White goosefoot
| White goosefoot | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White goosefoot |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Chenopodium album | ||||||||||||
| L. |
The white goosefoot ( Chenopodium album ), also called white goose foot , is a species of the genus goosefoot ( Chenopodium ) in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). Mostly regarded as an agricultural weed in Central Europe , in other regions it is used as a vegetable , pseudo-grain or forage crop .
Common names
Other common names are Ackermelde , Melde or Falsche-Melde. Colloquially, whether its smell is also Dreckmelde, Mistmelde, Saumelde or Schissmelle, Schissmehl, Schiissmalter and Hundsschiss, as well as Burket ( Chur ), Gösche ( Altmark ), Heimkuhkraut ( Tirol im Pongau ), Lusenmellen ( Unterweser ), Mell (Altmark), Mellen (Unterweser), Messmal (Altmark), Messmill ( Pomerania ), Mistmilten, Wild Molten, Säumelde ( Eifel ), Schissmalter ( St. Gallen ), Schissmelde, Schissmell (Eifel) and Schissmölten ( Silesia ).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The white goose foot is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of between 10 and 150 (rarely up to 300) cm and roots up to 1 meter deep. The mostly upright stem is yellowish green, striped green, especially in autumn also reddish overflowing or with red spots in the leaf axils and is heavily powdered by bladder hairs especially in the inflorescence . It is often heavily branched, in the lower part with arching ascending branches, in the upper part with upright side branches.
The alternate leaves are stalked 1 to 2.5 cm long. The leaf blade, floured on the underside and mostly bald on the top, is 2 to 6 (to 10) cm long and 5 cm wide and is very diverse: mostly rhombic-ovoid to broadly lanceolate, sometimes slightly three-lobed, longer than wide, with a wedge-shaped base. The leaf margin is usually irregularly serrated, slightly serrated or with entire margins. The upper leaves are lanceolate and usually entire.
Inflorescence and flower
The inflorescences are terminal or branched, spike-like panicles in the upper leaf axils. The hermaphrodite flowers sit together in clusters 3 to 4 mm in diameter, and there are no prophylls. The inflorescence consists of five tepals of 1 mm length and width, separated almost to the base , which are bluntly egg-shaped, floured, skin-margined and keeled on the back. The flowers contain five stamens with protruding anthers and an ovary with two stigmas.
Fruit and seeds
When it ripens, the flat, egg-shaped fruit is largely covered by the flower cover and falls off with it. The thin pericarp is more or less close to the seed. The horizontal seed with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 mm is lenticular-egg-shaped with a rounded edge. The black seed coat is smooth and shiny or has faint radial stripes.
Chromosome number
The chromosome number of the wild form is mostly 2n = 54 ( hexaploid ), but chromosome numbers of 18, 36 and 108 were also found. The clans cultivated in Asia have a tetraploid chromosome set (2n = 36).
Photosynthetic pathway
The white goosefoot is, like all species of the genus goosefoot, a C3 plant .
ecology
Pollination and Propagation Biology
The flowering time in Central Europe extends from July to October, the pollination of the female flowers is usually done by the wind.
The diaspores spread as wind and animal spreaders , also self spreaders and (in the event of a storm) a balloon flyer , and also spread through processing by sparrows . It has been calculated that one large plant can produce up to 1.5 million seeds. In many cases, there are therefore plenty of seeds of this type in the soil, which are also very long-lived and can be found for up to 1700 years. The seeds can survive up to 3 weeks in the substrate in mesophilically operated (30 ° C to 35 ° C) biogas plants. The seeds have abundant nutrient tissue. It is a heat generator .
Food plant
The white goosefoot is a food plant for the caterpillars of numerous butterfly species. There are 69 entries for this in the HOSTS database. For example, the vegetable owl ( Lacanobia oleracea ), the thick-headed butterfly Staphylus hayhurstii and Pholisora catullus , the bear moth Grammia virgo , the feathered moth Emmelina monodactyla and the owl butterfly Amyna octo use this species as food.
On the leaves and the eating ants of the genus Pogonomyrmex , the larva of the sawfly Ametastegia equiseti and the leafminers belonging Amauromyza chenopodivora .
The sap is sucked by Orthotylus flavosparsus from the family of soft bugs , Peritrechus lundi from the family of Rhyparochromidae and the black bean louse ( Aphis fabae ).
The fruiting bodies ( pycnidia ) of the sac fungi - anamorphic Ascochyta chenopodii and Cercospora chenopodii cause initially amber-colored, later black spots on the leaves. A downy mildew ( Peronospora farinosa ) lives parasitically on the lambsquarters. The hose fungi Chaetoplea calvescens and Chaetodiplodia caulina live as saprobionts on the dead stems.
The seeds are an important source of food for numerous birds during the fall and winter months, especially sparrows . The leaves are eaten by cattle and roe deer .
Occurrence
The white goosefoot is widespread almost worldwide today, especially in the temperate to subtropical zones, and is divided into numerous regional races. In America it is considered an introduced species. The extent of the natural range in Eurasia is unclear. The Himalayan region is assumed to be the region of origin. In Pakistan it reaches altitudes of up to 4300 m.
The white goosefoot occurs throughout Europe as an archaeophyte or possibly a native species, only in the far north (Iceland, Spitsbergen) has it been introduced recently.
It is found in Central Europe widespread in ruderal vegetation and weed meadows, especially as first settlers on rubble sites, on paths, in fields and gardens, also on banks and in fields. It thrives on all sufficiently nutrient-rich soils. He has been a cultural companion since the younger Stone Age. It can be found from the plain up to altitudes of mostly 1100 m. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part in the Höhenbachtal near Holzgau up to 1200 m above sea level.
In the system of plant sociology it is a class character of the ruderal societies and the arable and garden weed societies ( Chenopodietea ) and occurs especially in the orders Polygono-Chenopodietalia and Sisymbrietalia .
Systematics
The first publication of Chenopodium album was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum .
Synonyms of Chenopodium album L. , which are based on the same type specimen, are Atriplex alba (L.) Crantz and Botrys alba (L.) Nieuwl. Are considered more synonyms Chenopodium diversifolium (Aellen) F. Dvořák , Chenopodium reticulatum Aellen , Chenopodium album subsp. diversifolium eels , Chenopodium album subsp. reticulatum (Aellen) Greuter & Burdet , Chenopodium glomerulosum Rchb. , Chenopodium griseochlorinum F. Dvořák , Chenopodium lanceolatum Willd. , Chenopodium neoalbum F. Dvořák , Chenopodium paganum Rchb. , Chenopodium viride L. , Chenopodium viridescens (St.-Amans) Dalla Torre & Sarnth. , Chenopodium album subsp. fallax eels , Chenopodium album subsp. ovatum eels .
It is an extremely diverse species, so its system has not yet been conclusively treated scientifically. The Chenopodium album aggregate includes hundreds of small species, subspecies, varieties or forms. Without a better knowledge of the numerous infraspecific taxa described , a satisfactory taxonomic assessment is hardly possible. In particular, different foreign, imported clans, which are often differentiated from native forms by their large size, late blooming period and other morphological features, are difficult to grasp, as very little is known about their origin and their variability, especially of the original distribution area. To make matters worse, the white goosefoot forms hybrids with related species .
According to Uotila (2011), the following subspecies (or small species) occur in Europe:
- Chenopodium album subsp. album
- Chenopodium album subsp. borbasii (Murr) Soó
- Chenopodium album subsp. iranicum Aellen
- Chenopodium album subsp. pedunculare (Bertol.) Arcang.
- Chenopodium zerovii Ilyin
use
Food plant
The white goose foot is cultivated in the western Himalayas and India , and there its leaves and shoots are used as cooking vegetables, like spinach . However, consuming large amounts is harmful because of its mild laxative effect.
Larger amounts of the seeds were found in pile dwellings and suggest the possibility of prehistoric agriculture. The seeds are even preferred to buckwheat in India . When cooked, they make a grits . They are also processed into flour, which is mostly used as an addition to so-called " hunger bread "; z. B. during the famine in Russia in 1891/1892. As bread, however, they are not as easy to digest as when cooked.
The seeds can also be sprouted into sprouts and added to salads. It is recommended to soak the seeds overnight and rinse well before preparing to remove the saponins . When cooked, young inflorescences make a broccoli- like vegetable.
Fodder plant
In some states in the United States, Canada, and the Hebrides , the cultures are used as pig and sheep feed. The seeds can also be used as bird seed.
Medicinal plant
The leaves have an anti- worm disease , anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic and gentle laxative effect . The leaves were used as a wash or poultice for insect bites, sunstroke , rheumatism and swollen feet. A decoction has been used on carious teeth. The semen was chewed to treat urological problems. The juice from the stem was used for freckles and sunburn . The sap of the root has been used for inflammatory diarrheal diseases . If the food contains a high proportion of the powdered herb, the female cycle can be suppressed.
Others
A green dye can be obtained from the young sprouts . The crushed fresh roots make a mild soap substitute .
In agriculture , the white goosefoot is often a problem as a weed .
supporting documents
literature
- Steven E. Clemants, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Chenopodium. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 296 (English). , online (sections description, occurrence, systematics).
- Pertti Uotila: Chenopodium. In: Helmut Freitag, Ian C. Hedge, Saiyad Masudal Hasan Jafri, Gabriele Kothe-Heinrich, S. Omer, Pertti Uotila: Flora of Pakistan 204: Chenopodiaceae. University of Karachi, Department of Botany / Missouri Botanical Press, Karachi / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 1-930723-10-5 , online , (sections description, occurrence).
- Gelin Zhu, Sergei L. Mosyakin, Steven E. Clemants: Chenopodium. In: Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 5: Ulmaceae through Basellaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2003, ISBN 1-930723-27-X , pp. 383 (English). , online (section description).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Entry in Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich, Liechtenstein and Südtirol .
- ↑ a b Chenopodium album - white goosefoot (Melde). Entry at the Helmholtz Center Munich ( Memento from August 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today ).
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 91 ( online ).
- ↑ a b Chenopodium album at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed February 15, 2012.
- ↑ a b c d e Andreas Emmerling scale: Sultan of the vegetable gardens? - The white goosefoot (Chenopodium album) as a food plant . In: Writings of the association for the conservation of crop diversity. Volume 3, Lennestadt 2005, ISBN 3-9807551-2-6 , ( PDF file ; 6.55 MB).
- ↑ RF Sage, RW Pearcy, JR Seemann: The Nitrogen Use Efficiency of C (3) and C (4) Plants: III. Leaf Nitrogen Effects on the Activity of Carboxylating Enzymes in Chenopodium album (L.) and Amaranthus retroflexus (L.). In: Plant physiology. Volume 85, Number 2, October 1987, pp. 355-359, DOI: 10.1104 / pp.85.2.355 . PMID 16665701 , PMC 1054259 (free full text).
- ↑ Entry at BiolFlor .
- ↑ Barbara Eder (Ed.): Biogas practice. Basics, planning, plant construction, examples, economy, environment. 5th revised edition. eco book, Staufen near Freiburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-936896-60-2 , p. 209.
- ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni, Luis M. Hernández: Entry at HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants , accessed February 15, 2012.
- ↑ a b White goosefoot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- ↑ a b c d e Encyclopedia of Life entry , accessed February 15, 2012.
- ^ Chenopodium album in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
- ↑ a b c Pertti Uotila: Chenopodiaceae (pro parte majore): Chenopodium album In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity . Berlin 2011, accessed February 15, 2012.
- ↑ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 5th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1983, ISBN 3-8001-3429-2 , pp. 343-344 .
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 462.
- ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 219, digitized .
- ↑ Chenopodium album L. - The Plant List. Retrieved July 1, 2019 .
- ↑ a b c Entry in Plants For A Future , accessed February 15, 2012.
Web links
- White goosefoot. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
- Chenopodium album L. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (Swedish)
- Thomas Meyer: Data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland
