Spit report

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spit report
Spit-Melde (Atriplex prostrata), illustration; left: growth habit on salt soil

Spit-Melde ( Atriplex prostrata ), illustration; left: growth habit on salt soil

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Atripliceae
Genre : Report ( Atriplex )
Type : Spit report
Scientific name
Atriplex prostrate
DC.

The Spieß-Melde ( Atriplex prostrata ), also called Spießblättrige Melde , is a species of the species of the report ( Atriplex ) in the family of the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Habitus
Stalked leaf of the spit-message

The Spieß-Melde is an annual herbaceous plant . The usually upright, ribbed, green or striped stem reaches a length of up to 60 cm (rarely up to 100 cm). It is branched in the lower and middle part with prostrate or ascending branches that are more or less floury dusted by bladder hairs.

The alternate, the lower also to continuously disposed on the stem leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is 1 to 3 cm long. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm long and 4 to 10 cm wide. The leaf blade, which is bare on the top and lightly floured on the underside, is triangular-spear-shaped with downward or horizontal side corners and with a truncated or slightly heart-shaped base. The leaf margin is more or less strongly serrated to whole. The leaves of plants in salty locations are sometimes fleshy.

Inflorescence with female and male flowers

Inflorescence and flower

In denser or discontinuous, sometimes compound spiked inflorescences, the flowers are largely without bracts in protruding clusters. The spear report is single sexed ( monoecious ).

The male flowers have (three to) five elongated, yellow-green bracts ( tepals ) and five stamens . The female flowers are green two, floured, triangular-shaped spit or triangular-ovate bracteoles wrapped, bloom do not exist, they contain only a vertical ovary .

The heyday of the Spieß-Melde extends in Germany from July to September. The pollination is usually done by the wind, often by self-pollination or by insects.

Female flowers with bracts, lower right bracte turned back
Seeds of the pike-message

Fruit and seeds

The vertical fruit is enveloped by the herbaceous pre-leaves that are only fused together at the base, which can turn brown to black when the fruit is ripe and have little or no cartilage at the base. With a length of 3 to 10 mm, the prophylls are rhombic to ovate-triangular and pointed, mostly with entire margins or slightly toothed. Their backs often have small appendages.

The membranous, yellowish-white pericarp surrounds the seed. There are two different types of seeds ( heterocarpy ): light brown, slightly concave seeds with a diameter of 1.6 to 2.5 mm and reddish-black, flat or slightly convex seeds with a diameter of only 1 to 1.5 (up to 2) mm.

Chromosome number

The chromosome numbers are given several times 2n = 18 and once 2n = 36.

Photosynthetic pathway

The Spieß-Melde is a C 3 plant with normal leaf anatomy .

ecology

The caterpillars of the bluebird Brephidium exilis use the spit log as food. The larva of the weevil Gronops inaequalis also feeds on the Atriplex prostrata . The nymphs of the report bug Parapiesma quadratum suck the sap of the plant.

Two types of downy mildew , Peronospora farinosa and Peronospora minor , live parasitically on the spit.

Numerous black spots on living stems can be caused by the fruiting bodies ( pycnidia ) of the sac fungus - anamorphic Stagonospora atriplicis . First amber-colored, later black spots on the leaves are formed by the pycnidia of Ascochyta chenopodii and Cercospora chenopodii . Brown leaf spots are caused by the pycnidia of Septoria chenopodii .

Occurrence

The natural distribution area of ​​the Spieß-Melde includes all of Europe , North Africa , Southwest Asia and Central Asia up to the Chinese Xinjiang , especially the steppe and semi-desert zone of Eurasia . It is also introduced in other regions. It was probably introduced in North America and was able to spread widely there. It is also an introduced species in Australia . Its habitat is the banks of waters, salty soils of the coasts and inland up to altitudes of 2000 meters. It is also found as a ruderal plant , for example on roadsides.

In Germany the Spieß-Melde is indigenous and is represented nationwide. It grows with us in salt plant corridors on the flushing fringes of the coasts and in inland salt points , on dry river banks or in short-lived weed meadows, occasionally also in fields. In the system of phytosociology is Kennart maritimae order Cakiletalia, Kennart the Association Chenopodion rubri, and has its main deposits in association Sisymbrion. It is a pointer plant for excessive nitrogen abundance in the soil.

Systematics

The spit report ( Atriplex prostrata ) belongs within the genus Atriplex to the section Teutliopsis Dumort.

The first description of Atriplex prostrata was made in 1805 by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck & Augustin Pyramus de Candolle: Flore Française , third Édition, S. 387th

Synonyms of Atriplex prostrata DC. are Atriplex deltoidea Bab. , Atriplex latifolia Wahlenb. , Atriplex oppositifolia DC. , Atriplex platysepala cast. , Atriplex polonica Zapalł. , Atriplex triangularis Willd. , Atriplex hastata subsp. polonicum (Zapalł.) Aellen , Atriplex prostrata subsp. deltoidea (Bab.) Rauschert , Atriplex prostrata subsp. latifolia (Lindm.) Rauschert , Atriplex prostrata subsp. polonica (Zapalł.) Uotila , Atriplex prostrata subsp. triangularis (Willd.) Rauschert .

This species was incorrectly referred to as Atriplex hastata in numerous floriculture works . This invalid name is a synonym for Atriplex calotheca (Rafn) Fr.

use

The leaves of the skewer are edible when cooked and can be prepared like spinach. Its mild, somewhat expressionless taste should be improved by adding aromatic herbs. The seeds can also be eaten cooked. Ground, they are suitable for thickening food or as a flour additive for bread. However, due to the small size of the seeds, harvesting is tedious.

literature

  • Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= the fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 , p. 92 (section description).
  • Alexander P. Suchorukow: On the systematics and chorology of the Atriplex species (Chenopodiaceae) occurring in Russia and the neighboring states (within the borders of the former USSR) . In: Annals of the Natural History Museum in Vienna , Series B, 108, 2007, pp. 364–366 (PDF file; 32.9 MB) (sections description, occurrence)
  • Stanley L. Welsh: Atriplex prostrata , p. 336 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico , Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1. , Oxford University Press, New York et al. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 . (Section Description, Occurrence)
  • Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin & Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodiaceae : Atriplex prostrata , p. 363 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae. , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X . (Section description)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Entry at BiolFlor .
  2. ↑ Atriplex prostrata , chromosome number at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  3. ↑ a b Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis , In : American Journal of Botany , Volume 97 (10), 2010, pp. 1664-1687.
  4. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni & Luis M. Hernández: Entry at HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants .
  5. ↑ a b c d Entry in Encyclopedia of Life .
  6. ↑ a b c d Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore) . - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Atriplex prostrata , 2011. Entry on Euro + Med Plantbase .
  7. ↑ Spit report. In: FloraWeb.de.
  8. ↑ Entry in Plants For A Future (under Atriplex hastata ).

Web links

Commons : Atriplex prostrata  - album with pictures, videos and audio files