Diverse message

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Diverse message
Atriplex micrantha cropped.jpg

Mixed seeds ( Atriplex micrantha )

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Atripliceae
Genre : Report ( Atriplex )
Type : Diverse message
Scientific name
Atriplex micrantha
CAMey. in Ledeb.

The diverse-seeded melde ( Atriplex micrantha ) is a plant species from the genus of the report ( Atriplex ) in the family of the foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae). In Germany it is a naturalized neophyte , which has spread strongly on motorways and federal highways in recent years.

description

Vegetative characteristics

The diverse seed is an annual herbaceous plant . The upright, ribbed stem is sparsely branched with protruding branches and reaches a length of 20 to 180 cm (rarely up to 250 cm).

The alternate (the lowest also opposite) arranged leaves on the stem are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The leaves are usually 3 to 6 (up to 12) cm long and usually 1.2 to 5 (up to 9) cm wide. The petiole is 0.5 to 3 cm long. The stem has a dark red stripe on both sides of the leaf base. The leaf blade, which is dark gray-green on both sides and initially floured, is triangular to spike-shaped with basal spike corners, irregularly serrated or with entire margins. The leaf blades of the upper leaves are elongated-lanceolate and always with entire margins. In contrast to the gloss report , the leaf blades are oriented at a minimal angle to the incidence of light ( compass plants ). The taste of the leaves is described as pleasant. Dying leaves are often covered in red.

Inflorescence and flower

In terminal or lateral, compound spike-like inflorescences from 6 to about 25 cm in length, the flowers are in clusters of usually eleven flowers. The diverse-seeded message is single-sexed ( monoecious ). The male flowers, which are usually formed before the female, have (four to) five green bracts ( tepals ) and five stamens . After fading, these flowers appear yellowish to brownish. The female flowers, of which there are so many more than twice are two initially mealy continue reading enveloped bloom do not exist, they contain only a vertical ovary. In contrast to the gloss report , all female flowers are of the same type.

The flowering period in Germany extends from the end of August to September ( June to August is given in the Flora of China ). The pollination is usually done by the wind, but can also be caused by insects or by self-pollination.

Fruit and seeds

The loosely sparsely branched fruit stand remains more or less upright. When the fruit ripens, the vertical fruit is enveloped by the light gray-green or reddish overflowing, non-transparent pre-leaves. These are only grown together at the bottom and there occasionally narrowed into a lighter foot piece. The shape of the prophylls is ovate or rounded, sometimes even wider than long, hardly pointed and with entire margins. Its smooth surface (without appendages) is not nervous about the network, only three to four main veins can be seen, which run parallel to each other in the lower part. The pre-leaves are remarkably different in size: the larger ones reach about 5 to 8 mm in diameter, the smaller only about 2 mm.

There are two different types of seeds ( heterocarpy ) depending on the size of the cover sheet : yellow-brown, concave to flattened seeds from 2 to 3.5 mm in diameter with a membranous, matt seed coat, and black, round to lenticular seeds from 0.5 to 1.6 mm Diameter with a leathery, shiny (after rubbing the pericarp) seed coat.

Chromosome number

The chromosome numbers given are 2n = 36 and 2n = 18.

Photosynthetic pathway

The variegated melde is a C 3 plant with a normal leaf anatomy .

ecology

When collecting nectar were wild bees ( Lasiglossum polites ), hover flies , ants ( Formica polyctena ) and thrips are observed (see Schwarz 2004).

Miners and aphids ( Macrosiphum ) feed on the leaves . The Spanish slug also rarely eats the leaves. Presumably the plant is protected from eating by the saponins and oxalic acid it contains .

Nettle silk ( Cuscuta europaea ), poplar silk ( Cuscuta lupulifomis ) or North American silk ( Cuscuta campestris ) occasionally appear as vegetable parasites at the Melde with different seeds.

Occurrence

The Diverse Melde has its natural range in Central Asia . It occurs from the west coast of the Black Sea ( Bulgaria ) to the Chinese Xinjiang . This species is particularly widespread in the Iranian highlands, the Caucasus , Kazakhstan and Russia .

In their homeland, the variegated melde grows in steppes on salty soils , on the banks of waters, or as a ruderal plant in the steppe and semi-desert zone. It is a typical type of the lowlands, but also penetrates the lower mountain zone up to altitudes of about 2000 meters. It can thrive in cold areas with months of permafrost as well as in hot, frost-free regions.

Through trade and traffic, the Diverse Melde has been introduced into large parts of Europe, and has here scattered locations in Spain , Italy , Belgium , Luxembourg , Germany , Estonia , France (Alsace), Great Britain , the Netherlands , Austria , Sweden , Slovakia , in the Czech Republic and Belarus .

As an introduced species, it has also reached North America (USA and Canada), where it is rapidly expanding. It was also found in South America (Santiago de Chile).

After Central Europe the Verschiedensamige reporting was probably introduced unintentionally grain supplies from Russia. Their first finds come from the Alsace (Rhine port) in 1906 . From there, it has spread rapidly along the waterways and transport routes in the last few decades.

In the meantime, the Diverse-Seeded Melde is considered a naturalized neophyte in Germany . In the Rhine-Main area it also occurs more extensively. In Baden-Wuerttemberg , Hesse and Lower Saxony , it mainly grows along road ditches, in the median of the motorways, on excavated earth on traffic routes, and on rail tracks or train stations. It also settles potash dumps and rubble sites . Occasionally it also occurs in weed fields in the fields. The salt-tolerant species (facultative halophyte ) seems to have a locational advantage over other plant species on salty soil.

In the system of plant sociology , it is a characteristic of the Sisymbrion association and the Sisymbrio-Atriplicetum oblongifoliae association.

Systematics

The diverse- seeded melde ( Atriplex micrantha ) belongs within the genus Atriplex to the section Teutliopsis Dumort.

The first description of Atriplex micrantha was made in 1829 by Carl Anton von Meyer , published in Carl Friedrich von Ledebour : Icones plantarum ... Floram Rossiam ... 1: 11, fig. 43.

Synonyms of Atriplex micrantha C.A.Meyer in Ledeb. are Atriplex hastata var. heterocarpa Fenzl , Atriplex hastata var. heterosperma (Bunge) usually ex Iljin , Atriplex heterosperma Bunge , Atriplex hortensis subsp. heterosperma (Bunge) Meijden .

Atriplex micrantha is divided into two subspecies:

  • Atriplex micrantha C.A. Meyer in Ledeb. subsp. micrantha
  • Atriplex micrantha subsp. conglomerata O.Schwarz (Syn .: Atriplex heterosperma Bunge , Atriplex micrantha var. congesta Aellen mscr., non publ., Atriplex micrantha var. typica Aellen forma angustifolia Blom mscr.)

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , p. 91 (section description).
  • Oliver Christoph Schwarz: Contributions to the biology, chorology, ecology and taxonomy of the neophytic report Atriplex micrantha and related species. Dissertation from the University of Stuttgart, 2004. pdf full text. (Sections Description, Ecology, Occurrence, Systematics)
  • Alexander P. Suchorukow: On the systematics and chorology of the Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae) occurring in Russia and the neighboring states (within the borders of the former USSR) . In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna , Series B, 108, 2007, pp. 360–363. (PDF; 32.9 MB) (sections description, chromosome number, occurrence)
  • Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex heterosperma , p. 336 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. , Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 . (Section Description, Common Name)
  • Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Atriplex micrantha , p. 362 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X . (Section Description, Common Name)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry at BiolFlor
  2. ↑ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis , In : American Journal of Botany , Volume 97 (10), 2010, pp. 1664-1687.
  3. ↑ https://neobiota.lu/atriplex-micrantha/
  4. ^ Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore) . - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex micrantha subsp. micrantha , 2011. Entry on PESI portal .
  5. ↑ a b Report of different seeds. In: FloraWeb.de.
  6. ↑ Entry in The Plant List

Web links

Commons : Diverse Melde ( Atriplex micrantha )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files