Good Heinrich

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Good Heinrich
Good Heinrich (Blitum bonus-henricus)

Good Heinrich ( Blitum bonus-henricus )

Systematics
Order : Clove-like (Caryophyllales)
Family : Foxtail family (Amaranthaceae)
Subfamily : Chenopodioideae
Tribe : Anserineae
Genre : Blitum
Type : Good Heinrich
Scientific name
Blitum bonus-henricus
( L. ) Rchb.
illustration

The Good Heinrich ( Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb. , Syn .: Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. ), also called Green Heinrich and Wild Spinach , is a species of plant from the genus Blitum in the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae). Traditionally, this species was placed in the genus goosefoot ( Chenopodium ) and combined with others in the goosefoot family (Chenopodiaceae), which was previously treated as an independent family .

description

inflorescence
Underside of foliage with blister hairs
inflorescence

Good Heinrich grows as a perennial herbaceous plant and reaches heights of about 10 to 80 centimeters. It usually has several ascending to upright, unbranched stems and smells inconspicuous. Good Heinrich is a hemicryptophytic pleiocorm shrub and has a fleshy, multi-headed root up to 1.5 cm thick.

The alternate leaves are quite large. The lower leaves are 5 to 11 centimeters long and 3 to 9 centimeters wide and are triangular to spear-shaped, almost entire, stalked up to 15 centimeters long, pointed or blunt, somewhat sticky, initially floury due to multicellular stalked bladder hair and limb hairs, later bald and dark green . The upper leaves are smaller, with shorter stems and often have no skewer corners.

The 3 to 5 millimeter thick flower clusters are arranged on short branches in a panicle-like, terminal, elongated, rather narrow and dense, often nodding inflorescence, which is only leafed in the lowest part. The terminal flowers of the clusters are hermaphroditic with five bracts and five stamens, the lateral hermaphroditic or female with three to five bracts and with no or only two to four stamens. The bloom cladding sheets are at most half fused together; the free parts are narrow and do not overlap, not keeled, with a narrow, membranous edge and a lobed, almost slit-toothed tip. The usually two to three elongated scars measure 0.8 to 2 millimeters.

The fruits are single-seeded nuts that fall off with the flower covering; the pericarp sticks to the seed. The lenticular seed stands vertically in the terminal flowers, horizontally in the lateral ones. It has a broad, egg-shaped outline and is rounded on the edge; its length is 1.5 to 2.2 millimeters. The surface is dark red-brown to black, matt, with indistinct, rounded or angular depressions and a few deep grooves.

Phenology, pollination and dispersal biology

The flowering period extends from April to October. Good Heinrich's inconspicuous flowers are pollinated by the wind; they can be classified as "pollen disk flowers". Most of the flowers of an inflorescence bloom at the same time. The stigmas ripen before the stamens. The spread occurs as adherent (adhesive spread, epizoochory ), through digestive spread ( endozoochory ) and through human spread ( anthropochory ).

Chromosome number

Good Heinrich is tetraploid with a chromosome number of 2n = 36.

ecology

The Good Heinrich is a forage plant for the caterpillars of the moth ( Eupithecia sinuosaria ), the vegetable owl ( Lacanobia oleracea ) and the mongoose ( Trachea atriplicis ), as well as for the moth leaf moth ( Pelurga comitata ).

Occurrence and endangerment

The good Heinrich has its distribution focus in Central Europe; in the British Isles and western France, it is considered to have recently been naturalized. Its distribution area extends in the north to southern Scandinavia, in the east to western Russia; in the Mediterranean area the species is bound to the mountains. Good Heinrich is naturalized in eastern North America.

Originally, this species was native to game camps in the Alps , later it found its way into the plains as a cultural successor and through naturalization from culture and immigrated to village ruderal communities . There it occurs scattered in weed stocks, especially in the vicinity of rural settlements, on streets, paths, fences, dung sites, in the eaves of farms and stables, as well as on cattle stores .

In the Allgäu Alps , it rises in the Tyrolean part at the Rothorn summit up to 2392 m above sea level.

As a pioneer plant, it prefers fresh, very nutrient-rich, especially ammoniacal, mild, humus-rich, sandy or pure clay or loam soils. According to Ellenberg , it is a light plant with oceanic distribution, an indicator of freshness, growing in excessively nitrogen-rich locations and a character species of the Chenopodietum boni-henrici from the association of burdock corridors (Arction lappae).

Due to the urbanization and renovation of the villages, castle restoration and wall jointing, the Good Heinrich has declined sharply at these secondary locations in Central Europe. In Germany it is considered endangered nationwide ( Red List of Endangered Species 3). In Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Thuringia, Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate it is classified as endangered, in Lower Saxony, Brandenburg and North Rhine-Westphalia it is even classified as endangered (Red List 2). It is already threatened with extinction in the federal states of Hamburg and Berlin (Red List 1).

Systematics

It was first described as Chenopodium bonus-henricus in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum 1, p. 218. The name Blitum bonus-henricus (L.) Rchb. was first used in 1832 by Ludwig Reichenbach in Flora germanica excursoria (Volume 2, p. 582). According to recent molecular genetic studies, the Good Heinrich is more closely related to the genus Spinacia than to the goose feet ( Chenopodium ) in the narrower sense. Therefore, Fuentes-Bazan et al. (2012) removed it from the genus Chenopodium and put it back into the genus Blitum . This is grouped together with Spinacia in the Anserineae tribe .

Synonyms that are based on the same type specimen are Agathophytum bonus-henricus (L.) Moq. , Anserina bonus-henricus (L.) Dumort. , Atriplex bonus-henricus (L.) Crantz , Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. , Orthospermum bonus-henricus (L.) Schur and Orthosporum bonus-henricus (L.) T. Nees . Other synonyms are Blitum perenne Bubani , Chenopodium hastatum St.-Lag. , Chenopodium Rudder Kit. ex Moq. , Chenopodium ruderale St.-Lag. , Chenopodium sagittatum Lam. , Chenopodium spinacifolium Stokes , Chenopodium triangulare Dulac , Chenopodium triangularifolia Gilib. and Orthosporum unctuosum Montandon .

use

Food plant

As a wild vegetable , the Gute Heinrich has numerous uses. The not yet flowering young plants are used like spinach , but older leaves are bitter. Shoots about 12 cm long are prepared like asparagus . In the Balkans , the crushed rhizomes are used to make confectionery that tastes like peanut butter . The flowers can be steamed like broccoli .

The ground seeds can be used as a flour additive, for example for baking bread. It is recommended that you soak them overnight and rinse them thoroughly before consuming them to remove the saponins .

Medicinal plant

The plant contains iron and vitamin C , but also saponins and oxalic acid . It used to be used medicinally against skin diseases. It was also used against worm infections ( anthelmintic ). The seeds are considered a weak laxative .

Other uses

The Good Heinrich can be used as a coloring plant , with gold-green shades being achieved.

Common names

The other German-language trivial names exist or existed for Good Heinrich : Allgut, Gänsefuß, Gutwurrichchrut ( St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Hackenscher ( Silesia ), Wild Härchli (St. Gallen near Werdenberg ), Heilkraut ( Austria ), Heimale (St. Gallen near Sargans ), Heimele ( Lucerne , Uri , Entlibuch , Graubünden ), Heinerle (Graubünden), Gut Heinrich ( Augsburg , Middle High German ), Stolzer Heinrich ( Eifel , Thuringia ), Heirach (St. Gallen near Sargans), Heirichrut (St Gallen near Sargans), Hundsmelde, Küwurz, Lämmerohren ( Swabia ), Lungwurz (Silesia), Greasy Mangold, Mayer (Middle High German), Schmerbel, Schmerling, Wäld Spinet ( Transylvania ), Wundkraut (mentioned in 1582, correctness of the assignment to Good Heinrich is not sure.).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Steven E. Clemants, Sergei L. Mosyakin: Chenopodium . In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 4: Magnoliophyta: Caryophyllidae, part 1 . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2003, ISBN 0-19-517389-9 , pp. 279 (English). (on-line).
  2. ↑ a b c d e Pertti Uotila: Chenopodium . In: Bengt Jonsell (ed.): Flora Nordica. Volume 2. Chenopodiaceae to Fumariaceae. Bergius Foundation, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm 2001, ISBN 91-7190-037-3 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e Karl Heinz Rechinger (Ed.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta . Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 2: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Phytolaccaceae - Portulacaceae) . Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1979, ISBN 3-489-60020-7 , pp. 601–603 (published in deliveries 1959–1979).
  4. ↑ a b Hans Ernst Heß, Elias Landolt, Rosmarie Hirzel: Flora of Switzerland and adjacent areas 1: Pteridophyta to Caryophyllaceae. Birkhäuser, Basel 1967, p. 748.
  5. ↑ a b c d Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 128 .
  6. ↑ a b Oskar Sebald, Siegmund Seybold, Georg Philippi (ed.): The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . tape 1 : General Part, Special Part (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta): Lycopodiaceae to Plumbaginaceae . Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3309-1 , pp. 484-485 .
  7. ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Klaus Werner (Ed.): Exkursionsflora von Deutschland . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. 10th edited edition. tape 4 : Vascular Plants: Critical Volume . Elsevier, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Munich / Heidelberg 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1496-2 .
  8. ↑ a b Good Heinrich. In: FloraWeb.de.
  9. ^ Gaden S. Robinson, Phillip R. Ackery, Ian J. Kitching, George W. Beccaloni, Luis M. Hernández: Entry at HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants .
  10. ↑ a b Jaakko Jalas, Juha Suominen (ed.): Atlas Florae Europaeae. Distribution of Vascular Plants in Europe. 5: Chenopodiaceae to Basellaceae. Akateeminen Kirjakaupa, The Committee for Mapping the Flora of Europe & Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo, Helsinki 1980, ISBN 951-9108-04-1 .
  11. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 343-344 .
  12. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 457.
  13. ↑ Heinz Ellenberg : Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps in an ecological, dynamic and historical perspective (=  UTB for science. Large series . Volume 8104 ). 5th, heavily changed and improved edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1996, ISBN 3-8252-8104-3 .
  14. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 1, Impensis Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae 1753, p. 218.
  15. ^ Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach: Flora Germanica excursoria. Vol. 2, Cnobloch , Leipzig, 1832. online.
  16. ↑ Gudrun Kadereit, Evgeny V. Mavrodiev, Elizabeth H. Zacharias, Alexander P. Sukhorukov: Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 Photosynthesis , In: American Journal of Botany. Volume 97, No. 10, 2010, pp. 1664-1687, DOI: 10.3732 / ajb.1000169 .
  17. ↑ Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Guilhem Mansion, Thomas Borsch: Towards a species level tree of the globally diverse genus Chenopodium (Chenopodiaceae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 62, No. 1, 2012, ISSN  1055-7903 , pp. 359-374, DOI: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2011.10.006 (published in advance in October 2011).
  18. ↑ Susy Fuentes-Bazan, Pertti Uotila, Thomas Borsch: A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae). In: Willdenowia. Volume 42, No. 1, 2012, p. 18. DOI: 10.3372 / wi.42.42101
  19. ^ Entry in Tropicos , accessed Jan. 25, 2012.
  20. ^ Entry in The Plant List , accessed Jan. 25, 2012.
  21. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Chenopodium bonus-henricus at Plants For A Future
  22. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 91 ( online ).

literature

  • Oskar Angerer, Thomas Muer: Alpine plants (=  Ulm nature guide ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2004, ISBN 3-8001-3374-1 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

Web links

Commons : Guter Heinrich ( Blitum bonus-henricus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Guter Heinrich  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations