Field radish

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Field radish
Hederich (Raphanus raphanistrum)

Hederich ( Raphanus raphanistrum )

Systematics
Eurosiden II
Order : Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family : Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe : Brassiceae
Genre : Radishes ( raphanus )
Type : Field radish
Scientific name
Raphanus raphanistrum
L.

Field radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum ), also called Hederich or wild radish , is a species of the radishes genus ( Raphanus ) within the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). Despite its name, it does not form a thickened root and is not an ancestor of the garden radish ( Raphanus sativus ), but only related to it.

description

Illustration from storm
inflorescence
Bloom in detail
blossom

Vegetative characteristics

The field radish is an annual herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 60 centimeters. The roots are not, as is the case with other radish species, fleshy thickened. The stems usually grow upright, sometimes ascending.

The leaves are oval to egg-shaped in outline, but lyre-shaped, pinnate, with the end section being significantly larger than the side sections. The lower leaves, especially the basal leaves, are stalked, while the upper stem leaves are rather sessile and undivided.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are in leafless terminal inflorescences . The hermaphrodite flowers are fourfold. The four petals are light yellow or (predominantly in southern Central Europe) white with violet veins. The link pods have deep constrictions between the seeds.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

ecology

The Acker-Hederich is summer annually, deciduous therophyte . Its roots are over 1 meter deep.

In terms of flower ecology, it is a matter of "nectar-bearing disc flowers". The petals are having in the purple veins stick juice male and a high UV reflectance. Hoverflies clearly prefer the forms with yellow flowers. The upright cup hides the sugar-rich (55%) nectar . The Acker-Hederich is a bee pasture and is self-sterile . The fruit ripeness extends from August to October.

The fruits disintegrate into solitary, nut-like partial fruits. There is self-expansion and human expansion, and random expansion by small birds and cattle.

The seeds are long-lived (20–30 years) and rich in oil (40–45%).

Occurrence

The Acker-Hederich is originally widespread in the Mediterranean area , but has been abducted worldwide. Its distribution area originally covered Europe, North Africa, Macaronesia, Western Asia and the Caucasus. In addition, it is a neophyte in the rest of Africa, in the rest of Asia, in Australia, New Zealand, in North, Central and South America, in Greenland and Hawaii . In Central Europe it has been a cultural companion ( archaeophyte ) since the Neolithic .

The Acker-Hederich often occurs in weed fields of the fields and especially of the grain fields, also in debris areas. It prefers lime-poor soils and indicates soil acidification. It is also sown as green manure. It is a weak type of character of the Aperion association, otherwise it occurs in societies of the Polygono-Chenopodion association or the Sisymbrietalia order. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part near the Untere Hoch-Alpe on the Lech above Steeg to an altitude of 1250 meters.

Pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg for the field radish are: L6 penumbra to half-light plant, T5 moderate heat pointer, K3 oceanic to suboceanic, F5 freshness pointer, R4 moderate acid to acid pointer, N6 indicates nitrogen-rich to moderately nitrogen-rich locations, S0 does not bear salt.

Systematics

One can distinguish the following subspecies:

  • Beach radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Landra (Moretti ex DC.) Bonnier & Layens ) (Syn .: Raphanus landra Moretti ex DC. , Raphanus maritimus Sm. , Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. Maritimus (Sm.) Thell. ): She is coming in North Africa, on the Canaries , in Southern Europe, in Europe north to Great Britain and east to the Crimea . In the Azores she is a neophyte.
  • Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. raphanistrum ( Raphanus raphanistrum . subsp segetum Clavaud ) (Syn. Raphanus microcarpus Lange , Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. microcarpus (Lange) Thell. ): It is used in North Africa, Macaronesia , in Europe as far north as Denmark, West Asia and the Caucasus area before and is a neophyte in the Azores, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Finland.
  • Beaked radish Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. rostratus (DC.) Thell. ( Raphanus rostratus DC. ): It occurs in Greece, Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.

use

Mustard can be made from the seeds . The seed oil can be used for food and technical purposes.

One study found that the leaves of field radish (which are part of traditional, local Mediterranean diets) have both potential anti-diabetes and mood-enhancing effects ( serotonin reuptake inhibitors).

swell

literature

  • Oskar Sebald: Guide through nature. Wild plants of Central Europe . ADAC Verlag, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-87003-352-5 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen. Interactive flora of Germany. Seeing - determining - knowing. The key to the flora . CD-ROM, version 2.0. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-494-01368-3 .
  • Margot Spohn, Marianne Golte-Bechtle: What is blooming there? The encyclopedia: over 1000 flowering plants from Central Europe. Kosmos, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-10326-9 .
  • Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Raphanus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-93-2 , pp. 25 (English). PDF file , online.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait. 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 400 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 441.
  3. ↑ a b c d Raphanus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved July 18, 2017.
  4. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 630.
  5. ^ The Local Food-Nutraceuticals Consortium: Understanding local Mediterranean diets: A multidisciplinary pharmacological and ethnobotanical approach. In: Pharmacological Research . Volume 52, 2005, pp. 353-366, DOI: 10.1016 / j.phrs.2005.06.005 , PDF file .

Web links

Commons : Field radish ( Raphanus raphanistrum )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files