Common yarrow

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Common yarrow
Common yarrow (Achillea millefolium)

Common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Asteroideae
Tribe : Anthemideae
Genre : Yarrow ( Achillea )
Type : Common yarrow
Scientific name
Achillea millefolium
L.

The Yarrow or Common Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium ) is a plant from the family of the daisy family (Asteraceae). It is also the eponymous species for the group Achillea millefolium aggregata.

Characteristics of the species group

Ray florets are rarely pink
Achillea collina , herbarium evidence
Achillea roseoalba , herbarium evidence
Achillea setacea

They are perennial , herbaceous plants or subshrubs that reach a height of seven to 100 centimeters. The thin and horizontal rhizome forms up to 50 centimeters long underground or above-ground runners with sterile shoots. The leaves are two to four pinnate and have over 15 pairs of first-order pinnacles. The lower leaves are petiolate, the upper ones are sessile and have enlarged basal leaflets. The stem leaves have a lanceolate to linear outline and are three to twelve times as long as they are wide. Their feathers are approached or even touch. The basal leaves are more divided than the stem leaves.

The umbelliferous total inflorescence contains numerous cup-shaped partial inflorescences. The flower heads have a 3 to 6 millimeter high cup-shaped shell , the diameter of which is wider than 2 millimeters. The multi-row arranged bracts are hautrandig. The flower heads contain tubular and ray florets . There are four to six ray-florets, the tongue of which is approximately as long as it is wide and a third as long or as long as the envelope. The corolla tube of the ray florets is at most as long as the tongue (exceptions: Achillea setacea and Achillea collina ). The ray-florets are white on top, rarely pink. The tubular flowers are also whitish or reddish. The flowering period usually extends from May to June.

Small species of the species group

In 2005 Fischer listed the following small species:

Further small species of the species group are:

  • Achillea apiculata Orlova : It occurs in northern European Russia.
  • Achillea asiatica Serg. : It occurs in northern and eastern European Russia.
  • Achillea carpatica Dubovik : It occurs in Slovakia and Ukraine.
  • Achillea euxina Klokov : It occurs in Ukraine.
  • Achillea inundata Kondr. : It occurs in Romania, Ukraine and Russia.
  • Achillea nigrescens (E. Mey.) Rydb. : It occurs in northern European Russia.
  • Achillea stepposa Klokov & Krytzka : It occurs in Ukraine and Russia.

Actual common yarrow

features

The common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium s. Str.) Has elongated basal and lower stem leaves. These are close to distant. The leaflets are at most twice as long as they are wide. The deciduous spindle (Rhachis) has entire margins and never has pinnate.

The main umbrella is less dense and never topped by lateral umbrella baskets. It has a diameter of four to 15 centimeters. The internodes in the middle of the stem are very rarely shortened.

The species does not form a pro azulene . This clan is hexaploid .

Achillea millefolium subsp. millefolium
has white flowers
Achillea millefolium subsp. sudetica
has purple flowers

Occurrence

The common yarrow is native to Eurasia, North and Central America. In South America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand and Hawaii it is a neophyte.

Meadows, (sheep) pastures, semi-arid lawns, fields and roadsides are preferred as locations. In the Alps it rises to altitudes of around 1900 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Vorarlberg part of the Üntschenspitze near the summit to an altitude of 2139 meters. It is almost cosmopolitan . It is only rare in Mediterranean areas.

The common yarrow is one of the root creepers and pioneer plants . It is considered a soil stabilizer and nutrient indicator, especially for nitrogenous soils .

Subspecies

Traditionally, the actual common yarrow is divided into two subspecies, which, however, are not uniform clans. More detailed research is still ongoing.

