the steep slopes of the Rhine and its tributaries accompanying the river. The main occurrences are in Rhineland-Palatinate and were estimated to be around 180–230 breeding pairs in 2008. Of these, there are around 30-60 areas in the Ahr Valley, 150-200 areas on the Moselle from Küsserath to Winningen, 50-60 pairs on the Middle Rhine from Bingen to Unkel and around 45 pairs on the Nahe. In the Upper Middle Rhine from Lorchhausen to Rüdesheim, biennial censuses from 1983 to 1999 showed a fairly constant 45 Zippammer districts. On the Main, 19 districts were identified between Veitshöchheim and Karlstadt-Kalbenstein in 2009 and 25 districts there in 2011, and a further 7 districts were found near Homburg am Kallmuth. The Zippammer population has expired in the front Black Forest, in the southern Black Forest there are currently only 2–3 areas, in 2009 6 areas were identified. In the Palatinate, the zippammer has also disappeared as a breeding bird. Since the 1990s, the existence of 20 areas on spruce clearcuts in the Palatinate Forest has been extinct. One brood was detected in the southern Palatinate in 1990, after which only single unmated males were observed there from 2009 to 2011. The populations as a whole in Central Europe have decreased significantly since around 1960, mainly due to changes in the landscape structure. It is assumed that zip chambers, which are adapted to the climatically preferred areas - wine locations on the river slopes of the Ahr, Mosel, Nahe, Rhine and Main, are not used as source populations for zip chambers adapted to the harsh mountain climate, e.g. B. the Palatinate Forest and the Black Forest could act. In the Red List of Germany's breeding birds from 2015, the species is listed in Category 1 as critically endangered.
habitat
Zippammern, whose preferred habitats are vineyards, love south-facing, sparsely overgrown, steep and rocky slopes, as can often be found alongside rivers on the Middle Rhine, Ahr, Moselle, Nahe and Main. The Zippammer also benefited from the clearing of vegetation on steep slopes for viticulture, mostly centuries ago, and the creation of terraced areas, as it particularly prefers open, dry grass-like steep areas, but avoids woody or consistently bushy slopes as breeding grounds. Pure large-scale vineyard slopes are rarely accepted as territories. They should be interspersed with loosely bushed dry grassland and rocky heather areas, as well as rubble or rock heaps. The adjacent forest fringes, characterized by drought, with their dwarf tree vegetation are integrated into the territories as an important food reservoir (insect larvae for rearing young). The mountain-adapted zipper chambers that breed in the Black Forest and the Vosges on the steep slopes at an altitude of 1300 m (in Switzerland in the Valais up to 2300 m) are used to harsh climates with storms, fog and rain, even during the breeding season. In the Black Forest and the Vosges, in addition to the rocky ridges, steep forest open spaces (clearcuts, windthrow areas) are also populated. Pure spruce forest clearcuts on the eastern slope of the Palatinate Forest were suitable breeding habitats until 1990. The loss of such clear cuts, as well as former pasture fields for cattle etc. are, as in the Black Forest, probably responsible for the decline in the Zippammer populations, right up to extinction. The Zippkammer populating vineyards are more threatened by land consolidation and the increasing encroachment of abandoned vineyards. Globally, this species is not threatened. Therefore, the IUCN classifies this species as Least Concern (potentially endangered).
Way of life
Migratory behavior
A third of the population winters on the Middle Rhine. This could be determined by winter observation of the breeding birds, which were ringed in color during the breeding season. Newcomers are also present in winter. The population of the spruce clearcuts on the eastern slope of the Palatinate Forest completely left their breeding grounds higher up in October – November. Many of these zipped chambers, which were ringed there in color, could be observed immediately afterwards on the climatically very mild "Vogelsang" near Neustadt / Weinstrasse (approx. 5–10 km as the crow flies) throughout the winter. Five long-distance finds of breeding birds in the Middle Rhine point to the migrating part of the zip-chambers in the west-south-west direction. The first train guideline could be the Nahe river. The most distant recovery comes from the Basses-Pyrénées, 1020 km away, near Biarritz. In autumn, small groups are formed that last through the winter until the end of February. At the beginning of March, the territories are occupied by the local and returning males, and the returning females appear about a week later.
