Dwarf mistletoe

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Dwarf mistletoe
Arceuthobium oxycedri, on Juniperus oxycedrus

Arceuthobium oxycedri , on Juniperus oxycedrus

Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Sandalwoods (Santalales)
Family : Sandalwood family (Santalaceae)
Genre : Dwarf mistletoe
Scientific name
Arceuthobium
M.Bieb.

The dwarf mistletoe ( Arceuthobium ) is a genus of plants belonging to the sandalwood family (Santalaceae). They are parasitic plants that grow on the pine family (Pinaceae) and cypress family (Cupressaceae). They must not be confused with the type Viscum minimum , which is also sometimes referred to as dwarf mistletoe.

distribution

The representatives of the genus are common in North and Central America , Africa and Asia . Most of the species are native to North America.

description

The species of this genus have very reduced shoots and leaves. Most of the plant lives hidden under the bark of the host plant. The leaves are usually reduced to scales. The visible plant shoots are 1 cm to 90 cm in size, depending on the species. In the smallest species, Arceuthobium minutissimum , they are only 1 cm in size; this species, native to Asia , lives on the teardrop pine ( Pinus wallichiana ). The largest member of the genus, Arceuthobium globosum subsp. grandicaule , they become 90 cm tall.

The plants are dioecious ( dioecious ), so there are male and female plant specimens. The ripe fruits build up hydrostatic pressure inside. When this pressure is released, the seeds are thrown away from the plant at high speed.

Arceuthobium americanum
Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. abietinum
Arceuthobium divaricatum
Arceuthobium pusillum

Systematics

In the genus 42 species are distinguished. The genus shows the greatest biodiversity in America; 34 species are native to North America . There are only two species in Europe: Arceuthobium azoricum and Arceuthobium oxycedri .

Here is a selection of species:

  • Arceuthobium americanum Nutt. ex Engelm. : It occurs in Ontario , western Canada, and the western United States.
  • Arceuthobium apachecum Hawksworth & Wiens : It is also known as the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. apachecum (Hawksworth & Wiens) Nickrent added to Arceuthobium campylopodum . It occurs in Arizona, New Mexico and the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
  • Arceuthobium azoricum Wiens & Hawksw. : It occurs in the Azores.
  • Arceuthobium blumeri A. Nels. : It is also known as the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. blumeri (A. Nelson) Nickrent to Arceuthobium campylopodum . It occurs in Mexico and Arizona.
  • Arceuthobium campylopodum Engelm. (Syn .: Arceuthobium californicum Hawksworth & Wiens , Arceuthobium cyanocarpum ( A. Nels. Ex Rydb. ) A. Nels. ): With several subspecies:
    • Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. abietinum (Engelm.) Nickrent (Syn .: Arceuthobium abietinum Engelm. ex Munz ): It occurs in Washington, Oregon, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.
    • Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. campylopodum : It occurs in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, California and Baja California .
    • Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. microcarpum (Engelm.) Nickrent (Syn .: Arceuthobium microcarpum (Engelm.) Hawksworth & Wiens ): It occurs in Arizona and New Mexico.
    • Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. occidentale (Engelm.) Nickrent (Syn .: Arceuthobium occidentale Engelm. ): It occurs in California.
    • Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. tsugense (Rosend.) Nickrent (Syn .: Arceuthobium tsugense ( Rosendahl ) GN Jones ): It occurs in Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and California.
  • Arceuthobium divaricatum Engelm. : It occurs in California, Nevada, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas and Baja California.
  • Arceuthobium douglasii Engelm. : It occurs in western Canada, the western United States, and northern Mexico.
  • Arceuthobium gillii Hawksworth & Wiens : It occurs in Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.
  • Arceuthobium globosum Hawksworth & Wiens : It occurs in Mexico.
  • Arceuthobium laricis ( Piper ) St. John . Also called the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. laricis (ME Jones) Nickrent to Arceuthobium campylopodum .
  • Arceuthobium littorum Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent : It is also known as the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. littorum (Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent) Nickrent added to Arceuthobium campylopodum . It only occurs in California.
  • Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook.f. : It was first described from the Himalayas of India. Joseph Dalton Hooker , who described it, said it was the smallest dicotyledon he knew.
  • Arceuthobium monticola Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent : It is also known as the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. monticola (Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent) Nickrent added to Arceuthobium campylopodum . It occurs in Oregon and California.
  • Arceuthobium oxycedri ( DC. ) M.Bieb. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Spain, France, the Balkan Peninsula, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan.
  • Arceuthobium pusillum Peck : It is found in Canada, Minnesota, and the northeastern United States.
  • Arceuthobium siskiyouense Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent : It is also known as the subspecies Arceuthobium campylopodum subsp. siskiyouense (Hawksworth, Wiens & Nickrent) Nickrent added to Arceuthobium campylopodum . It occurs in Oregon and California.
  • Arceuthobium vaginatum ( Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd. ) J. Presl (Syn. Viscum vaginatum Humb. & Bonpl. Ex Willd. ): It occurs in Arizona, Utah, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and Mexico. With two subspecies:
    • Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. vaginatum : it occurs in Mexico.
    • Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum (Engelmann) Hawksworth & Wiens (Syn .: Arceuthobium cryptopodum Engelmann ): It occurs in the southwestern United States and in northern Mexico.

Forestry importance

Representatives of this genus are the forest pests , which cause the greatest economic damage to conifer species that are important for forestry in North and Central America . Infested conifers, especially spruce , pine and fir , show stunted growth, and they are often also attacked by other tree diseases.

literature

  • Daniel L. Nickrent, Miguel A. García, Maria P. Martín, Robert L. Mathiasen: A phylogeny of all species of Arceuthobium (Viscaceae) using nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 91 , no. 1 , 2004, p. 125-138 , doi : 10.3732 / ajb.91.1.125 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ PW Ball, JR Akeroyd: Arceuthobium Bieb. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 87 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Arceuthobium , list of species in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  3. ↑ Entry at forestryimages.org ( Memento of the original from June 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.forestryimages.org
  4. ↑ Arceuthobium in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Daniel L. Nickrent: Arceuthobium M. Bieberstein. In: Flora of North America, vol. 12. [1] .
  6. ^ Joseph Dalton Hooker: Flora of British India . Volume 5, page 227, 1886

Web links

Commons : Miniature mistletoe ( Arceuthobium )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files