Phoradendron

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Phoradendron
Phoradendron juniperinum

Phoradendron juniperinum

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Sandalwoods (Santalales)
Family : Sandalwood family (Santalaceae)
Genre : Phoradendron
Scientific name
Phoradendron
Nutt.

Phoradendron is a genus of plants withinthe sandalwood family (Santalaceae). The approximately 240 species arewidespreadin the New World . These parasitic plants grow on trees .

description

Habit of Phoradendron californicum in the habitat
Dichotomous branching of Phoradendron strongyloclados
Inflorescence of Phoradendron californicum
Fruits of Phoradendron californicum
Phoradendron leucarpum on an Oregon oak ( Quercus garryana var. Garryana )

Vegetative characteristics

Phoradendron species are woody shrubs that grow hemiparasitic on trees. Coniferous and deciduous trees come into question as host plants. Some species specialize in individual host tree species, but many can attack a wide range of different tree species. Its branches are 10 to 80 centimeters long, depending on the species; they branch dichotomously.

The opposite leaves are 2 to 5 cm long in some species, but very small in others such as Phoradendron californicum . The plants carry out photosynthesis , but draw nutrients and water from the host plant. The root system hidden under the bark of the host plant can continue to live without the visible parts of the plant.

Generative characteristics

Phoradendron species are dioecious ( dioecious ), so there are male and female plant specimens. The flowers are small and inconspicuous; they are green-yellow and 1 to 3 mm in size. Male and female flowers are so similar in appearance that the sex of a plant specimen can often only be recognized at the time of fruit set.

The fruits are berries that, depending on the species, turn white, yellow, orange or red when ripe. There are several seeds in the very sticky pulp .

The basic chromosome number is x = 14.

ecology

The seeds are spread by birds such as the cedar waxwing ( Bombycilla cedrorum ) and the black flycatcher ( Phainopepla nitens ).

Systematics and distribution

The genus Phoradendron was established in 1848 by Thomas Nuttall in Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia , Second Series, 1, 2, pages 185-186. The generic name Phoradendron is made up of the Greek words phor for thief and dendron for tree, this refers to parasitism. In 1913 Phoradendron californicum Nutt became the lectotype species . set out by Nathaniel Lord Britton in Addison Brown : An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States , 2nd Edition, 1, page 639. Synonyms for Phoradendron Nutt. are Allobium Miers , Baratostachys (Korth.) Kuntze , Baratostachys Uphof , Spiciviscum Engelm. ex A. Gray , Spiciviscum H. Karst. , Viscum sect. Baratostachys Korth. , Baratostachys sect. Phorodendrum (Nutt.) Kuntze .

In the past, the genus Phoradendron was placed in its own family Viscaceae. Molecular genetic research has shown that this genus belongs to the sandalwood family (Santalaceae).

Phoradendron species are common in the tropical to warm temperate areas of the New World . They are widespread from the United States to Mexico , Central America and the Caribbean Islands to South America.

There are about 240 species in the genus Phoradendron . Here is a selection of species:

ingredients

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

Leaves and berries of some species of the genus Phoradendron are poisonous.

literature

  • VETM Ashworth: Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendreae (Viscaceae) inferred from three regions of the nuclear ribosomal cistron. I. Major lineages and paraphyly of Phoradendron. In: Syst. Bot. Band 25 , 2000, pp. 349-370 .
  • VETM Ashworth: Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendreae (Viscaceae) inferred from three regions of the nuclear ribosomal cistron. II. The North American species of Phoradendron. In: Aliso . tape 19 , 2000, pp. 41-53 .
  • Job Kuijt: Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae) . In: Syst. Bot. Monogr. tape 66 , 2003, p. 1-643 .
  • Robert F. Scharpf, Frank G. Hawksworth: Mistletoes on Hardwoods in the United States . August 1974 ( Forest Pest Leaflet 147 at fs.fed.us).
  • The genus Phoradendron . In: Urbana, Univ. Illinois . 1916.
  • Job Kuijt, 2013: Phoradendron - Datasheet at Jepson eFlora .
  • Daniel L. Nickrent: Viscaceae .: Phoradendron Nuttall. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee: Flora of North America , Volume 12: Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2016, ISBN 978-0-1906-4372-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l Daniel L. Nickrent: Viscaceae .: Phoradendron Nuttall. - Same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee: Flora of North America , Volume 12: Magnoliophyta: Vitaceae to Garryaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford 2016, ISBN 978-0-1906-4372-0 .
  2. ↑ a b Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed October 19, 2018.
  3. ^ J. Kuijt: Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae) . In: Syst. Bot. Monogr. tape 66 , 2003, p. 1-643 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Phoradendron in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
  5. ↑ a b Phoradendron at Tropicos.org. In: 83 . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Phoradendron  - collection of images, videos and audio files