Goose feet

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Goose feet
White goosefoot (Chenopodium album), illustration

White goosefoot ( Chenopodium album ), illustration

Systematics
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Atripliceae
Genre : Goose feet
Scientific name
Chenopodium
L.

The goosefoot ( Chenopodium ) are a genus of plants in the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the family of the foxtail plants (Amaranthaceae). The only 90 species left are distributed almost worldwide.

description

White goosefoot inflorescence ( Chenopodium album )
Seeds with and without pericarp of the white goose foot ( Chenopodium album subsp. Album )
White goosefoot ( Chenopodium album )
Berlandier's goose foot ( Chenopodium berlandieri )
Chenopodium candolleanum
Chenopodium curvispicatum
Fig-leaved goosefoot ( Chenopodium ficifolium )
Tree spinach ( Chenopodium giganteum )
Chenopodium robertianum
Chenopodium nutans
Chenopodium oahuense
Chenopodium pallidicaule
Quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa )
Chenopodium spinescens

Vegetative characteristics

The Chenopodium TYPES (in the now narrower genus) are mostly annual or perennial herbaceous plants , rare half bushes or shrubs . They have no aromatic odor, but are sometimes malodorous. The young stems and leaves are often densely floured with spherical bubble hairs, which later collapse in a cup-shaped manner and survive. The branched stems grow upright, ascending, spread out or creeping, their side branches are alternate, the lowest sometimes almost opposite. The alternate or almost opposite leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. Their thin or thick, sometimes fleshy leaf blades are linear, rhombic or triangular-spear-shaped. The leaf margin can be smooth, serrated or lobed.

Generative characteristics

The Chenopodium species are monoecious ( monoecious ) or less often dioecious ( dioecious ). There are two types of flowers in monocular Chenopodium species, hermaphrodite and purely feminine. The flowers sit in ball-shaped partial inflorescences, which are usually arranged in large numbers in crowded panicle to pseudo-spike inflorescences , rarely also stand individually. The structure of the inflorescences is very variable. Pre-leaves are missing.

The inflorescence consists of rarely four or mostly five often green, mostly skin-fringed bracts , which are fused together at the base or up to the middle and which can be rounded or keeled on the back. In hermaphrodite flowers there is a circle with usually five stamens . The carpels are fused into an upper ovary with two scars.

At the time of fruiting, the flower envelope is sometimes colored, but mostly it remains unchanged. The fruit is often enclosed by the flower envelope. The membranous or sometimes fleshy pericarp either adheres to the seed coat or is only loosely attached to the seed. The horizontally oriented seed is flat-spherical or lenticular, with a rounded or slightly angular edge. The black seed coat has an almost smooth, finely striped, somewhat wrinkled or differently pitted surface. The ring- or horseshoe-shaped embryo surrounds the abundant nutrient tissue.

Sets of chromosomes

The basic chromosome number is assumed to be x = 9. There are different degrees of ploidy in the genus Chenopodium : the number of chromosomes is 2n = 18 for diploidy , 4n = 36 for tetraploidy and 6n = 54 for hexaploidy .

Photosynthetic pathway

All Chenopodium species are C 3 plants .

ecology

The Chenopodium species are food plants for the caterpillars of numerous butterflies (Lepidoptera). The HOSTS database contains 186 entries of butterfly species on Chenopodium . (However, these refer to the genus in its earlier larger scope).

Locations

Many species thrive in dry regions or on salty soils, although they lack special adaptations such as succulence or C 4 photosynthesis .

Systematics and distribution

The genus Chenopodium was set up in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , Volume 1, pp. 218-222. The type species is Chenopodium album L.

Traditionally, the genus Chenopodium comprised around 170 species in the broader sense. Based on morphological and anatomical features, it was divided into three subgenus (subgenus Ambrosida , subgenus Blitum and subgenus Chenopodium ) each with several sections.

By phylogenetic studies it became clear that the genre to its former extent polyphyletisch was and therefore did not constitute a natural affinity group. Therefore a new classification was necessary, in which numerous species were assigned to other genera, sometimes even to other tribes. Mosyakin & Clemants (2002, 2008) separated the glandular goosefoot ( Dysphania ) and Teloxys aristata in the tribe Dysphanieae . Fuentes-Bazan, et al. 2012 placed further species in the genera Blitum (in the Anserineae tribe ), Chenopodiastrum and Oxybasis and subdivided the polygonal goosefoot as Lipandra polysperma .

Synonyms of the reduced genus Chenopodium L. (see str. = In the narrower sense) are according to Fuentes-Bazan et al. 2012 Chenopodium sect. Leprophyllum Dumort. , Chenopodium sect. Chenopodiastrum Moq. , Einadia Raf. , Rhagodia R.Br. and Vulvaria Bubani nom. illegal.

Chenopodium s. st. was by Fuentes et al. 2012 grouped in the tribe Atripliceae and belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae within the family Amaranthaceae .

The genus Chenopodium is found almost worldwide. Of the goosefoot in the broader sense, 16 species occur continuously in Germany, further species appear as inconsistent introductions. According to Uotila (2011), the Chenopodium species occurring in Central Europe are the following: White goose foot ( Chenopodium album ), Berlandier's goose foot ( Chenopodium berlandieri ), fig - leaved goose foot ( Chenopodium ficifolium ), buck goose foot ( Chenopodium hircumetinum ), snowy goose foot ( Chenopodium opulifolium ), Narrow-leaved Goosefoot ( Chenopodium pratericola ), Small-leaved Goosefoot ( Chenopodium striatiforme ), Striped Goosefoot ( Chenopodium strictum ), Swedish Goosefoot ( Chenopodium suecicum ), Smelly Goosefoot ( Chenopodium vulvaria ).

For Chenopodium s. st. there are only about 90 species left, including (selection):

For example, the following have not yet been checked for membership in molecular genetics:

Some species have been identified by Fuentes-Bazan et al. 2012 and also older authors assigned to other genres:

  • Good Heinrich ( Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb. , Syn.Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. )
  • Spiked strawberry spinach ( Blitum capitatum L. , Syn.Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi )
  • Real strawberry spinach ( Blitum virgatum L. , Syn.Chenopodium foliosum Asch. )
  • Bastard goosefoot or thorn-leaved goosefoot ( Chenopodiastrum hybridum (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn. Chenopodium hybridum L. )
  • Wall goosefoot ( Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn. Chenopodium murale L. )
  • Chenopodiastrum simplex (Torr.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch (Syn .: Chenopodium simplex (Torr.) Raf .; Chenopodium gigantospermum Aellen )
  • Many-seeded goosefoot ( Lipandra polysperma (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn.Chenopodium polyspermum L. )
  • Thick-leaved goosefoot ( Oxybasis chenopodioides (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn.Chenopodium chenopodioides (L.) Aellen )
  • Gray-green goosefoot ( Oxybasis glauca (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn.Chenopodium glaucum L. )
  • Red goose foot ( Oxybasis rubra (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn. Chenopodium rubrum L. )
  • Street goose foot ( Oxybasis urbica (L.) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch , Syn.Chenopodium urbicum L. )

Use and economic importance

Economic importance as pseudo cereals have, for example quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) or Kaniwa ( Chenopodium pallidicaule ) and Huauzontle ( Chenopodium nuttalliae ) as a vegetable. Many other species are edible, their seeds were used as flour in times of need and their leaves as spinach-like vegetables.

Numerous species are suitable as dye plants .

Several species cause problems as " weeds " in agriculture , for example white goosefoot ( Chenopodium album ).

swell

  • Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 42, No. 1, 2012, pp. 5–24 DOI: 10.3372 / wi.42.42101 (sections description and systematics).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni, Luis M. Hernández: Entry at HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants , accessed February 2, 2012
  2. ↑ a b Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Guilhem Mansion, Thomas Borsch: Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae). In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , ISSN  1055-7903 , online October 22, 2011 .
  3. ↑ First publication scanned at Biodiversity Heritage Library .
  4. ^ Chenopodium at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 3, 2012.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodium - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 378- (English).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f Steven E. Clemants, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Chenopodium - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 261- (English).
  7. ^ Karl Peter Buttler , Ralf Hand: List of vascular plants in Germany. In: Kochia , Beiheft 1, 107 pp.
  8. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  9. ↑ Pertti Uotila, 2011: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore): Chenopodium - In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. , accessed February 2, 2012
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Chenopodium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  11. ↑ a b Sergei Leonidovich Mosyakin, Duilio Iamonico: Nomenclatural changes in Chenopodium (incl. Rhagodia) (Chenopodiaceae), with considerations on relationships of some Australian taxa and their possible Eurasian relatives. In: Nuytsia , Volume 28, 2017, pp. 255–271.
  12. ↑ a b Entries on Chenopodium in Plants For A Future

Web links

Commons : Goosefoot ( Chenopodium )  - Album containing pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Goosefoot  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations