Leonhart Fuchs

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Leonhart Fuchs, 41 years old
Leonhart Fuchs' birth house in Wemding
New Kreüterbuch , title page of the Basel 1543 edition

Leonhart Fuchs (born January 17, 1501 in Wemding near Donauwörth , † May 10, 1566 in Tübingen ) was a German physician and botanist . Its official botanical author's abbreviation is " L.Fuchs ". Together with Otto Brunfels and Hieronymus Bock, he is one of the " fathers of botany ".

Life

Leonhart Fuchs was the son of the mayor of Wemdingen, Hans Fuchs († 1505). After finishing school in his hometown of Wemding, in Heilbronn and in Erfurt, Fuchs studied philosophy and natural science at the University of Erfurt in 1515 . In 1516 he returned to Wemding, where he opened a private school, but closed it again a year later. In 1519 he studied Greek , Latin and Hebrew as well as philosophy at the University of Ingolstadt under the humanist and Hebraist Johannes Reuchlin , received his Magister Artium teaching license in 1521 and began studying medicine in Ingolstadt in the same year. In 1524 he became a doctor of medicine.

1524/25 he practiced as a doctor in Munich and from 1526 taught medicine in Ingolstadt. In 1528, after conflicts with the conservative Catholic leadership, he joined the Ansbach margrave Georg the Pious as a personal physician . In 1531 he was called to Ingolstadt again, but returned to Ansbach in 1533. In 1535 he received, appointed by Duke Ulrich von Württemberg, a professorship in medicine at the University of Tübingen , where he was rector seven times (1536, 1540, 1546, 1549, 1554, 1560, 1564) and with his large family in the still existing “ Nonnenhaus “Lived. He conducted botanical excursions and planted a medicinal plant garden, the university's first botanical garden and one of the oldest in the world. Emperor Charles V raised him to the nobility.

Fox is considered one of the fathers of botany , as the main representative of the new Galenism (Unlike its predecessor, the 1594 deceased Bernhard Unger, who, with his Apologetic Epistle to defend the Arab doctors had proved to be so-called Arabist). Leonhart Fuchs wrote over 50 books and pamphlets. He owes his great fame primarily to his herbal books , early textbooks on pharmacognosy . In 1542 his first book on herbs appeared in Latin with De Historia Stirpium commentarii insignes , and in 1543 the highly influential New Kreueter book as a German edition. In both works, over 400 European and 100 exotic plants, including the newly discovered plants native to America, are described and illustrated in 511 woodcuts. He could not find a publisher for an expanded edition of the Historia ; After his death, the extensive manuscript with over 1500 pictures of plants came to the Austrian National Library in Vienna , where it has been completely preserved to this day. In contrast, only a few copies of his herb book tablets have survived.

His son Friedrich Fuchs (1532–1604) was a city doctor in Ulm.

Honors

Charles Plumier named the genus Fuchsia of the evening primrose family (Onagraceae) in his honor . Carl von Linné later adopted this name for the fuchsias .

Fonts (selection)

  • De Historia Stirpium commentarii insignes , Isingrin, Basel 1542 ( digitized version ).
  • New Kreüterbuch . Basel (Michael Isingrin) 1543 ( digitized version ); Reprint Munich 1964.
  • Apologia Leonardi Fuchsii contra Hieremiam Thriverum Brachelium, medicum Lovaniensem: qua monstratur quod in viscerum inflammationibus, pleuritide praesertim, sanguis e directo lateris affecti mitti debeat . 1534. - Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Institutionum medicinae, sive methodi ad Hippocratis, Galeni aliorumque veterum scripta recte intelligenda mire utilis Libri quinque . 2nd edition, Lyon 1560. (5 volumes)
  • Operum Leonharti Fuchsii Medici et Philosophi Excellentissimi Tomus ... Vol. 1. Medicamentorum omnium componendi, miscendique rationem ac modum, libris quatuor, omnibus cum medicis tum pharmacopoeis longe utilissimis & summe necessariis, complectens. impensis Sigismundi Feyrabend et Simonis Huteri, Francofvrti ad Moenum, 1566 ( digitized )

Revisions

literature

  • Gerd Brinkhus: Leonhart Fuchs (1501–1566), physician and botanist . Ed .: Stadtmuseum Tübingen. Tübingen 2001, ISBN 3-910090-43-5 .
  • Brigitte Baumann, Helmut Baumann , Susanne Baumann-Schleihauf: The herb book manuscript of Leonhart Fuchs . Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3538-8 .
  • Albert Schlagbauer : Leonhart Fuchs (1501-10 May 1566). (In: Life pictures from the Ries from the 13th century to the present , edited by Wulf-Dietrich Kavasch , Günter Lemke and Albert Schlagbauer, Verlag Rieser Kulturtage, Nördlingen 2002, pp. 78-87. ISBN 3-923373-54-6 )
  • Gernot Rath:  Fuchs, Leonhart. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 5, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1961, ISBN 3-428-00186-9 , p. 681 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • August Hirsch:  Fuchs, Leonhart . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 8, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, p. 169 f.
  • Georg Harig : Leonhart Fuchs and the theoretical pharmacology of antiquity. In: Series of publications for the history of the natural sciences, technology and medicine, Leipzig 3rd vol. Heft 8 (1966), pp. 74-104.
  • Michael Servetus : In Leonardum Fuchsium apologia . Lyon 1536.
  • Gerhard Fichtner : Renaissance of Medicine. Leonhart Fuchs and the reform of medicine and the university in Tübingen. In: Building blocks for the history of Tübingen university. No. 10, 2005, pp. 9-34.
  • Franz Daxecker : Medicinal plants of ophthalmology in the herbal book of Leonhart Fuchs. In: Klin Mbl Augenheilk 226: 514-516, 2009
  • Peter Dilg: Leonhart Fuchs: doctor - botanist - humanist. In: Ulrich Köpf , Sönke Lorenz, Dieter R. Bauer (eds.): The University of Tübingen between the Reformation and the Thirty Years' War (= Tübingen building blocks for regional history. Volume 14). Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2010. ISBN 978-3-7995-5514-2 , pp. 235–248.
  • Barbara I. Tshisuaka: Fuchs, Leonhard. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , p. 442 f.

Web links

Wikisource: New Kreüterbuch  - Sources and full texts
Commons : Leonhart Fuchs  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ "Memorial garden " to Leonhart Fuchs at the Tübingen nunnery on TUEpedia.
  2. See for example Richard J. Durling: Leonhart Fuchs and his Commentaries on Galen. In: Medical History Journal. Volume 24, 1989, pp. 42-47.
  3. ^ Ernest Wickersheimer : The "Apologetica epistola pro defensione Arabum medicorum" by Bernhard Unger from Tübingen (1533). In: Sudhoff's archive. Volume 38, 1954, pp. 322-328.
  4. ^ Gotthard Strohmaier : Avicenna. Beck, Munich 1999. ISBN 3-406-41946-1 , p. 154.
  5. ^ Eberhard Stübler: Leonhart Fuchs and the pharmacognosy. In: Contributions to the Württemberg Pharmacy History II (1953–55) , No. 2, 1953, pp. 37–40.
  6. ^ Leonhart Fuchs , Ulm City Library
  7. ^ Charles Plumier: Nova Plantarum Americanarum Genera . Leiden 1703, p. 14f.
  8. ^ Carl von Linné: Critica Botanica . Leiden 1737, p. 92
  9. Carl von Linné: Genera Plantarum . Leiden 1742, p. 522
  10. There was a controversy about this book, see The Apology against Fuchs. 1536
  11. ^ Digitized in the Bibliothèque nationale de France