  • Sudet yarrow ( Achillea millefolium subsp. Sudetica (Opiz) Weiss ) usually has dark brown-edged bracts. The tongues are often (dark) pink and usually as wide to wider than they are long. The corolla tube is shorter than the tongue. It reaches a height of eight to 60 centimeters. The chromosome number is 2n = 54, less often 18. It grows in supalpine to alpine grass communities. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises from 900 meters to an altitude of 2090 meters on the Diedamskopf summit ridge in the Vorarlberg part. In Austria it is divided into at least two clans.
  • The common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium subsp. Millefolium ) has greenish to light brown edged bracts. the tongues are white to pink, rarely dark pink. The stature height is 20 to 100 centimeters. It grows on meadows and semi-arid lawns as well as on the edges of roads on nutrient-rich, fresh to moderately dry, loose soils in the colline to montane (subalpine) altitude range . This clan is very diverse and inconsistent. It is likely a group of small species consisting of several subspecies. The chromosome number is 2n = 54.

photos

  • Leaf of yarrow

  • Macro of a yarrow leaf from above

  • Macro of a yarrow leaf from below

  • Achenes

  • Cross-section through the stem axis (enlarged photo with light microscope)

use

Common yarrow in the form of the herb drug (Millefolii herba)
Common yarrow ( Achillea millefolium )

The common yarrow is used as a herb and medicinal plant.

Above-ground parts of the common yarrow such as stems , leaves and flowers are used as medicinal drugs (yarrow herb, Latin Millefolii herba ; yarrow flower , Latin Millefolii flos ). They can be processed as an infusion or as fresh plant juice. Preparations made from yarrow herb stimulate gall flow ( choleretic ), antibacterial, astringent ( astringent ) and antispasmodic ( spasmolytic ).

Internally, yarrow herb is mainly used for anorexia (loss of appetite) and dyspeptic complaints (bloating, cramp-like symptoms in the digestive tract , flatulence ). Further areas of application are painful spasms of psycho-vegetative origin in the small pelvis of women, for this purpose, Sitz baths are prepared from the yarrow herb.

Yarrow herb is popularly used to stimulate the production of bile , as well as for bladder and kidney diseases and menstrual cramps. Externally, yarrow extracts are used due to their antibacterial and astringent effect for inflammation, wounds, hemorrhoids and to reduce excessive perspiration; their effectiveness has not been proven. The hepatoprotective (liver-protecting) property of Achillea millefolium and its extracts is certain.

Furthermore, the common yarrow is said to induce perspiration and reduce blood pressure (especially in arterial hypertension with a tendency to thrombosis ) and to help against fever .

Yarrow was already known as a medicinal plant in ancient times by the Germanic tribes, the American Indians and the Chinese, who also used it for the yarrow oracle . It is mentioned in the Iliad as a means of healing wounds and stopping bleeding.

The Yarrow mainly contains the following ingredients as different chemotypes exist in highly variable amounts: essential oils (contains about camphor , α- and β-pinene , 1,8-cineol , α- caryophyllene and Sabinen ) azulenogene Sesquiterpenlactone (Proazulene) of the guajanolide series and non-azulenogenic sesquiterpene lactones of the germacranolide series. Flavonoids , coumarins , polyines , caffeic acid derivatives and nitrogenous compounds ( achilles ) are
accompanying substances . Chamazulene and other azulenes are only formed from proazulenes during steam distillation. Cytotoxic properties have been described for the guajanolide achillinine A. Lying on fresh yarrow leaves with bare skin can lead to meadow dermatitis-type irritations.

In earlier times, yarrow was used to dye wool yellow. Dried leaves, stems and flowers were used for this. The wool had to be stained with alums before being yellowed.

Origin of name

The genus name Achillea goes back to Achilles , the legendary hero of the Trojan War , who is said to have discovered the plant as a drug and used it for healing wounds ( Iliad , Canto 11, verse 822ff.), While the species name millefolium (= thousand-leaf) refers to the fine parted leaf blade alludes to.

The German plant name "Garbe" is based on Middle High German garwe .

Other well-known names are: Achilles herb, hemostasis herb, goose tongues, groats flower, tile, pincer flower, field sheaf herb, Grundheil.

In addition, the names Achillenkraut , Barbune ( Middle High German ), Bauchwehkraut ( Austria or Ems.), Wilder Bienenpfeffer , Bolick , Dusendblad (Oldenburg, East Friesland , Middle Low German ), Edelgarb , Fasankraut (Austria), Fase exist or existed, which are often only regionally used , Feldgarbe , Gabl (Middle High German), Gachheil (Middle High German), Gachelkraut (Austria), Gahrl (Middle High German), Gärwel (Middle High German), Gahel (Middle High German), Garawa ( Old High German ), Garb (Middle High German), Garbe (Middle High German and later), Garbenkraut , Garbewurz ( Switzerland ), Garwa (Old High German), Garwe (Middle High German), Garwel (Middle High German), Graue Genge , Gerbel , Gertel (Middle High German), Gerwel , Gliedkraut , Gollenkraut ( Salzburg ), Gor ( Transylvania ), God's hand (Austria) , Gransine (Middle High German), Graw (Middle High German), Grensing ( Göttingen ), Grillenkraut (Salzburg), Grünsingkraut , Grüttblom ( Mecklenburg ), Guer ( Transylvania), Harwe (Old High German), Hasenschardele ( Loccum , Middle Low German), Heil allen Schaden ( Strasbourg ), Herigottruckenkraut (Austria), Reine Jase ( Saxony ), Judenkraut , Jungfrauaugbroen , Jungfrauenaug , Jungfraukraut , Kachl ( Carinthia ), Kachelkraut (Carinthia) , Karbe , Karpenkraut , Karwekraut ( Silesia ), catmint ( Eifel , Dreis ), cat nail (middle high German), cattail (Eifel) Katzenohl (Eifel) Kelke ( Mark Brandenburg ), chervil (middle high German), Kervele (middle high German), Laemmli tongues ( Canton of Graubünden , St. Gallen ), Margarethenkraut (Austria), Mannsleuterl , Nisch / Nischkraut (Switzerland), Poorblöme ( Spiekeroog ), Quer (Transylvania), Rälk ( Münsterland ), Reinfase , Weiss Reinfaren , Relicken , Relek ( Bremen , Unterweser ) , Releke ( Hanover ), Relik (Saxony), Relitz ( Altmark ), Rels ( Fallersleben ), Rippel (Silesia), Weiss Reinfert ( Saschiz in Transylvania), Röhlk (Mecklenburg, North Dithmarschen , Helgoland ), Röhlke ( Hamburg g ), Röleke (Mecklenburg), Rölitz (Altmark), Rölk ( Holstein , Mecklenburg), Rölken ( Pomerania , Bremen, Unterweser), Rötlich ( Grafschaft Mark ), Rohlegg (Oldenburg), Rohlei (Oldenburg), Roleg (Bremen, Unterweser ), Roleggen (Münsterland), Rolegger (Münsterland), Rolick (Low German), Rolyk (Middle High German), Rülkers ( Wangerooge ), Rüppel , Rulk (Münsterland), material term , sawweed , Schabab , Schabgrab (Middle High German), Schapfgerwe , yarrow (Switzerland ), creator Garbe (medium high German), Schafkarwe (Silesia), milfoil , sheep Schier , sheep tongue (Eifel, down ), Schapgarbe (Göttingen), Schapgarwer (Mecklenburg, East Friesland), taverns , Schiufkraut (Transylvania), Schnitzelquäck (Eifel, Altenahr ) Schofgarb (middle high German), pig belly , Schelkraut ( Take ), Tausendaugbraun , milfoil (Pomerania) Tausendplat (medium high German), thousand gap (medium high German), Tusendblat (middle Low German), Tusendplat (middle Low German), Wuntkrut and Zeiskraut .

literature

Contemporary literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive. (CD-Rom), Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2001/2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

Historical literature

  • Pliny . Naturalis Historia . (King's edition) Vol. XXV, § 42.
  • Heidelberg Cpg 620, collection of recipes - Northern Bavaria around 1450, sheet 75r-95v “Galangal Spice Tract”. Sheet 90v thousand pleter. Digitized version For the complicated history of the origins and transmission of the “Galangal Spice Tract”, see: The German literature of the Middle Ages. Author's Lexicon , Vol. III, Col. 476–479: G. Keil. Henrik Harpestraeng and Vol. VI, Col. 988-990: William C. Crossgrove. Low German spice extract.
  • Herbarius Moguntinus. Mainz 1484, Cap. 85 digitized
  • Garden of Health . (Mainz 1485). Edition Augsburg (Schönsperger) 1485, cap. 254 digitized version
  • Hieronymus Brunschwig . Small distilling book . Strasbourg 1500, sheet 54r digitized
  • Otto Brunfels . Another part of the Teütschen Contrafayten Kreüterbůchs. Strasbourg 1537, p. 21 digitized
  • Hieronymus Bock . New Kreütter book. Strasbourg 1539, book I, cap. 160 digitized
  • Leonhart Fuchs . New Kreütterbuch. Strasbourg 1543, Cap. 278 digitized version

Web links

Commons : Common Yarrow ( Achillea millefolium )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d Manfred A. Fischer (Red.): Excursion flora for Austria. 2005, p. 898ff.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  935-936 .
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Werner Greuter (2006+): Compositae (pro parte majore). - In: W. Greuter & E. von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Datasheet Achillea millefolium agg. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
  4. ^ A b Achillea in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved February 20, 2018.
  5. ↑ a b Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 602.
  6. ↑ a b Achillea millefolium at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  7. ↑ a b Monograph of Commission E ; Federal Gazette no. 22, 1990. February 1 Text here visible.
  8. ↑ a b E. Teuscher: Biogenic medicines. 5th edition. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1997. ISBN 3-8047-1482-X . P. 250 f.
  9. ↑ a b Hager's Handbook of Pharmaceutical Practice - Volume 2 (Ed .: F. von Bruchhausen), 5th edition, Springer Verlag 1992, p. 48 ff.
  10. ^ A b T. Dingermann, K. Hiller, G. Schneider, I. Zündorf: Schneider drug drugs. 5th edition. Elsevier, 2004. ISBN 3-8274-1481-4 . P. 233 f.
  11. ↑ M. Akram: Minireview on Achillea millefolium Linn. In: The Journal of membrane biology. Volume 246, Number 9, September 2013, ISSN  1432-1424 , pp. 661-663, doi : 10.1007 / s00232-013-9588-x , PMID 23959026 (review).
  12. ↑ David Hoffmann : Naturally healthy - herbal medicine . Over 200 herbs and medicinal plants and their effects on health. Ed .: Element Books . 1st edition. Element Books, Shaftesbury , England , UK 1996, Part Three: The Plant Directory, pp. 53 (256 pp., English: The Complete Illustrated Holistic Herbal . Shaftesbury, England 1996. Translated by Mosaik Verlag).
  13. ↑ Dieter Schittenhelm: Yarrow , presentation of the website naturmedizin.lauftext.de, accessed on October 13, 2013
  14. ↑ Y. Li, ML Zhang, B. Cong, SM Wang, M. Dong, F. Sauriol, CH Huo, QW Shi, YC Gu, H. Kiyota: Achillinin A, a cytotoxic guaianolide from the flower of Yarrow, Achillea millefolium . In: Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry . Volume 75, number 8, 2011, ISSN  1347-6947 , pp. 1554-1556, doi : 10.1271 / bbb.110234 , PMID 21821943 .
  15. ↑ E. Prinz: Dyer's plants - instructions for dyeing, use in culture and medicine. Verlag Schweizerbart, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-510-65258-7 , p. 53.
  16. ↑ Alfred Helfenstein: The Namengut Pilate territory. Keller, Luzern 1982, ISBN 3-85766-004-X , p. 42 ( Nieschwald ).
  17. ^ Carl Jessen , The German folk names of plants , published by Philipp Cohen Hannover 1882, page 6 f.