Territorial behavior
Territory owners of the previous year are loyal to the territory and defend their territory against males from the previous year. If a young male has already occupied a territory before last year's old male (migratory bird) has returned, it can lead to fierce chases and dogfights for days. All observations on a zippammer population that had been ringed in color over the years showed that the old male always won this turf war. Until they disappear, males occupy the same territory again and again, proven up to eight breeding periods in a row. Females also usually return to the territory occupied the previous year, in one case four breeding seasons in a row, this female then remained mated with the same male. If a male is already mated, the female changes territory. Females are probably less loyal to mate than to territory. The average age of the males is 2.6 and the females 2.0 years. The oldest male observed as a territory owner was in the 9th calendar year, the oldest still reproductive female at least in the 9th calendar year. The size of the area fluctuates greatly and is around 6000 m² on the steep slopes on the Middle Rhine.
Breeding behavior
The start of nest building is very dependent on the weather; the 10-year mean, the main nest building activity was around April 22nd. In areas predominantly dominated by vineyards, the nesting site is often in the vineyard rows under gnarled, sloping vines, which are surrounded by tufts of grass or the like. are well grown. Where rocky heather areas dominate, the nest is hidden in a niche or under a protruding stone, covered by the surrounding vegetation. Hollows on the wall crowns overgrown by low vegetation are also chosen. Second broods are often created in the forks of branches of grapevines. Laying begins at the end of April to the beginning of May, depending on the weather. Four eggs are the rule, which are laid every day, rarely five, exceptionally six eggs.
The egg color is a gray white, at the blunt end there are more brown-black curlicues, often ending in a blob. The 14-day incubation by the female begins with the last egg. The newly hatched young have gray hair and feather down along the later feathered corridors. They are fed insects, especially caterpillars and grasshoppers. After four days the boys open their eyes; at this time the blood keels stand out clearly on the outlines of the wings, they also protrude on the tail. From the tenth day they leave the nest. At this point they can already flutter about. After flying out, the young are fed for almost two weeks, but they still beg both adult birds or other zipped chambers. Two broods could be detected regularly, in exceptional cases three broods per year, the third brood then extends into August. In autumn and winter, the food of the zipped chambers consists mainly of seeds.
Subspecies
So far, six subspecies are known:
- Emberiza cia cia Linnaeus , 1766 - The nominate form occurs in central and southern Europe via the Balkans and northern Turkey , as well as northwestern Africa .
- Emberiza cia hordei C. L. Brehm , 1831 - This subspecies occurs in Greece over southern Turkey and south to Israel and Jordan .
- Emberiza cia prageri Laubmann , 1915 - This subspecies is common in the Caucasus , southern Ukraine , eastern Turkey, and southwestern and northern Iran .
- Emberiza cia par Hartert , 1904 - This subspecies is distributed in northeastern Iran across Central Asia and northern Pakistan .
- Emberiza cia stracheyi F. Moore , 1856 - This subspecies occurs in the northwestern Himalayas across southwest Tibet and Nepal .
- Emberiza cia. flemingorum J. Martens , 1972 - This subspecies occurs in central Nepal.
etymology
The German name Zippammer probably goes back to the vocal sound “zi” or excitement sound “zip”, the English name “Rock Bunting” to the preference of the Zippammer for rocky slopes and the French name “Bruant fou” (crazy bunting) to their familiar behavior which was exploited by bird trappers in south-western Europe in earlier decades.
literature
- Glutz von Blotzheim, UN & Bauer, KN (Hrsg.) 1997: Handbook of the birds of Central Europe. Emberiza cia L. - Zippammer. Volume 14, III, Passeriformes. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden 1997, pp. 1518–1555.
- Colin Harrison and Peter Castell: Fledglings, Eggs and Nests of Birds in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. 2nd, revised edition. Aula-Verlag, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-89104-685-5 .
Web links
Single receipts
- ↑ a b Christoph Grüneberg, Hans-Günther Bauer, Heiko Haupt, Ommo Hüppop, Torsten Ryslavy, Peter Südbeck: Red List of Breeding Birds in Germany, 5th version . In: German Council for Bird Protection (Hrsg.): Reports on bird protection . tape 52 , November 30, 2015.
- ↑ a b c Glutz von Blotzheim, UN & Bauer, KN (Ed.) 1997: Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Emberiza cia L. - Zippammer. Volume 14, III, Passeriformes 1518-1555, Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Schuphan I. 1972: On the biology and population dynamics of the Zippammer (Emberiza c. Cia L.). Diploma thesis Faculty of Natural Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 1972 . http://www.hgon.de/service/downloads/
- ↑ Schuphan I. & Heseler U., 1965: Identifiers for age and gender in the Zippammer . Bird Observatory, 23: 77-79
- ^ Colin Harrison and Peter Castell: Fledglings, Eggs and Nests of Birds in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East . P. 441.
- ↑ a b c d e f Schuphan, I. 2011 a: The Zippammer (Emberiza cia), a species of bird that can tolerate large climatic differences. Bird Observatory, 49: 129-136.
- ↑ Stein, FJ. 2011: Results of the inventory of precisely recorded species for 2010 . Wisps 28:24
- ^ Hahn, S. & Reinhardt, K., 1997: The Zippammer Emberiza cia L. in the middle Saale valley near Jena. Thuringia. Ornithole. Mitt. 47: 49-52
- ↑ a b c d Schuphan, I. 2011 b: Habitat structures and population-dynamic parameters of a population of Zippammers (Emberiza cia): Usable basic data for future Zippammer management plans . Bird Observatory, 49: 65-74
- ↑ a b Schlotmann, F., Dietrich, E. 2012: The avifauna of the wine-growing areas in Rhineland-Palatinate. Fauna Flora Rhineland-Palatinate, 12: 629-702
- ↑ Bosselmann J. 2008: Zippammer observations (Emberiza cia) 2005-2008 in Rhineland-Palatinate, population estimates. Plants and animals in Rhineland-Palatinate. Reporting year 2007, vol. 18: 152-155, Mayen
- ^ Hausch, I. 1999: Zippammern (Emberiza cia) in the Rheingau . Jb. Wet. Ver. Naturkde, 120: 105-111
- ↑ Schuphan, I. 20011 c: Existence and distribution of the Zippammer Emberiza cia in Bavaria in the area between Karlstadt and Veitshöchheim and on the Franconian Saale near Hammelburg 2009 . Ornithole. Number 50: 61-68
- ↑ Schuphan, I. 2011 d: Age structure of the Zippammer population Emberiza cia in Bavaria 2011 at Kallmuth near Homburg am Main and between Karlstadt and Veithshöchheim . Ornithole. Number 51: 182-189
- ↑ a b Deuschle, J., Straub, F., Kratzer, D., Schuphan, I., Dorka, U. & Plank, A. 2010. Natura 2000 Management Plan “Southern Black Forest”, MaP processing of the Zippammer (Emberiza cia L .) in bird sanctuaries in Baden-Württemberg (MaP areas 2009-1010), partial contribution for the bird sanctuary 8441-441 Southern Black Forest , State Office for the Environment, Measurements and Nature Conservation, Baden-Württemberg (LUBW), Karlsruhe
- ↑ a b c d Groh, G. 1988: On the biology of the Zippammer (Emberiza cia cia L.) in the Palatinate Forest . Mitt. Pollichia, 75: 261-287, Bad Dürkheim
- ↑ Schuphan, I. & Grimm, F. 2012: The Zippammer (Emberiza cia) in the southern Palatinate - systematic search for occurrences on clear-cut slopes and windthrow areas in the Palatinate Forest. Fauna Flora Rhineland-Palatinate, 12: 703-712
- ↑ Janz, U. 2010: Observations of the Zippammer (Emberiza cia) in the southern Palatinate . Fauna Flora Rhineland-Palatinate, 11: 1199-1207
- ↑ Schuphan, I. 2007: Long-term influences of maintenance measures, land consolidation and global warming on a colored ringed subpopulation of the Zippammer Emberiza cia L. on the Middle Rhine. Bird Observatory, 45: 299-300
- ↑ Schuphan, I. & Schuphan, D. 2011: Zippammer and Apollofalter on the Lower Moselle . The falcon, 11: 448-450
- ↑ Emberiza cia in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013.2. Listed by: BirdLife International, 2012. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
- ^ IOC World Bird List Buntings, sparrows & bush tanagers
- ↑ Cabard, P. & Chauvet, B 2003 L'étymologie des noms d'oiseaux: Origine et sens des noms des oiseaux du Paléarctique occidental , éditions Belin