Sandalwood oil
Sandalwood oil ( Latin oleum santali , French essence de santal , English sandalwood oil , FEMA 3005 ) is an essential oil that is extracted from different types of sandalwood . Depending on the origin, the names and the plants used for production vary:
- East Indian sandalwood oil comes from the wood of the sandalwood tree ( Santalum album , family of the Santalaceae ); this grows mainly in southern India.
- West Indian sandalwood oil , on the other hand, is obtained from Amyris balsamifera L. (family of the Rutaceae ) and comes mainly from the Caribbean .
- Australian sandalwood oil is made from a species of sandalwood endemic to Australia , Santalum spicatum or Santalum acuminatum and Santalum lanceolatum . Oil is also obtained from Santalum austrocaledonicum from New Caledonia and Vanuatu .
- Hawaiian sandalwood oil comes from Santalum paniculatum , Polynesian sandalwood oil from Santalum insulare ( Santalum marchionense ).
- East African sandalwood oil contains essential oils (Muhuhuöl) obtained from Brachylaena huillensis or those of Osyris tenuifolia , African sandalwood oil from Osyris lanceolata and Baphia nitida .
Other so-called sandalwood oils from a number of other plants serve as a substitute for East Indian sandalwood oil.
Extraction
The essential oil is obtained from the wood chips by steam distillation . The yield is between 4 and 6.5%. For 1999 the estimated annual production in India was around 30 t. Earlier estimates put the annual production in India at 50 t and worldwide at 70 t.
properties
Sandalwood oil is a colorless to yellowish, slightly viscous liquid . The density is between 0.968 and 0.983 g ml −1 , the refractive index at 20 ° C is between 1.5030 and 1.5080, the boiling point is 276 ° C (760 mm Hg). The essential oil is soluble in ethanol, vegetable oils and other essential oils; in water it is almost insoluble.
The smell is described as typically woody-sweet, animal-balsamic and very adhesive. Sandalwood is one of the expressive, but also expensive, fragrance raw materials (provenance Mysore) and is a classic wood note for perfumes of the “Chypre”, “Fougère” and “Orient” types.
ingredients
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Main component are (ca. 90%) of East Indian sandalwood oil, the isomeric terpenoid - alcohols α-santalol (ca. 50%) and β-santalol (about 20%). The terpenes α- and β- santals (around 6%) also occur. Furthermore, there are epi -β-santalene, α- Photosantalol , epi -β-Photosantalol, β- bisabolol , Cyclosantalal , α- Santalal , epi -Cyclosantalal, β-Santalal, Campherenol , ( Z ) - trans -α- Bergamotol , epi -β-Santalol, ( Z ) -β- Curcumenol , cis - Lanceol , cis - Nuciferol and Spirosantalol .
α-santalol
β-santalol
α-santals
-alpha-santalol.svg)
-beta-santalol.svg)
West Indian sandalwood oil also contains sesquiterpenoids such as elemol , eudesmol and α- agarofuran .
The typical smell of sandalwood is attributed to β-santalol.
Use and meaning
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Real sandalwood is a treasure because the tree's existence is endangered. The price of the oil was $ 1,600 per kilogram in 2006. In India , the possession, trading and storage of sandalwood and its products are regulated by law. In East Timor , the tree is under protection after almost all of its population was destroyed during the Indonesian occupation. Only the last remains of the tree that was the main export good of the island of Timor in the colonial times . The best quality sandalwood used to come from here. In general, the quality is good if the wood comes from trees that are more than 30 years old.
Sandalwood is probably the most "fake" wood fragrance, so many things are declared as sandalwood oil that have nothing to do with sandalwood. In the end, only the botanical name gives reliable information about what is in the bottle. The annual production of Indian sandalwood is around 1000 tons. In 2006, between six and ten tons of sandalwood oil were exported from India and two tons from Indonesia. However, the stated quantities are not sufficient for the worldwide supply of incense sticks , perfumes (almost 80% of all perfumes sold worldwide contain synthetic sandalwood oil), wood products and essential oils. The amount of sandalwood oil with the so-called "Mysore quality", which only comes from two state Indian distilleries in Mysore and Shimoga , is also doubtful . However, their annual production does not reach the quantities that are on the market.
The so-called West Indian sandalwood oil or amyris oil is also used as an inexpensive variant (provenance from the West Caribbean). This scent is similar to cedar wood. It comes from Amyris balsamifera , the West Indies or Jamaica rosewood, a diamond plant , which at the same plant family as the citrus scents belongs.
The synthetic sandalwood fragrance Sandalore has been developed as a substitute for East Indian sandalwood oil, which acts on the OR2AT4 odor receptor .
literature
- Robert Tisserand, Rodney Young: Essential Oil Safety. Second Edition, Elsevier, 2014, ISBN 978-0-443-06241-4 , pp. 193 f, 355, 418 f.
Individual evidence
- ^ Entry on FEMA 3005 in the database of the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Entry on sandalwood oil. In: Römpp Online . Georg Thieme Verlag, accessed on January 8, 2017.
- ↑ a b c Entry on Australian sandalwood oil (S. spicata) from Sanabio , accessed on January 8, 2017.
- ↑ a b N. Groom: The Perfume Handbook. Springer, 1992, ISBN 978-94-010-5015-9 , p. 218.
- ↑ Andrea Büttner: Springer Handbook of Odor. Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-26930-6 , p. 67.
- ↑ Le Santal polynésien Santalum insulare (PDF; 4.1 MB), on service-public.pf, accessed on November 17, 2018.
- ^ John O. Kokwaro: Classification of East African Crops. Second Edition, Univ. of Nairobi Press, 2013, ISBN 978-9966-792-24-2 , p. 131.
- ↑ Brachylaena huillensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- ↑ KP Laladhas, P. Nilayangode, OV Oommen: Biodiversity for Sustainable Development. Springer, 2017, ISBN 978-3-319-42161-2 , p. 65.
- ↑ a b Entry on Sandalwood oil at thegoodscentscompany.com, accessed on January 8, 2017.
- ↑ Data sheet Indian sandalwood oil from Sanabio , accessed on January 8, 2017.
- ↑ a b What You'll Never Hear From Your Boss. ( Memento of the original from July 6, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Lecture at Women in Flavor & Fragrances Commerce (WFFC), New Jersey, January 25, 2007. (PDF; 84 kB).
- ^ Eduard Winkler : Complete Real-Lexicon der medicinisch-pharmaceutischen ... First volume: A – L , FA Brockhaus, Leipzig 1840, p. 80.
- ↑ Daniela buses, Philipp Kudella u. a .: A Synthetic Sandalwood Odorant Induces Wound-Healing Processes in Human Keratinocytes via the Olfactory Receptor OR2AT4. In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 134, 2014, p. 2823, doi : 10.1038 / jid.2014.273 , PMID 24999593 .
