Report

Report is a redirect to this article. See also: Franz Melde , physicist, or grain distillery G. Melde . For the activity of reporting see reporting .

Report
Rosen-Melde ( Atriplex rosea ), illustration
Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales) Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae) Subfamily : Chenopodioideae Tribe : Atripliceae Genre : Report
Scientific name
Atriplex
L.

The reports ( Atriplex ) are a genus of plants within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). With around 300 species, this is the most species-rich genus in this family.

The common name Melde ( ahd. Melda , mhd. Melde ) is derived from the “floured” appearance of the hairy plants.

description

Atriplex section Atriplex :
Illustration - left garden report ( Atriplex hortensis ),
- right gloss report ( Atriplex sagittata )

Bald head ( Atriplex glabriuscula ), bracts of the female flowers

Vegetative characteristics

The Atriplex styles are annual or perennial herbaceous plants , rarely also half bushes or shrubs . Often the plants are hairy with blister hairs that collapse and make the surface appear floured or silvery; more rarely, elongated hairs ( trichomes ) are also found.

The seated or stalked leaves are usually alternate, rarely arranged opposite on the stem. They are often thrown off late or persist. Their flat, often somewhat fleshy leaf blades are toothed, lobed or, less often, entire. The shape of the leaf blade is very variable.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowers stand together in ear-like or ear-like panicle inflorescences . The unisexual flowers are in clusters in the axilla of bracts . Some species are single-sexed ( monoecious ), others are dioecious and separate-sexed ( dioecious ). The male flowers (without bracts) each contain three to five elongated egg-shaped bracts ( tepals ) and three to five stamens , the stamens of which are connected below. Occasionally a rudimentary ovary is present. The female flowers are surrounded by two leaf-like bracts with free or partially connected edges. Their shape is very variable and they often have attachments. The female flowers usually lack bracts , in a few species (rarely one) three to five tepals are present. The egg-shaped or spherical ovary carries two pfriemliche or filamentary scars.

Fruit and seeds

At the time of fruiting, the bracts enlarge slightly and can thicken, develop appendages or, in some species, become spongy. The fruit remains enclosed by the pre-leaves without growing together with them. The pericarp is close to the seed. The flattened seed is mostly vertical (with the exception of section Atriplex ). The thick seed coat is leathery or hardened. The ring-shaped embryo surrounds the nutrient tissue; its roots can point upwards, downwards or to the side. Some annual species develop multiple seed forms (heterospermia).

Chromosome number

The basic chromosome number in Atriplex is x = 9. The only exception is Atriplex lanfrancoi has a basic chromosome number of x = 10.

Photosynthetic pathway and leaf anatomy

Some of the report species considered originally are C ₃ plants with normal leaf anatomy. Most of the species are, however, C ₄ plants . They have the typical "atriplicoid" leaf anatomy with a number of bundle sheath cells around each vascular bundle and radially arranged palisade cells (wreath anatomy). In the variant " Atriplex halimus -type" there is also a hypodermis under the outermost cell layer , in the " Atriplex dimorphostegia -type" there is no hypodermis.

Tatar message ( Atriplex tatarica ) with butterflies ( Silbergrüner Bläuling Polyommatus coridon )

ecology

The report species are food plants for the caterpillars of numerous butterflies (Lepidoptera). The monophagous species that only feed on Atriplex species include, for example, the mini-sac carriers Coleophora crassicornella , Coleophora moeniacella , Coleophora plurifoliella , Coleophora serinipennella and Coleophora vestianella . The signaling owl ( Discestra trifolii ), goosefoot flyworms and the dock wrench also use the reports as food. In the HOSTS database there are 125 entries of butterfly species on Atriplex .

Spread and evolution

The reports are spread almost all over the world, from subtropical to temperate to subarctic regions. The largest numbers of species are reached in Australia , North America , South America and Eurasia . Many species are halophytes and adapted to dry habitats with salty soils.

According to phylogenetic studies by Kadereit et al. (2010) the genus Atriplex originated in the Middle Miocene . The C ₄ - photosynthetic developed against at least 14.1 to 10.9 million years ago. As the climate became increasingly drier in the Miocene, the C ₄ plants with their more economical water consumption had an advantage. The C ₄ lineages developed into numerous clans and spread worldwide to the various continents.

