Phoradendron
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Phoradendron | ||||||||||||
Nutt. |
Phoradendron is a genus of plants withinthe sandalwood family (Santalaceae). The approximately 240 species arewidespreadin the New World . These parasitic plants grow on trees .
description
Vegetative characteristics
Phoradendron species are woody shrubs that grow hemiparasitic on trees. Coniferous and deciduous trees come into question as host plants. Some species specialize in individual host tree species, but many can attack a wide range of different tree species. Its branches are 10 to 80 centimeters long, depending on the species; they branch dichotomously.
The opposite leaves are 2 to 5 cm long in some species, but very small in others such as Phoradendron californicum . The plants carry out photosynthesis , but draw nutrients and water from the host plant. The root system hidden under the bark of the host plant can continue to live without the visible parts of the plant.
Generative characteristics
Phoradendron species are dioecious ( dioecious ), so there are male and female plant specimens. The flowers are small and inconspicuous; they are green-yellow and 1 to 3 mm in size. Male and female flowers are so similar in appearance that the sex of a plant specimen can often only be recognized at the time of fruit set.
The fruits are berries that, depending on the species, turn white, yellow, orange or red when ripe. There are several seeds in the very sticky pulp .
The basic chromosome number is x = 14.
ecology
The seeds are spread by birds such as the cedar waxwing ( Bombycilla cedrorum ) and the black flycatcher ( Phainopepla nitens ).
Systematics and distribution
The genus Phoradendron was established in 1848 by Thomas Nuttall in Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , Second Series, 1, 2, pages 185-186. The generic name Phoradendron is made up of the Greek words phor for thief and dendron for tree, this refers to parasitism. In 1913 Phoradendron californicum Nutt became the lectotype species . set out by Nathaniel Lord Britton in Addison Brown : An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd Edition, 1, page 639. Synonyms for Phoradendron Nutt. are Allobium Miers , Baratostachys (Korth.) Kuntze , Baratostachys Uphof , Spiciviscum Engelm. ex A. Gray , Spiciviscum H. Karst. , Viscum sect. Baratostachys Korth. , Baratostachys sect. Phorodendrum (Nutt.) Kuntze .
In the past, the genus Phoradendron was placed in its own family Viscaceae. Molecular genetic research has shown that this genus belongs to the sandalwood family (Santalaceae).
Phoradendron species are common in the tropical to warm temperate areas of the New World . They are widespread from the United States to Mexico , Central America and the Caribbean Islands to South America.
There are about 240 species in the genus Phoradendron . Here is a selection of species:
- Phoradendron anceps (Spreng.) G.Maza : It occurs on the Caribbean islands and in Venezuela .
- Phoradendron barahonae Urban & Trel. : It occurs in Cuba , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Venezuela .
- Phoradendron bolleanum (Seem.) Eichl. (Syn .: Phoradendron pauciflorum Torr. ): It occurs in the US states of Oregon , California , Arizona , New Mexico as well as Texas and Guatemala .
- Phoradendron californicum Nutt. : It occurs in the US states of Arizona, California, Nevada and Utah and in northern Mexico .
- Phoradendron capitellatum Torr. ex Trel. : It occurs in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico as well as Texas and Mexico.
- Phoradendron coryae Trel. : It is also known as the subspecies Phoradendron villosum subsp. coryae (Trelease) Vienna 's Phoradendron villosum .
- Phoradendron densum Torr. ex Trel.
- Phoradendron dichotomum (Bertero) Krug & Urban
- Phoradendron hawksworthii (Vienna) Vienna
- Phoradendron hexastichum (DC.) Griseb.
- Phoradendron juniperinum Engelm. ex Gray (Syn .: Phoradendron libocedri (Engelm.) Howell ): It occurs in the US states of Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Colorado as well as New Mexico, Texas and in northern Mexico.
- Phoradendron leucarpum (Raf.) Reveal & MCJohnst. (Syn. Phoradendron flavescens (Pursh) Nutt. Ex A. Gray , Phoradendron macrophyllum (Engelm.) Cockerell , Phoradendron serotinum (Raf.) MCJohnst. , Phoradendron tomentosum (DC.) A. Gray , Viscum leucarpum Raf. , Viscum serotinum Raf . , Viscum tomentosum DC. ): It occurs in the United States and Mexico.
- Phoradendron mucronatum (DC.) Krug & Urban
- Phoradendron piperoides (Kunth) Trel. : It is widespread from Mexico through Central America and on the Caribbean islands to South America.
- Phoradendron quadrangulare (Kunth) Griseb. : It is widespread from Mexico through Central America and on the Caribbean islands to South America.
- Phoradendron racemosum (Aubl.) Krug & Urban
- Phoradendron rubrum (L.) Griseb. (Syn. Viscum rubrum L. ): It occurs in Florida , Cuba , Haiti , Puerto Rico , the Cayman Islands and the Bahamas .
- Phoradendron strongyloclados Eichler : It iswidespreadin tropical South America in Bolivia , Venezuela, Brazil and the Guyanas .
- Phoradendron tetrapterum Krug & Urban
- Phoradendron trinervium (Lam.) Griseb.
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Phoradendron villosum ( Nuttall) Nuttall ex Engelmann (Syn .: Viscum villosum Nutt. , Phoradendron villosum (Nutt.) Engelm. ): There are three subspecies:
- Phoradendron villosum subsp. coryae (Trelease) Wiens (Syn .: Phoradendron coryae Trel. ): It occurs in the US states of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas and in the Mexican states of Chihuahua , Coahuila and Sonora .
- Phoradendron villosum subsp. flavum (IMJohnston) Vienna : It occurs in the Mexican states of Coahuila and Durango .
- Phoradendron villosum subsp. villosum : It occurs from Oregon to California to Baja California .
ingredients
Leaves and berries of some species of the genus Phoradendron are poisonous.
literature
- VETM Ashworth: Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendreae (Viscaceae) inferred from three regions of the nuclear ribosomal cistron. I. Major lineages and paraphyly of Phoradendron. In: Syst. Bot. Band 25 , 2000, pp. 349-370 .
- VETM Ashworth: Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendreae (Viscaceae) inferred from three regions of the nuclear ribosomal cistron. II. The North American species of Phoradendron. In: Aliso . tape 19 , 2000, pp. 41-53 .
- Job Kuijt: Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae) . In: Syst. Bot. Monogr. tape 66 , 2003, p. 1-643 .
- Robert F. Scharpf, Frank G. Hawksworth: Mistletoes on Hardwoods in the United States . August 1974 ( Forest Pest Leaflet 147 at fs.fed.us).
- The genus Phoradendron . In: Urbana, Univ. Illinois . 1916.
- Job Kuijt, 2013: Phoradendron - Datasheet at Jepson eFlora .
- Daniel L. Nickrent: Viscaceae .: Phoradendron Nuttall. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee: Flora of North America , Volume 12: Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2016, ISBN 978-0-1906-4372-0 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Daniel L. Nickrent: Viscaceae .: Phoradendron Nuttall. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee: Flora of North America , Volume 12: Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2016, ISBN 978-0-1906-4372-0 .
- ↑ a b Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 19, 2018.
- ^ J. Kuijt: Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae) . In: Syst. Bot. Monogr. tape 66 , 2003, p. 1-643 .
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Phoradendron in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
- ↑ a b Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Web links
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Panama Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Peru Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: 79 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Panama (WFO) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of the Vascular Plants of the Department of Antioquia (Colombia) . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: Bolivia Checklist . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- Entry with Flora of Bolivia . (engl.)
- USDA data sheet.
- Pictures at calphotos.berkeley.edu .