Reporting bugs

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Reporting bugs
Parapiesma variabile

Parapiesma variabile

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Subordination : Bed bugs (heteroptera)
Partial order : Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily : Lygaeoidea
Family : Reporting bugs
Scientific name
Piesmatidae
Amyot & Serville , 1843

Message bugs (Piesmatidae) are a family of bed bugs (Heteroptera). It comprises 6 genera and 44 species. In Europe 11 species are represented, 7 of which occur in Central Europe.

features

The relatively small bugs with a maximum body length of five millimeters have a reticulate (Piesmatinae) or dense punctiform structure (Psamminae) thorax and hemielytras . As a result, they have a certain resemblance to net bugs (Tingidae), to which they are not closely related. They differ from these, among other things, in the straight rear edge of the pronotum , which does not cover the shield ( scutellum ).

The head of the animals is sloping and the compound eyes are close to the pronotum . Point eyes ( Ocelli ) are usually present, but can also be absent in brachypteran individuals in which the wings have receded. The mandibles are greatly elongated anteriorly and extend at least to the apex of the frontal plate ( clypeus ). Both the antennae and the labium are four-part. The pronotum is almost square and has no collar, but clearly recognizable calli. The label is exposed. The animals have a stridulation organ to produce sound. The stridulitrum is located on the cubital vein of the hind wings, the plectrum on the tergum of the first abdominal segment. Both the nymphs and the adults have scent gland openings dorsally between the third and fourth, as well as fourth and fifth tergum on the abdomen, which are also functional in the adults. The openings are small and sometimes only visible between the third and fourth tergum. Scent gland openings on the metathorax are missing. The tarsi are two-part. The Trichobothria have regressed on the abdomen . There is only a single Trichobothrium anteriad to the stigma on the fifth and, in the case of the genus Piesma, also on the sixth sternum . However, some species have a pair there or no Trichobothria at all. All of the spiracles on the abdomen are dorsal. In contrast to all other families of bugs, two Malpighian vessels open into the anterior end of the rectum.

The position of the Malpighian vessels, the functional olfactory glands on the abdomen in adults, and the greatly reduced number of Trichobothria are autapomorphies of the family.

distribution and habitat

The family occurs in all major zoogeographical regions , but its main distribution area is the tropics.

Way of life

The report bugs feed on leaves, branches and flowers as a phytophagus . They are found on the foxtail family (Amaranthaceae), carnation family (Caryophyllaceae), goosefoot family ( Chenopodioideae ), rockrose family (Cistaceae) and the genus Acacia of legumes (Fabaceae). More recent evidence has also been made on the carob family (Caesalpiniaceae), silver tree family (Proteaceae) and sandalwood family (Santalaceae). Parapiesma quadratum is a pest on beets in Central and Eastern Europe because it transmits plant viruses. Piesma cinereum, which is common in North America, is also harmful to beets for this reason.

The males attract the females to mate by stridulation. To do this, they rub their corrugated Cubitalader on the edge on the tergum of the first abdominal segment. Since the females do not have an ovipositor , they stick their eggs to the underside of the leaves, the flowers or the root neck of their food plants. Depending on the distribution area and species, one to two generations are trained per year. The wintering in the moderate latitudes takes place as an imago. The animals often fly long distances in search of suitable winter spots.

Taxonomy and systematics

The group was first described by Charles Jean Baptiste Amyot and Jean Guillaume Audinet Serville in 1843 as a higher group of bedbugs with the name "Piesmides". Due to the net-like wings it was later assigned to the net bugs (Tingidae), but later regarded as an independent family again. They were described by Tullgren (1918) and Leston et al. (1954) finally placed in the suborder Pentatomomorpha apart from the net bugs . It was later confirmed that the similarities with the net bugs are only superficial and have no relationship. The family was divided into the subfamilies Piesmatinae and Thaiocorinae prior to the revision of the Pentatomomorpha with a focus on the Lygaeoidea by Henry in 1997, although Schaefer (1981), Schuh & Slater (1995) had already questioned the status of the Thaiocorinae as a subfamily. Henry (1997) in his revision of the superfamily established a sister group relationship between the Piesmatidae and the subfamily Psamminae , which was previously counted among the ground bugs (Lygaeidae). He reclassified the Piesmatidae family so that it now consists of the following subfamilies:

  • Piesmatinae (at least 3 genera, approx. 41 species; Nearctic, Palearctic, Afrotropic, Southeast Asia, Chile)
  • Psamminae (3 genera, 3 species; southern Africa, India)

The genus Piesma of the Piesmatinae was divided by Péricart (1974) into three sub-genera, Piesma , Parapiesma and Afropiesma , which are now considered by most modern authors as independent genera. The other genera of the Piesmatinae are Miespa (one species, Chile) and Mcateella (four species, Australia).

The following species are common in Europe:

Fossils

Fossil Piesmatidae are very rare, there are only three finds available. Nel et al. describe a fossil species from the early Eocene amber of the Paris Basin (France), which differs from the modern species, among other things, through the tripartite tarsi. The oldest find so far comes from the Middle Cretaceous Burmese amber.

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Family Piesmatidae. (No longer available online.) Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Faunal Directory, archived from the original on September 24, 2015 ; Retrieved January 18, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.environment.gov.au
  2. ↑ a b Piesmatidae. Fauna Europaea, accessed January 4, 2014 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Ekkehard Wachmann , Albert Melber, Jürgen Deckert: Bugs. Volume 3: Pentatomomorpha I: Aradoidea (bark bugs), Lygaeoidea (ground bugs, etc.), Pyrrhocoroidea (fire bugs) and Coreoidea (edge ​​bugs, etc.). (=  The animal world of Germany and the adjacent parts of the sea according to their characteristics and their way of life . 78th part). Goecke & Evers, Keltern 2007, ISBN 978-3-937783-29-1 , p. 173 .
  4. ↑ a b c d R. T. Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1995, pp. 266ff.
  5. ^ TJ Henry: Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90 (3): 275-301, 1997.
  6. ↑ Ernst Heiss & Jean Pericart (1997): Revised taxonomic status of some Old World Piesmatidae (Heteroptera). Journal of the Association of Austrian Entomologists 49: 119-120.
  7. ^ A. Nel, A. Waller, G. de Ploeg (2004): The oldest fossil piesmatid bug in the Lowermost Eocene amber of the Paris Basin (Heteroptera: Lygaeodidea: Piesmatidae). Geologica acta Vol. 2, Nº. 1: 45-50.
  8. ↑ DA Grimaldi & MSEngel (2008): An Unusual, Primitive Piesmatidae (Insecta: Heteroptera) in Cretaceous Amber from Myanmar (Burma). American Museum Novitates Number 3611: 1-17. doi : 10.1206 / 0003-0082 (2008) 3611 [1: AUPPIH] 2.0.CO; 2

literature

  • RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca (New York) 1995.

Web links

Commons : Report Bugs (Piesmatidae)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files