Australia was reached twice in the late Miocene: the first time from Eurasia or America about 9.8 to 7.8 million years ago. The second immigration came from Central Asia about 6.3 to 4.8 million years ago, and most of the Australian Atriplex species developed from these ancestors in the Pliocene . Together with the short- snouted kangaroo Procoptodon goliah , for which Atriplex was the main food, they penetrated the emerging arid regions of Australia.

In America, the genus appeared about 9.8 to 8.8 million years ago. The settlement probably came from Eurasia, so that North America was reached first and from there also South America.

According to Uotila 2011, the following 18 species occur in Germany:

• Aucher-Melde ( Atriplex aucheri Moq. ): It was found as an adventitious plant in Germany.
• Arrow-leaved message ( Atriplex calotheca (Rafn) Fries ):
• Bald head ( Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston )
• Gartenmelde ( Atriplex hortensis L. )
• Atriplex intracontinentalis Sukhor. : This native species was only described in 2007 and does not yet have an established German name.
• Lobed message ( Atriplex laciniata L. )
• Beach Melde ( Atriplex littoralis L. )
• Stem-melde ( Atriplex longipes Drejer )
• Mixed seeds ( Atriplex micrantha Ledeb. )
• Long-leaved message ( Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit. )
• Spreading message ( Atriplex patula L. )
• Early notification ( Atriplex praecox Hülph. )
• Spit-Report ( Atriplex prostrata DC. )
• Rosen-Melde ( Atriplex rosea L. )
• Gloss-Melde ( Atriplex sagittata Borkh. )
• Atriplex sibirica L .: It occurs occasionally as an adventitious plant in Germany.
• Atriplex sphaeromorpha Iljin : It was found as an adventitious plant in Brandenburg.
• Tatar message ( Atriplex tatarica L. ).

Systematics

Atriplex section Teutliopsis :
left arrow-leaved message ( Atriplex calotheca ), illustration
right spreading message ( Atriplex patula ), illustration

Atriplex canescens

Shrub melde ( Atriplex halimus )

Garden melde ( Atriplex hortensis )

Atriplex hymenelytra

Atriplex lentiformis

Beach Melde ( Atriplex littoralis ) from Helgoland

Spreading message ( Atriplex patula )

Gloss-Melde ( Atriplex sagittata )

Atriplex semibaccata

Atriplex vesicaria

The genus Atriplex belongs to the tribe Atripliceae in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). This family now includes the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae).

The genus Atriplex was 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 2, pp. 1052-1054. set up. Atriplex hortensis L. was later selected as the type species (lectotype) .

Atriplex L. contains the former genera Blackiella Aellen , Cremnophyton Brullo & Pavone , Haloxanthium Ulbr. , Morrisiella Aellen , Neopreissia Ulbr. , Obione Gaertner , Pachypharynx Aellen , Senniella Aellen and Theleophyton (Hook. F.) Moq. The wedge reports ( Halimione ), which are recognized as a separate genus, are no longer included in the reports .

The genus Atriplex is particularly species-rich and comprises around 300 species. These can be combined into several kinship groups (clades), which only partially correspond to the existing sections:

• Atriplex lanfrancoi / cana -Clade: These two species are believed to be relics of an early line of development:
  • Atriplex lanfrancoi (Brullo & Pavone) G. Kadereit et Sukhor. (Syn .: Cremnophyton lanfrancoi Brullo & Pavone ) is a shrub thatgrowson limestone cliffs in Malta and Gozo .
  • Atriplex cana C.A.Mey. is a subshrub that occurs from the eastern part of European Russia to western China. It colonizes loamy-salty soil in semi-deserts.
• Atriplex Section Atriplex is a group of annual species with C ₃ photosynthesis. They have large spear-shaped leaves and often two types of female flowers, which have either prophylls or tepals:
  • Aucher-Melde ( Atriplex aucheri Moq. ): It is common in Eastern Europe and Western Asia. In Germany it occurs occasionally as an introduced adventitious plant.
  • Garten-Melde ( Atriplex hortensis L. ): It comes from Asia and is grown in Europe as a vegetable and ornamental plant, where it is often overgrown. It also occurs in Germany.
  • Langblättrige Melde or Langblatt-Melde ( Atriplex oblongifolia Waldst. & Kit. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and native to Germany.
  • Gloss-Melde ( Atriplex sagittata Borkh. , Syn .: Atriplex nitens Schkuhr ): It is widespread in Eurasia and native to Germany.
• Atriplex section Teutliopsis Dumort. includes annual C ₃ plants. In the inflorescence, male and female flowers are not spatially separated. The female flowers are usually without a flower cover, their herbaceous bracts are fused up to half their length. With about 18 species in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America:
  • Atriplex australasica Moq.
  • Arrow-leaved message ( Atriplex calotheca (Rafn) Fr. ); It is widespread in Northern Europe and native to Germany.
  • Atriplex crassifolia Ledeb. , from Asia
  • Atriplex davisii Aellen : It occurs from southeastern Europe to Egypt.
  • Kahle Melde ( Atriplex glabriuscula Edmondston ): It is widespread in Central and Northern Europe and native to Germany.
  • Atriplex gmelinii C.A.Mey. ex bong. , from Asia and North America
  • Atriplex intracontinentalis Sukhor. : It occurs from Central Europe to Asia and is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex laevis C.A.Mey. : It comes from Asia, it is also introduced in Eastern Europe.
  • Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb. , from Eurasia
  • Strand-Melde ( Atriplex littoralis L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa and native to Germany.
  • Stiel-Melde ( Atriplex longipes Drejer ): This northern European species is native to Germany.
  • Different seeds ( Atriplex micrantha C.A.Mey. ): The species originating from Asia is introduced and feral in large parts of Europe and has recently spread in Germany, especially along roadsides.
  • Atriplex nudicaulis Boguslaw , from Eurasia
  • Spreizende Melde or Ruten-Melde, Spreizästige Melde ( Atriplex patula L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia and North Africa and native to Germany.
  • Early registration ( Atriplex praecox Hülph. ): The northern European species is native to Germany and is rarely found on the Mecklenburg coast
  • Spieß-Melde or Spießblättrige Melde ( Atriplex prostrata Moq. ): It is also widespread in Eurasia and North Africa and native to Germany.
• C ₄ - Atriplex -Clade: This group contains the majority of all species. The previous subdivision into sections ( Obione section, Pterochiton section, Psammophila section, Sclerocalymma section and Stylosa section ) does not correspond to the natural relationship. Further research is therefore required for a new grouping. This group includes, for example:
  • Atriplex acanthocarpa (Torr.) S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex acutibractea Anderson , from Australia
  • Atriplex altaica Sukhor. , from Asia
  • Atriplex angulata Benth. , from Australia
  • Atriplex Billardierei (Moq.) Hook. f. , from Australia
  • Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. , from North America
  • Atriplex centralasiatica Ilyin , Asia
  • Atriplex cinerea Poir. , from Australia
  • Atriplex codonocarpa P.G.Wilson , from Australia
  • Atriplex conduplicata F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frém.) S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex cordobensis Gand. & Stucco. , from South America
  • Atriplex deserticola Phil. , In South America
  • Atriplex dimorphostegia Kar. & Kir. : It is common in northern Africa.
  • Atriplex eardleyae Aellen , from Australia
  • Atriplex elachophylla F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex fissivalvis F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex flabellum Bunge ex Boiss. , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex gardneri (Moq.) D.Dietr. , from North America
  • Atriplex glauca L .: It is widespread on the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa.
  • Shrub-Melde ( Atriplex halimus L. ): It is widespread in southern Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia.
  • Atriplex herzogii Standl. , from North America
  • Atriplex holocarpa F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex hymenelytra (Torr.) S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex hymenotheca Moq. , from Australia
  • Atriplex imbricata (Moq.) D.Dietr. , from South America
  • Atriplex inamoena Aellen , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex intermedia Anderson , from Australia
  • Atriplex isatidea Moq. , from Australia
  • Lobed Melde ( Atriplex laciniata L. ): The western and northern European species is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex lampa (Moq.) Gillies ex Small , from South America
  • Atriplex lehmanniana Bunge , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex leptocarpa F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex leucoclada Boiss. , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex leucophylla (Moq.) D.Dietr. , from North America
  • Atriplex lindleyi Moq. , from Australia
  • Atriplex moneta Bunge ex Boiss. , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex muelleri Benth. , from Australia
  • Atriplex nessorhina S.WLJacobs , from Australia
  • Atriplex nummularia Lindl. , from Australia
  • Atriplex obovata Moq. , from North America
  • Atriplex pamirica Iljin , from Eurasia
  • Atriplex parishii S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex parryi S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex parvifolia Kunth , from South America
  • Atriplex patagonica (Moq.) D.Dietr. , from South America
  • Atriplex phyllostegia (Torr. Ex S.Watson) S.Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex polycarpa (Torr.) S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex powellii S. Watson , from North America
  • Atriplex pseudocampanulata Aellen , from Australia
  • Atriplex quinii F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex recurva d'Urv. , from Eurasia, an Aegean endemic
  • Atriplex rhagodioides F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Rosen Melde ( Atriplex rosea L. ): It occurs in Eurasia and North Africa and is native to Germany
  • Atriplex rusbyi Britton ex Rusby , from South America
  • Atriplex schugnanica Iljin , from Asia
  • Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. , from Australia
  • Atriplex semilunaris Aellen , in Australia
  • Atriplex serenana A.Nelson ex Abrams , from North America
  • Atriplex sibirica L. It comes from Asia and occurs occasionally as an adventitious plant in Germany.
  • Atriplex sphaeromorpha Ilyin : It is native to Russia, the Ukraine and the Caucasus region and was found as an adventitious plant in Germany.
  • Atriplex spinibractea Anderson , from Australia
  • Cancellous Atriplex F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex stipitata Benth. , from Australia
  • Atriplex sturtii S.WLJacobs , from Australia
  • Atriplex suberecta I. Verd . , from Australia
  • Tatar Melde ( Atriplex tatarica Aellen ): It occurs in Europe, North Africa and Asia and is native to Germany.
  • Atriplex turbinata (Anderson) Aellen , from Australia
  • Atriplex undulata (Moq.) D.Dietr. , from South America
  • Atriplex velutinella F. Muell. , from Australia
  • Atriplex vesicaria Heward ex Benth. , from Australia
• For example, the following have not yet been examined for affiliation:
  • Atriplex alaskensis S. Watson
  • Atriplex amnicola Paul G.Wilson , from Australia, also introduced in California
  • Atriplex coronata S. Watson , from California
  • Atriplex heterosperma Bunge , from Eastern Europe
  • Atriplex nuttallii S. Watson , from North America

Use and economic importance

Numerous types of reports are edible. The garden log has long been used as a vegetable . The shrub-melde as well as Atriplex canescens , Atriplex confertifolia and Atriplex nutallii are also suitable as food plants . During the Russian famine of 1921 , many people used logs as a substitute for grain, but this caused so-called “ hunger bellies ”, especially in children .

Many species are important forage crops . Some species, such as Atriplex canescens , were introduced from Australia and America to Southwest Asia for grazing.

Some species of report are used as medicinal plants in folk medicine , for example the Gartenmelde and Atriplex argentea .

Logs are also occasionally planted as ornamental plants, especially the red-leaved forms of the garden logs serve as leaf decorations.

Due to the very high rate of seed formation, some types of reporting have become a " weed " problem in arable farming , for example Atriplex spongiosa .

literature

• Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis. In: American Journal of Botany. Vol. 97, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1664-1687. (Sections photosynthetic pathway, distribution and evolution, systematics)
• Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Vol. 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 226, 260, 268, 293. (section description)
• Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Atriplex. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Vol. 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , p. 360. (Description section)
• P. Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore ). In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex L. Atriplex at PESI portal , 2011. (Distribution of European species, occurrence in Germany)

Individual evidence

1. ^ "Report" online at Duden .
2. ↑ Atriplex as food for butterflies at HOSTS .
3. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander P. Suchorukow: Some new and little known taxa from the family Chenopodiaceae in Europe and in the eastern Mediterranean area. In: Fedde's repertory. Vol. 118, No. 3-4, 2007, pp. 73-83. doi: 10.1002 / fedr.200711128 .
4. ^ First description scanned into the Biodiversity Heritage Library
5. ^ Atriplex at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
6. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander P. Suchorukow: On the systematics and chorology of the Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae) occurring in Russia and the neighboring states (within the borders of the former USSR). In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Series B, 108, 2007, pp. 316 and 372-374. (PDF file; 32.9 MB)
7. ^ Atriplex praecox at Hassler: Flora von Deutschland .
8. ↑ ^{a b} E.g. Atriplex halimus (edible, English), entry in Plants for a Future , accessed 2014
9. ^ Bertrand M. Patenaude: The Big Show in Bololand. The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921. Stanford University Press, Stanford 2002, p. 56.
10. ↑ ^{a b} I. C. Hedge: Atriplex. In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Ed.): Flora Iranica. Volume 172: Chenopodiaceae . Akad. Druck, Graz 1997, p. 64.

Web links

Commons : Report ( Atriplex )  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

 Wikispecies: Report (Atriplex)  - Species directory

Wiktionary: Melde  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations