Spreading message

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Spreading message
Spreading message (Atriplex patula)

Spreading message ( Atriplex patula )

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Atripliceae
Genre : Report ( Atriplex )
Type : Spreading message
Scientific name
Atriplex patula
L.

The Spreizende Melde ( Atriplex patula ), also called Ruten-Melde , more rarely Ausgebreitete Melde , Gemeine Melde , Ordinary Melde or Spreizmelde , is a plant species from the genus of the Report ( Atriplex ) in the family of the Foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae).

Further German-language trivial names that have been documented for the plant species are Milten, Mistmilten, Scheißmilten and Schissmalter.

description

illustration
Habitus
Stems with leaves
Inflorescence (individual with predominantly female flowers)
Inflorescence with female and male flowers
Female flower with two bracts, right anterior bract removed

Vegetative characteristics

The spreading melde is an annual herbaceous plant . The upright stalk , clearly ribbed and striped in the upper part , reaches a length of (10 to) 30 to 100 (to 150) cm. It is heavily branched with long, horizontally or obliquely splayed to arched branches that are dark green and bare.

The alternate (the lowest also opposite) arranged leaves on the stem are divided into leaf blade and petiole. The petiole is 5 to 12 mm long. The leaves have a length of 25 to 120 mm and a width of mostly 3 to 40 (up to 75) mm. The leaf blade of the lower leaves, green on both sides, is elongated, triangular-rhombic, spear-shaped or slightly tri-lobed, with a wedge-shaped leaf base or with basal spike corners and serrated on the edge. The leaf blade of the upper, sometimes grayish on the underside, leaves are lanceolate and usually entire.

Inflorescence and flower

In interrupted, spiked inflorescences, the flowers are in clusters of four to ten flowers. The spreading message is single-sexed ( monoecious ) or almost dioecious .

The male flowers have four to five elongated, green bracts ( tepals ) and four to five stamens . The female flowers are green two rhombic continue reading enveloped bloom are not present, they include only a vertical ovary with two thread-like scars.

Seed of the Spreading Message

Fruit and seeds

The vertical fruit is enveloped by the herbaceous pre-leaves, which are fused together in the lower third (almost to the middle) and which can turn black when the fruit is ripe. They are 2 to 7 (up to 20) mm long, rhombic or rhombic-triangular, at the widest point with upwardly stretched side corners and entire or toothed. They usually have appendages on their back.

The membranous pericarp surrounds the seed. There are two different types of seeds ( heterocarpy ): light brown, somewhat concave seeds with a diameter of 1.8 to 3 mm, and reddish-black, flat or convex seeds with a diameter of only about 1.5 (up to 2) mm.

Chromosome number

The chromosome numbers given are 2n = 36 and 2n = 18.

ecology

The spreading melde is a C 3 plant with normal leaf anatomy .

The flowering period in Germany extends from July to October, fruit ripening from September to October. The pollination is usually done by the wind or by selfing, rarely by insects. The cover leaves surrounding the fruit elongate after flowering and serve as a flight organ for the spread of wind ; in addition, swimming and human spreading occur as ruderal plants . The plant is a winter stand.

The Atriplex patula is used by the caterpillars of butterflies as food, such as Meldenflureule ( Dicestra trifolii ) and trachea atriplicis ( trachea atriplicis ), the coleophoridae Coleophora vestianella , eupithecia sinuosaria ( Eupithecia sinuosaria ) pelurga comitata ( Pelurga comitata ), the Bluebird Brephidium exilis , the pterophoridae emmelina monodactyla and ornamental moth Scythris limbella and Scythris sinensis . The nymphs of the report bug Parapiesma quadratum suck the plant sap.

A downy mildew fungus , Peronospora minor , lives parasitically on the spreading melde. Numerous black spots on living stems can be caused by the fruiting bodies ( pycnidia ) of the sac fungus - anamorphic Stagonospora atriplicis .

Occurrence

The natural distribution area of ​​the spreading message includes all of Europe , North Africa , West Asia and Siberia to the Chinese Xinjiang . As an introduced species, it can also be found in other parts of China . In North America , the spreading message was introduced in the first half of the 18th century and is widespread there today. It is also introduced in South America .

Their habitat are almost everywhere ruderal societies , only rarely does the spreading melde also grow on the coast of the sea or in sandy steppes . In Germany the spreading melde is an archaeophyte or was possibly already indigenous without human intervention. It colonizes short-lived weed meadows in fields and gardens, on rubble sites or paths, or grows on dry river banks. She prefers fresh, nutrient-rich, loose clay and loam soils with a neutral soil pH . From the plain it penetrates up to an altitude of 1100 meters. In the Allgäu Alps in Vorarlberg near the Hochhäderich it rises up to 1250 m above sea level. In the system of plant sociology it is a characteristic of the class Chenopodietea, and a differential species of the union Chenopodion rubri.

Systematics

The spreading message ( Atriplex patula ) belongs within the genus Atriplex to the section Teutliopsis Dumort.

The first publication of Atriplex patula was carried out in 1753 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum 2, pp 1053-1054 synonyms of Atriplex patula L. are Atriplex angustifolia Sm. , Atriplex patula subsp. producta (cast.) Giardina & Raimondo as well as Atriplex amana Post , Atriplex erecta Huds. , Atriplex macrodira cast. , Atriplex patula subsp. amana (Post) Aellen , Atriplex patula subsp. erecta (Huds.) Arcang. and Atriplex patula subsp. macrodira (cast.) Arcang. In the Flora of North America , Atriplex hastata subsp. patula (L.) S. Pons , Atriplex hastata var. patula (L.) Farwell and Teutliopsis patula (L.) Celak. called as synonyms.

use

The young leaves of Spreizenden Melde are edible and can be cooked raw or cooked like spinach. Their mild, somewhat expressionless taste can be improved by adding aromatic herbs. The seeds are also suitable for consumption, albeit somewhat difficult to harvest. They can be ground to thicken soups or used as a flour additive.

The fresh ripe seeds are said to be an effective laxative .

swell

literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , pp. 92 . (Section description).
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 5th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1983, ISBN 3-8001-3429-2 , pp. 348 . (Occurrence section).
  • Alexander P. Suchorukow: On the systematics and chorology of the Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae) occurring in Russia and the neighboring states (within the borders of the former USSR) . In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Series B. Volume 108, 2007, pp. 342–344 (PDF file; 31.4 MB) (sections description, occurrence).
  • Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex patula . In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 333 (English). (Section Description, Occurrence).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 51, online.
  2. ↑ Atriplex patula , chromosome number at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 97, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1664-1687.
  4. ↑ Entry at BiolFlor
  5. ↑ Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of the plants of Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p. 131-132 .
  6. ↑ a b Spreading message. In: FloraWeb.de.
  7. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni, Luis M. Hernández: Entry at HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants .
  8. ↑ a b c Entry in Encyclopedia of Life EOL
  9. ↑ a b Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore) . In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex patula , 2011. Entry on PESI portal .
  10. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 464.
  11. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 1053, digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D1052%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D
  12. ↑ a b Entry in Plants For A Future .

Web links

Commons : Spreading Melde ( Atriplex patula )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files