Sandalwood

Sandalwood
Sandalwood tree ( Santalum album ), illustration
Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Sandalwoods (Santalales) Family : Sandalwood
Scientific name
Santalaceae
R.Br.

The sandalwood family (Santalaceae) are a family of flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). The 38 to 44 genera with about 990 species are distributed almost worldwide, outside of cold areas, especially in the tropics . Some species of the genus sandalwood trees ( Santalum ) provide sandalwood and sandalwood oil . The semi-parasitic mistletoe ( Viscum ) are also known .

description

Phoradendron juniperinum

Appearance and leaves

They are mostly woody plants: mostly shrubs , rarely trees ; or they are parasitic herbaceous plants . In some species take over instead of the leaves stems the photosynthesis . The leaves are well developed or greatly reduced. The leaves are mostly alternate. The stomata are mostly paracytic. There are no stipules.

Inflorescences, flowers and fruits

They are mostly dioecious ( dioecious ), rarely single ( monoecious ) separate sexes. The very small, radial symmetry flowers are hermaphroditic or unisexual and are three to six-fold (rarely eight-fold). There are usually three, rarely two, four or five carpels present. The ovary is subordinate. There are berries , seeded drupes or nuts formed.

Surname

The Greek word sántalon ('sandalwood', 'Indian color wood') on which sandalwood is based is derived from Arabic / Persian chandal and related to old Indian candana , which was primarily used to describe the color wood of the Indian red sandalwood tree (Pterocarpus santalinus), derived from candráh (,bright').

Systematics and distribution

The family occurs worldwide outside of cold areas. It is particularly rich in species in the tropics .

The family Santalaceae s. l. contains in the scope of APG III all taxa of the former families of the Anthobolaceae, Arceuthobiaceae, Canopodaceae, Eremolepidaceae, Lepidocerataceae, Exocarpaceae, Bifariaceae, Ginalloaceae, Osyridaceae, Phoradendraceae, Mistcelaceae. According to Daniel L. Nickrent et al. in Taxon , Volume 59, 2010, pp. 538–558, however, there is a new classification of the Santalales; here, among other things, the Thesiaceae and the Viscaceae are again regarded as separate families. According to Nickrent et al. 2010 belong to the family Santalaceae s. st. in the narrower sense only the genera Antidaphne , Colpoon , Elaphanthera , Eubrachion , Exocarpos , Lepidoceras , Myoschilos , Nestronia , Omphacomeria , Osyris , Rhoiacarpos and Santalum .

The family Santalaceae contains about 38 to 44 genera with about (400 to) 990 species:

Arceuthobium cyanocarpum Comandra umbellata in Michigan (USA) Exocarpos cupressiformis Korthalsella complanata Honey Fragrant rod bush ( Osyris alba ), fruiting Alpine flax leaf ( Thesium alpinum ) Dwarf mistletoe ( Viscum minimum ) Acanthosyris (Eichl.) Griseb. : The six or so species arewidespreadin South America . Acanthosyris spinescens (Mart. & Eichler) Griseb. : Northeast Argentina, Uruguay, southern to central Brazil Amphorogyne Stauffer & Hürl. : The three or so species occur only in New Caledonia . Anthobolus R.Br. : The fouror sospecies occur in Australia and New Guinea . Antidaphne Poeppig & Endl. : The eight or so species are common in tropical South America. Dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium M.Bieb. ): This subheading includes about 42 species. Buckleya Torr. : The four types are found in North America , China, and Japan . Cervantesia Ruiz & Pav .: It contains only one species: Cervantesia tomentosa Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs in the Andes . Choretrum R.Br. : The six types are common in Australia. Cladomyza Danser : The approximately 20 species occur in Borneo and Papua Rhodesia before. Colpoon P.J. Bergius : There are around two species common in Africa . Comandra Nutt. : It contains only one type: Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. : It occurs with about three subspecies in North America and the Mediterranean region. Daenikera Hürl. & Stauffer : It only contains one type: Daenikera corallina Hürl. & Stauffer : It occurs in New Caledonia . Dendromyza Danser : The seven or so species are common in Southeast Asia and Indomalesia . Dendrophthora Eichler : The 65 to 110 species are common in the Neotropic . Dendrotrophe Miq. : The five or so species are common in Indomalesia, southern China, Southeast Asia and tropical Australia. Dufrenoya Chatin : The approximately 14 species are common in Indomalesia. Elaphanthera N.Hallé : It contains only one species: Elaphanthera baumannii (Stauffer) N. Hallé : It occurs in New Caledonia. Eubrachion Hook. f. : The roughly two species found in Central and South America Exocarpos Labill. : The approximately 26 species occur from Southeast Asia and Malesia to Hawaii , Australia and New Caledonia. Geocaulon Fernald : It contains only one species: Geocaulon lividum (Richardson) Fernald : It is distributed from Alaska via Canada to the northeastern United States. Ginalloa Korth. : The nine or so species are common in Indomalesia. Iodina Hook. & Arn. ex Meissn. : It contains only one type: Iodina rhombifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Hook. & Arn. ex Reissek : It is common in southern Brazil , Uruguay , Argentina and Bolivia . Korthalsella Tiegh. : The eightor sospecies occur in Africa, Madagascar , the Mascarene Mountains , from the Himalayas to Japan, New Zealand and Hawaii. Kunkeliella Stearn : The four or so species only occur in the Canaries . Lepidoceras Hook. f. : The roughly two types are distributed from Peru to Chile . Leptomeria R.Br. : The approximately 17 species are common in Australia. Mida A. Cunn. ex Endl. : Of the only two species, one occurs in New Zealand and the other only on the Juan Fernández Islands . Myoschilos Ruiz & Pav .: It contains only one species: Myoschilos oblongum Ruiz & Pav .: It occurs in Chile. Nanodea Banks ex CF Gaertn. : It contains only one type: Nanodea muscosa Banks ex CFGaertn. : It is common in South America. Nestronia Raf. (is also put to Buckleya ) Notothixos olive. : The eightor sospecies are distributed from Sri Lanka to Australia. Okoubaka Pellegr. & Normand : The two species are common in tropical Africa. Omphacomeria (Endl.) A.DC. : It contains only one type: Omphacomeria acerba (R.Br.) A.DC. : It occurs in southeastern Australia. Osyridicarpos A.DC. : It contains only one type: Osyridicarpos schimperianus (A.Rich.) A.DC. : It is distributed from tropical to southern Africa. Rod bushes ( Osyris L. ): The four or so species are common in the Mediterranean region and from Africa to India . Osyris compressa (PJBergius) A.DC. : From South Africa and Mozambique. Phacellaria Benth. : The seven or so species are common in Southeast Asia. Phoradendron Nutt. : The 190 to 235 species are common in the New World. Pyrularia Michx. : The only two or three species occur in the USA, the Himalayas and China. Rhoiacarpos A.DC. : It contains only one type: Rhoiacarpos capensis (Harv.) A.DC. : It occurs in South Africa . Sandalwood trees ( Santalum L. ): The approximately 25 species are distributed from Indomalesia to Australia and Hawaii . These are: Sandalwood tree ( Santalum album L. ) Juan Fernández sandal tree ( Santalum fernandezianum Phil. ) Scleropyrum Arn. : The six or so species are common in Indomalesia. Spirogardnera Stauffer : It contains only one species: Spirogardnera rubescens Stauffer : It occurs in southwestern Australia. Thesidium Sond. : The four to five species are common in South Africa. Flax leaf ( Thesium L. ): The approximately 325 species occur mainly in Africa, but also in Eurasia , Australia and South America. Mistletoe ( Viscum L. ): The 65 to 100 species are distributed almost worldwide in the tropical, subtropical and temperate areas.

swell

• The family of Santalaceae in APWebsite. (Sections systematics and description)
• The Santalaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson and MJDallwitz. (Section description)
• The Santalaceae family in Parasitic Plants.
• Daniel L. Nickrent, Lytton J. Musselman: Introduction to Parasitic Flowering Plants . In: The Plant Health Instructor , 2004: online doi: 10.1094 / PHI-I-2004-0330-01 .
• Daniel L. Nickrent, Valéry Malécot, Romina Vidal-Russell, Joshua P. Der: A revised classification of Santalales. In: Taxon , Volume 59, 2010, pp. 538-558. PDF.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Franz Dornseiff : The Greek words in German. Berlin 1950, p. 48.
2. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. Birkhäuser, Basel / Stuttgart 1976, ISBN 3-7643-0755-2 , p. 328.
3. ↑ Kluge: Etymological dictionary of the German language .
4. ^ ^{A b} Santalaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
5. ^ David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

Web links

Commons : Sandalwoods  - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap