Report

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Report
Rosen-Melde (Atriplex rosea), illustration

Rosen-Melde ( Atriplex rosea ), illustration

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Atripliceae
Genre : Report
Scientific name
Atriplex
L.

The reports ( Atriplex ) are a genus of plants within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). With around 300 species, this is the most species-rich genus in this family.

The common name Melde ( ahd. Melda , mhd. Melde ) is derived from the “floured” appearance of the hairy plants.

description

Atriplex section Atriplex :
Illustration - left garden report ( Atriplex hortensis ),
- right gloss report ( Atriplex sagittata )
Bald head ( Atriplex glabriuscula ), bracts of the female flowers

Vegetative characteristics

The Atriplex styles are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , rarely also half bushes or shrubs . Often the plants are hairy with blister hairs that collapse and make the surface appear floured or silvery; more rarely, elongated hairs ( trichomes ) are also found.

The seated or stalked leaves are usually alternate, rarely arranged opposite on the stem. They are often thrown off late or persist. Their flat, often somewhat fleshy leaf blades are toothed, lobed or, less often, entire. The shape of the leaf blade is very variable.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowers stand together in ear-like or ear-like panicle inflorescences . The unisexual flowers are in clusters in the axilla of bracts . Some species are single-sexed ( monoecious ), others are dioecious and separate-sexed ( dioecious ). The male flowers (without bracts) each contain three to five elongated egg-shaped bracts ( tepals ) and three to five stamens , the stamens of which are connected below. Occasionally a rudimentary ovary is present. The female flowers are surrounded by two leaf-like bracts with free or partially connected edges. Their shape is very variable and they often have attachments. The female flowers usually lack bracts , in a few species (rarely one) three to five tepals are present. The egg-shaped or spherical ovary carries two pfriemliche or filamentary scars.

Fruit and seeds

At the time of fruiting, the bracts enlarge slightly and can thicken, develop appendages or, in some species, become spongy. The fruit remains enclosed by the pre-leaves without growing together with them. The pericarp is close to the seed. The flattened seed is mostly vertical (with the exception of section Atriplex ). The thick seed coat is leathery or hardened. The ring-shaped embryo surrounds the nutrient tissue; its roots can point upwards, downwards or to the side. Some annual species develop multiple seed forms (heterospermia).

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number in Atriplex is x = 9. The only exception is Atriplex lanfrancoi has a basic chromosome number of x = 10.

Photosynthetic pathway and leaf anatomy

Some of the report species considered originally are C 3 plants with normal leaf anatomy. Most of the species are, however, C 4 plants . They have the typical "atriplicoid" leaf anatomy with a number of bundle sheath cells around each vascular bundle and radially arranged palisade cells (wreath anatomy). In the variant " Atriplex halimus -type" there is also a hypodermis under the outermost cell layer , in the " Atriplex dimorphostegia -type" there is no hypodermis.

Tatar message ( Atriplex tatarica ) with butterflies ( Silbergrüner Bläuling Polyommatus coridon )

ecology

The report species are food plants for the caterpillars of numerous butterflies (Lepidoptera). The monophagous species that only feed on Atriplex species include, for example, the mini-sac carriers Coleophora crassicornella , Coleophora moeniacella , Coleophora plurifoliella , Coleophora serinipennella and Coleophora vestianella . The signaling owl ( Discestra trifolii ), goosefoot flyworms and the dock wrench also use the reports as food. In the HOSTS database there are 125 entries of butterfly species on Atriplex .

Spread and evolution

The reports are spread almost all over the world, from subtropical to temperate to subarctic regions. The largest numbers of species are reached in Australia , North America , South America and Eurasia . Many species are halophytes and adapted to dry habitats with salty soils.

According to phylogenetic studies by Kadereit et al. (2010) the genus Atriplex originated in the Middle Miocene . The C 4 - photosynthetic developed against at least 14.1 to 10.9 million years ago. As the climate became increasingly drier in the Miocene, the C 4 plants with their more economical water consumption had an advantage. The C 4 lineages developed into numerous clans and spread worldwide to the various continents.

Australia was reached twice in the late Miocene: the first time from Eurasia or America about 9.8 to 7.8 million years ago. The second immigration came from Central Asia about 6.3 to 4.8 million years ago, and most of the Australian Atriplex species developed from these ancestors in the Pliocene . Together with the short- snouted kangaroo Procoptodon goliah , for which Atriplex was the main food, they penetrated the emerging arid regions of Australia.

In America, the genus appeared about 9.8 to 8.8 million years ago. The settlement probably came from Eurasia, so that North America was reached first and from there also South America.

According to Uotila 2011, the following 18 species occur in Germany:

Systematics

Atriplex section Teutliopsis :
left arrow-leaved message ( Atriplex calotheca ), illustration
right spreading message ( Atriplex patula ), illustration
Shrub melde ( Atriplex halimus )
Garden melde ( Atriplex hortensis )
Beach Melde ( Atriplex littoralis ) from Helgoland
Spreading message ( Atriplex patula )
Gloss-Melde ( Atriplex sagittata )

The genus Atriplex belongs to the tribe Atripliceae in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). This family now includes the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

The genus Atriplex was 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 2, pp. 1052-1054. set up. Atriplex hortensis L. was later selected as the type species (lectotype) .

Atriplex L. contains the former genera Blackiella Aellen , Cremnophyton Brullo & Pavone , Haloxanthium Ulbr. , Morrisiella Aellen , Neopreissia Ulbr. , Obione Gaertner , Pachypharynx Aellen , Senniella Aellen and Theleophyton (Hook. F.) Moq. The wedge reports ( Halimione ), which are recognized as a separate genus, are no longer included in the reports .

The genus Atriplex is particularly species-rich and comprises around 300 species. These can be combined into several kinship groups (clades), which only partially correspond to the existing sections:

Use and economic importance

Numerous types of reports are edible. The garden log has long been used as a vegetable . The shrub-melde as well as Atriplex canescens , Atriplex confertifolia and Atriplex nutallii are also suitable as food plants . During the Russian famine of 1921 , many people used logs as a substitute for grain, but this caused so-called “ hunger bellies ”, especially in children .

Many species are important forage crops . Some species, such as Atriplex canescens , were introduced from Australia and America to Southwest Asia for grazing.

Some species of report are used as medicinal plants in folk medicine , for example the Gartenmelde and Atriplex argentea .

Logs are also occasionally planted as ornamental plants, especially the red-leaved forms of the garden logs serve as leaf decorations.

Due to the very high rate of seed formation, some types of reporting have become a " weed " problem in arable farming , for example Atriplex spongiosa .

literature

  • Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 97, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1664-1687. (Sections photosynthetic pathway, distribution and evolution, systematics)
  • Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 226, 260, 268, 293. (section description)
  • Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Atriplex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Vol. 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , p. 360. (Description section)
  • P. Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore ). In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex L. Atriplex at PESI portal , 2011. (Distribution of European species, occurrence in Germany)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ "Report" online at Duden .
  2. Atriplex as food for butterflies at HOSTS .
  3. a b Alexander P. Suchorukow: Some new and little known taxa from the family Chenopodiaceae in Europe and in the eastern Mediterranean area. In: Fedde's repertory. Vol. 118, No. 3-4, 2007, pp. 73-83. doi: 10.1002 / fedr.200711128 .
  4. ^ First description scanned into the Biodiversity Heritage Library
  5. ^ Atriplex at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  6. a b Alexander P. Suchorukow: On the systematics and chorology of the Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae) occurring in Russia and the neighboring states (within the borders of the former USSR). In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Series B, 108, 2007, pp. 316 and 372-374. (PDF file; 32.9 MB)
  7. ^ Atriplex praecox at Hassler: Flora von Deutschland .
  8. a b E.g. Atriplex halimus (edible, English), entry in Plants for a Future , accessed 2014
  9. ^ Bertrand M. Patenaude: The Big Show in Bololand. The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford University Press, Stanford 2002, p. 56.
  10. a b I. C. Hedge: Atriplex. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica. Volume 172: Chenopodiaceae . Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, p. 64.

Web links

Commons : Report ( Atriplex )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files
 Wikispecies: Report (Atriplex)  - Species directory
Wiktionary: Melde  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations