Oxycarenidae
| Oxycarenidae | ||||||||||||
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Linden bug ( Oxycarenus lavaterae ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Oxycarenidae | ||||||||||||
| Stål , 1862 |
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The Oxycarenidae are a family of bedbugs (Heteroptera) within the suborder Pentatomomorpha . Until the revision of the Pentatomomorpha with a focus on the Lygaeoidea by Henry in 1997, it was a subfamily of the ground bugs (Lygaeidae) and was then placed in the family rank. It comprises 23 genera and 147 species. In Europe 32 species are represented, 11 of which occur in Central Europe.
features
The small bugs have a flat build. Some species mimic that of ants with their appearance. The body of the animals is structured like a point on the back, their head is directed forward. The margins of the pronotum are rounded. The hemielytres have flat, flared margins. The hind wings have intervannal arteries (wing arteries not connected to the base in the vannus, a wing field delimited by folding lines), a hamus (a hook-shaped transverse artery in the disc cell, which is derived from the media) is missing. On the second abdominal segment, the spiracles are dorsal , those on the third to seventh segment are ventral . The intersegmental membranes on the abdomen extend to the side edge. The sternum on the fifth abdominal segment carries a maximum of one trichobothrium . The spermatheca has receded and is not functional, or is completely absent.
distribution
The family is mainly found in the eastern hemisphere, with most species occurring in the Palearctic and Afrotropic .
Way of life
The representatives of this family suckle on seeds on their food plants. Most species prefer dry habitats ( xerophilia ), have a polyphagous diet and produce one generation per year. Many species of the genus Oxycarenus living on mallow (Malvaceae), Sterkuliengewächsen (Sterculiaceae) and Linde plants (Tiliaceae), but they are also found in Sumachgewächsen (Anacardiaceae), composite flowers (Asteraceae), Raublattgewächsen (Boraginaceae), labiates (Lamiaceae), Rosaceae ( Rosaceae) and nightshade family (Solanaceae). Several species of the genus Oxycarenus are considered pests in agriculture, for example on cotton and other mallow plants.
Taxonomy and systematics
Carl Stål described the group for the first time above the genus level in 1862 and named it "Oxycarenida". Already in 1894 Lethierry & Severin raised them to family rank. However, most subsequent authors considered them to be a subfamily of the ground bugs (Lygaeidae). The current classification of the group was created in 1997 after a revision of the Pentatomomorpha with a focus on the Lygaeoidea by Thomas J. Henry. He reclassified the floor bug subfamily and returned it to family rank. He regards the Artheneidae as a sister group of the family Oxycarenidae and justifies this with the following common features: lack of laterotergites on the abdomen; developed process on the phallotheca and hexagonal break points after hatching in the eggs.
Most genera have fewer than 10 species, the species-richest genus is Oxycarenus with 54 species, followed by Anomaloptera , with 17 species. The family includes the following genera:
The following species occur in Europe:
- Anomaloptera helianthemi Amyot & Serville , 1843
- Auchenodes costalis ( Lethierry , 1877)
- Bethylimorphus leucophaes Lindberg , 1953
- Bianchiella sarmatica Kiritshenko , 1926
- Bogdiana myrmica Kerzhner , 1964
- Brachyplax tenuis ( Mulsant & Rey , 1852)
- Camptotelus lineolatus ( Schilling , 1829)
- Jakowleffia setulosa ( Jakovlev , 1874)
- Leptodemus bicolor Lindberg , 1924
- Leptodemus minutus ( Jakovlev , 1874)
- Macroplax fasciata ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1835)
- Macroplax preyssleri ( fever , 1837)
- Macroplax vicina Puton , 1889
- Macropternella bicolor ( Scott , 1872)
- Macropternella convexa ( fever , 1837)
- Macropternella inermis ( Fever , 1851)
- Macropternella marginalis ( Fever , 1861)
- Metopoplax ditomoides ( A. Costa , 1847)
- Metopoplax fuscinervis Stål , 1872
- Metopoplax origani ( Kolenati , 1845)
- Microplax albofasciata ( A. Costa , 1847)
- Microplax interrupta ( fever , 1837)
- Microplax limbata fever , 1864
- Microplax plagiata ( fever , 1837)
- Neocamptotelus aeonii ( Lindberg , 1953)
- Oxycarenus hyalinipennis ( A. Costa , 1843)
- Linden bug ( Oxycarenus lavaterae ) ( Fabricius , 1787)
- Oxycarenus modestus ( Fallen , 1829)
- Oxycarenus pallens ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1850)
- Philomyrmex insignis R.F. Sahlberg , 1848
- Tropidophlebia costalis ( Herrich-Schäffer , 1850)
supporting documents
Individual evidence
- ^ A b TJ Henry: Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 90, 3, pp. 275-301, 1997.
- ↑ a b c d e f Family Oxycarenidae. Australian Biological Resources Study. Australian Faunal Directory, accessed March 28, 2014 .
- ↑ a b c Oxycareninae. Fauna Europaea, accessed April 8, 2014 .
- ^ Ekkehard Wachmann , Albert Melber, Jürgen Deckert: Bugs. Volume 3: Pentatomomorpha I: Aradoidea (bark bugs), Lygaeoidea (ground bugs, etc.), Pyrrhocoroidea (fire bugs) and Coreoidea (edge bugs, etc.). (= The animal world of Germany and the adjacent parts of the sea according to their characteristics and their way of life . 78th part). Goecke & Evers, Keltern 2007, ISBN 978-3-937783-29-1 , p. 89 .
- ^ RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1995, p. 258.
literature
- RT Schuh, JA Slater: True Bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York 1995.
