Pentatomomorpha

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Pentatomomorpha
Strip bug (Graphosoma lineatum)

Strip bug ( Graphosoma lineatum )

Systematics
Class : Insects (Insecta)
Subclass : Flying insects (Pterygota)
Order : Schnabelkerfe (Hemiptera)
Subordination : Bed bugs (heteroptera)
Partial order : Pentatomomorpha
Scientific name
Pentatomomorpha
Leston , Pendergrast & Southwood , 1954
Alydus calcaratus

The Pentatomomorpha (stink bugs i. W. S.) are a suborder of the bugs (Heteroptera). The family group includes around 12,500 to 15,000 described species worldwide and is thus the second large suborder of bedbugs after the Cimicomorpha . There are around 1000 species and subspecies in Europe. Unlike most other types of bedbugs, they are mainly herbivorous animals. The suborder includes some of the largest land-dwelling bug species in the world. The group also includes some types of bugs of economic importance as agricultural pests.

features

The antennae of the animals are three to five limbed, the last two limbs are usually elongated-oval or spindle-shaped and never flagellate. In all species the labium is divided into four clearly recognizable segments, the first of which is well developed. The scutellum is enlarged in the superfamily Pentatomoidea and in some species covers the entire abdomen. The forewings of long-winged (macropter) individuals are always formed as hemielytres with a hardened and a membranous part. The interruption of the Costa loader is never trained. The veining of the membranous part of the forewings is sometimes not developed, as is the case with many species of bark bugs (Aradidae). If present, it consists of at least five wires. They are often numerous and form an anastomotic network. The pretarsi of all legs always have equally developed claws, which are usually uniformly curved and have well-developed pulvilli , which are divided into a pedicel-shaped basal pulvillus and a lamellar distipulvillus. The channels of the scent glands on the metathorax lead to peritremata (protruding opening of the spiracles ), which are usually spongy. With the exception of the aradoid , the sterna of the third to seventh abdominal segment each have two trichobothria laterally (on the side) (in the case of the pentatomoid, with the exception of some Podopinae and a few other taxa only one) or the third and fourth sternum has two or more and two laterally or submedially fifth to seventh sternum laterally two or more (the remaining subgroups), usually short trichobothria. Only rarely are they reduced in number or completely absent.

The eggs usually have three micropylons and their respective appendages.

Way of life

Unlike most other types of bedbugs, the Pentatomomorpha are mainly herbivorous animals; omnivorous and predatory species such as B. some species of the Asopinae and Geocoridae are much rarer. As a rule, they feed mainly on plant species of the eudicotyledons or monocotyledons . However, there are also species that specialize in bark ( bark bugs ), fungi ( Rhyparochromidae ) or live in association with termites ( Termitaphididae ). In many families of the Lygaeoidea and Coreoidea , the nutrition of seeds is predominant, otherwise the other herbivorous species of the Pentatomomorpha suckle on the vessels of the plants. As with the Miroidea from the partial order of the Cimicomorpha , there are also monophagous species that only suckle on certain plant species.

Taxonomy and systematics

A multigene study from 2012 not only confirmed the monophyly of the seven partial orders of bedbugs due to molecular phylogeny, it also showed that the pentatomomorpha is most likely closely related to the partial order of the cimicomorpha . The relationships within the suborder have not been well researched and are still largely unclear. An investigation based on mtDNA and rDNA from 2005 essentially confirmed the previously suspected relationships based on morphological investigations. Accordingly, it seems certain that the superfamily Aradoidea is in a sister group relationship to the other superfamilies, which are grouped together to form the monophyletic taxon Trichophora . This in turn is divided into two kinship lines. One includes the Pentatomoidea , the other the Lygaeoidea , Coreoidea and Pyrrhocoroidea . The monophyly of the Pentatomoidea was confirmed, the Pyrrhocoroidea were found to be polyphyletic , the monophyly of the Lygaeoidea was only weakly confirmed and the Coreoidea were polyphyletic for most of the parameters examined.

According to Schuh & Slater (1995), supplemented by the more recent work by Henry (1997) on the Pentatomomorpha and Grazia, Schuh & Wheeler (2008) on the Pentatomoidea, the partial order includes the following superfamilies and families:

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Hong-Mei Li, Ri-Qiang Deng, Jin-Wen Wang, Zhen-Yao Chen, Feng-Long Jia, Xun-Zhang Wang: A preliminary phylogeny of the Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) based on nuclear 18S rDNA and mitochondrial DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2005) pp. 313-326.
  2. ^ Pentatomomorpha. Fauna Europaea, accessed November 29, 2013 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Infraorder Pentatomomorpha. (No longer available online.) Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Faunal Directory, archived from the original on February 16, 2015 ; Retrieved November 29, 2013 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.environment.gov.au
  4. ↑ a b c d R.T. Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1995.
  5. ↑ Min Li, Ying Tian, ​​Ying Zhao, Wenjun Bu (2012): Higher Level Phylogeny and the First Divergence Time Estimation of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) Based on Multiple Genes. PLoS ONE 7 (2): e32152. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0032152 (open access)
  6. ^ TJ Henry: Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90 (3): 275-301, 1997.
  7. ↑ Jocelia Grazia, Randall T. Schuh & Ward C. Wheeler: Phylogenetic relationships of family groups in Pentatomoidea based on morphology and DNA sequences (Insecta: Heteroptera). Cladistics 24 (2008), pp. 932-976.

literature

  • RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1995.

Web links

Commons : Pentatomomorpha  - collection of images, videos and audio files