Field mint

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Field mint
Field mint (Mentha arvensis)

Field mint ( Mentha arvensis )

Systematics
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Nepetoideae
Tribe : Mentheae
Sub tribus : Menthinae
Genre : Mints ( mentha )
Type : Field mint
Scientific name
Mentha arvensis
L.

The Mentha arvensis ( Mentha arvensis ), also grain-mint , and since the Middle Ages and field mint called, is a species of the genus of mint ( Mentha ) within the family of Labiatae (Lamiaceae). It is widespread in the temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .

description

Illustration from Flora Batava ... , Volume 15

Vegetative characteristics

Field mint is a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant with a height of usually 5 to 30, rarely up to 60 centimeters. The plants can multiply through underground runners . The stem, which is often relatively thin, is prostrate, ascending or upright and branched. Often the leaves and the upper part of the stem are softly hairy ( indument ).

The against-constantly arranged on the stem leaves are clearly divided into petiole and leaf blade. The petiole is usually relatively short. The simple leaf blade is ovate to elliptical. The leaf margin has a few rough, forward-facing teeth. The hairiness of the leaves can vary greatly ( trichomes ).

Generative characteristics

Among the Mentha species, the field mint is characterized by the fact that the pseudo whorls , in which the flowers are arranged, stand apart from each other in the axils of fully developed leaves. Even at the top of the stalk , the whorls are not densely packed. The false spikes found in most other types of mint do not exist. The stems end more or less leafy.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The 1.5 to 2.5 millimeter long, bell-shaped calyx is more or less regularly five-toothed. The approximately 0.5 centimeter long calyx teeth are broadly triangular, about as wide as long and densely haired. The pink to purple crown is 4 to 6 millimeters long and hairy on the inside. The flowering period extends from June to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 72.

Field mint ( Mentha arvensis )
Field mint ( Mentha arvensis )

ecology

The field mint is geophyte or hemicryptophyte . The field mint has roots up to 40 cm deep and is therefore considered a deep-rooting plant, it is also an indicator of waterlogging.

The pollination is done by hoverflies and other flies . The diaspores spread through water as rainworms and with the arable soil.

Occurrence

The wide natural range of Mentha arvensis extends from Europe to Siberia and also Nepal. In North America it is a neophyte . It occurs frequently in Central Europe , but is absent in the lowlands of Central Europe in smaller areas; it rises to about the edge of the deciduous forest.

Field mint colonizes moist, nutrient-rich locations such as ditches, wet spots on wasteland , swamp meadows , but in the mountains it also goes on wet fallow land and fields or in depressions next to fields. It thrives best on moist and wet, nitrogenous , sandy - loamy or humus-clay soils . In Central Europe it thrives mainly in societies of the Secalietea class or the order Polygono-Chenopodietalia.

Systematics

The first publication of Mentha arvensis was in 1753 by Carl von Linné .

Of Mentha arvensis L. there are many synonyms , here is a selection: Mentha austriaca Jacq. , Mentha exigua All. nom. illeg., Mentha palustris Moench nom. illeg., Mentha agrestis Sole , Mentha agrestris Sole , Mentha praecox Sole , Mentha procumbens Thuill. , Mentha gentilis Georgi nom. illeg., Mentha austriaca Willd. nom. illegal., Mentha dubia Schleich. ex Suter nom. illeg., Mentha badensis C.C. Gmel. , Mentha angustifolia Schreb. , Mentha nummularia Schreb. , Mentha lapponica Wahlenb. , Mentha pilosa Spreng. ex Wallr. , Mentha exigua Lucé nom. illeg., Mentha arguta Opiz , Mentha plicata Opiz , Mentha rotundata Opiz , Mentha diffusa Lej. , Mentha intermedia Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh. nom. illeg., Mentha obtusata Opiz , Mentha paludosa Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh. nom. illeg., Mentha parvifolia Opiz , Mentha rothii Nees ex Bluff & Fingerh. , Mentha arvensis var. Lanceolata Becker , Mentha deflexa Dumort. , Mentha villosa Becker nom. illeg., Mentha hakka Siebold , Mentha atrovirens Host , Mentha divaricata Host nom. illeg., Mentha Ehrhartiana Lej. & Courtois , Mentha lamiifolia Host , Mentha latifolia Host , Mentha laxa Host , Mentha maculata Host , Mentha melissifolia Host , Mentha mosana Lej. & Courtois , Mentha multiflora Host , Mentha nemorosa Host nom. illeg., Mentha ocymoides Host nom. illeg., Mentha origanifolia Host nom. illeg., Mentha polymorpha Host , Mentha prostrata Host , Mentha pulchella Host , Mentha pumila Host nom. illeg., Mentha scrophulariifolia Lej. & Courtois , Mentha simplex Host , Mentha sylvatica Host , Mentha tenuifolia Host nom. illeg., Mentha varians Host , Mentha viridula Host , Mentha arvensiplicata Rchb. , Mentha sativa Roxb. nom. illeg., Mentha lanceolata Benth. , Mentha nobilis consecration ex Fingerh. , Mentha neesiana Opiz ex Rochel , Mentha agrestis Hegetschw. nom. illeg., Mentha badensis J. Fellm. ex Ledeb. nom. illeg., Mentha densiflora Opiz , Mentha graveolens Opiz , Mentha praticola Opiz , Mentha slichoviensis Opiz , Mentha segetalis Opiz , Mentha arvensihirsuta Wirtg . , Mentha allionii Boreau , Mentha hostii Boreau , Mentha nemorum Boreau , Mentha parietariifolia (Becker) Boreau , Mentha salebrosa Boreau , Mentha palustris var. Reflexifolia Strail , Mentha campestris Schur , Mentha flagellifera Schur , Mentha latissima Schur , Mentha ovata Schur , Mentha subinodora Schur , Mentha arvicola Pérard , Mentha moenchii Pérard , Mentha pilosella Pérard , Mentha ruralis Pérard , Mentha schreberi Pérard , Mentha fontana Weihe ex Strail , Mentha hillebrandtii Ortmann ex Malinv. , Mentha anomala Hérib. , Mentha minor Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha subcordata Colla ex Lamotte , Mentha barbata Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha bracteolata Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha foliicoma Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha gintliana Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha lata Opiz ex Déségl. , Mentha odorata Opiz ex Déségl. nom. illeg., Mentha argutissima Borbás & Heinr.Braun , Mentha approximata (Wirtg.) Strail , Mentha baguetiana Strail , Mentha densifoliata Strail , Mentha distans Hawke Wood , Mentha flexuosa Strail , Mentha gentiliformis Strail , Mentha gracilescens Opiz ex Strail , Mentha rigida Strail , Mentha sparsiflora Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha tenuicaulis Strail , Mentha uliginosa Strail nom. illeg., Mentha vanhaesendonckii Strail , Mentha verisimilis Strail , Mentha kitaibeliana Heinr.Braun ex Haring , Mentha agrestis var. subrotunda Schur ex Heinr.Braun , Mentha albae-carolinae Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha argutissima var. Recedens Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha campicola Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha florida exchange ex Heinr.Braun , Mentha fossicola Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha hispidula Borbás nom. illeg., Mentha lamprophyllos Borbás ex Heinr.Braun , Mentha lanceolata (Becker) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. nom. illeg., Mentha lanceolata var. sublanata Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha lata var. Agraria Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha longibracteata Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha marrubiastrum (FWSchultz) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f ., Mentha piersiana Borbás , Mentha procumbens var. Ehrhartiana (Lej. & Courtois) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha procumbens var. Rigida (Strail) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha procumbens var. Ruralis (Pérard) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha procumbens var. Salebrosa (Boreau) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha procumbens var. Segetalis (Opiz) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha procumbens var. Uliginosa Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha pulchella var. Approximata Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha pulegiformis Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha silvicola Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. nom. illeg., Mentha slichoviensis var. campicola (Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f.) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha slichoviensis var. Fossicola (Haw. Ex Schult. & Schult. F.) Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha thayana Haw. ex Schult. & Schult. f. , Mentha arvensis subsp. austriaca (Jacq.) Briq. , Mentha arvensis var. Melanochroa Briq. , Mentha arenaria Topitz , Mentha argutissima var. Subpilosa Topitz , Mentha collina Topitz , Mentha divergens Topitz , Mentha duftschmidii Topitz , Mentha fontana var. Brevibracteata Topitz , Mentha fontana var. Conferta Topitz , Mentha hostii var. Arvina Topitz , Mentha jahniana Haw. ex Spach , Mentha moldavica Topitz , Mentha multiflora var. serpentina Topitz , Mentha Plagensis Topitz , Mentha praeclara Topitz , Mentha ruderalis Topitz , Mentha sparsiflora var. paschorum Topitz , Mentha subfontanea Topitz , Mentha palitzensis Topitz , Mentha parvula Topitz , Mentha subcollina Topitz , Mentha duftschmidii (Topitz) Trautm. in SAJávorka , Mentha parietariifolia var. ginsiensis Heinr.Braun ex Trautm. , Mentha pascuorum (Topitz) Trautm. Mentha dissitiflora Sennen , Mentha alberti Sennen , Mentha duffourii Sennen , Mentha fochii Sennen , Mentha pastoris Sennen , Mentha cuneifolia (Lej. & Courtois) Domin , Mentha fontqueri Sennen , Mentha gallica (Topitz) Domin , Mentha joffrei Sennen , Mentha mutabilis (Topitz) Domin , Mentha obtusodentata (Topitz) Domin -

None of the earlier subtaxas are accepted.

Mentha arvensis easily forms hybrids with other Mentha species. The so-called whisk mint ( Mentha × verticillata ), a hybrid between Mentha aquatica and Mentha arvensis , is relatively common . It lies between its two parents in all characteristics, is often a little stronger and can then suppress them.

ingredients

The essential oil of real peppermint has a higher proportion of menthol. It consists of 42% free alcohols (especially menthol), flavonoids and tannins . It has an antispasmodic, cooling and disinfecting effect on the organism and also stimulates blood circulation.

In the European Pharmacopoeia , the essential oil of field mint is listed under "mint oil", whereas that of peppermint is listed under "peppermint oil".

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literature

  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Ed .: Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  • Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald, Raimund Fischer: Excursion flora of Austria . Ed .: Manfred A. Fischer. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart / Vienna 1994, ISBN 3-8001-3461-6 .
  • Christian Heitz: School and excursion flora for Switzerland. Taking into account the border areas. Identification book for wild growing vascular plants . Founded by August Binz. 18th completely revised and expanded edition. Schwabe & Co., Basel 1986, ISBN 3-7965-0832-4 .
  • Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora . With the collaboration of Theo Müller. 6th, revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 1990, ISBN 3-8001-3454-3 .
  • Konrad von Weihe (ed.): Illustrated flora. Germany and neighboring areas. Vascular cryptogams and flowering plants . Founded by August Garcke. 23rd edition. Paul Parey, Berlin / Hamburg 1972, ISBN 3-489-68034-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Field mint. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ Mentha arvensis in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 5, 2014.
  3. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, p. 235.
  4. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  816-817 .
  5. ↑ a b c Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .
  6. ↑ a b c Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  7. ↑ a b c d Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Mentha arvensis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved October 1, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Field Mint ( Mentha arvensis )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files