Parapiesma quadratum
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Parapiesma quadratum |
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| ( Fever , 1844) |
Parapiesma quadratum is a bug from the family of the report bugs (Piesmatidae).
features
The bugs are 2.3 to 3.4 millimeters long. The species can be distinguished from Piesma maculatum by the shape of the pronotum : the lateral margins lack the clearly recognizable indentation of the similar species. The animals always have fully developed hind wings, but the hemielytras are of different lengths.
distribution and habitat
The species is distributed from North Africa across the Mediterranean to the south of Scandinavia and the south of the British Isles and east across Central Asia to China and Korea. In Germany, it is widespread especially on the coasts and in the northern lowlands and is common in many places, otherwise it is only found in salty places inland. In southern Germany it has only been proven from individual locations. In Austria it is only known from the Seewinkel in Burgenland. In the UK, it is widespread in England and Wales, but more common in the south. Salty habitats on the seashore and inland are settled.
Way of life
The animals live on various foxtail plants (Chenopodiaceae), especially on logs ( Atriplex ) and goose feet ( Chenopodium ). It has been considered a pest in agriculture in northern Germany and Poland for around 100 years, as it transmits the beet curl virus ( Savoia beta ) to sugar beet and fodder beet when it is sucked on the plants . In greenhouse cultivation, they can also transmit a plant disease caused by rickettsiae . The bugs suckle on both the parenchyma and the phloem of the plants and give off a honeydew-like excretion.
Hibernation takes place as an imago in litter , especially in dry, sunny, sandy areas, or less often in cracks in the bark of trees. When the temperatures are favorable, the animals begin their brisk flight from the end of April to the beginning of May and mate. During the flight time, the bugs can be found on various herbaceous plants and trees, but they do not suckle. The females lay their eggs individually or in small groups at various points on the food plants and on the ground. In total, a female can lay 100 to 160 eggs. The adult animals of the new generation appear from July; together with the still living old adults. The bugs undertake long dispersion flights to spread. The second generation nymphs are adult from September. The development remains incomplete only under unfavorable conditions.
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f Wachmann: Wanzen , vol. 3, p. 174ff
- ↑ a b Parapiesma quadratum. British Bugs, accessed June 22, 2014 .
literature
- Ekkehard Wachmann , Albert Melber, Jürgen Deckert: Bugs. Volume 3: Pentatomomorpha I: Aradoidea (bark bugs), Lygaeoidea (ground bugs, etc.), Pyrrhocoroidea (fire bugs) and Coreoidea (edge bugs, etc.). (= The animal world of Germany and the adjacent parts of the sea according to their characteristics and their way of life . 78th part). Goecke & Evers, Keltern 2007, ISBN 978-3-937783-29-1 .
Web links
- Parapiesma quadratum at Fauna Europaea. Retrieved June 22, 2014