Common pimpernut

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Common pimpernut
Common pimpernut (Staphylea pinnata), illustration

Common pimpernut ( Staphylea pinnata ), illustration

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Crossosomatales
Family : Pimpernuss family (Staphyleaceae)
Genre : Pimpernuts ( Staphylea )
Type : Common pimpernut
Scientific name
Staphylea pinnata
L.

The common pimpernut ( Staphylea pinnata ), also called rattle nut , is a species of plant that belongs to the pimpernut family (Staphyleaceae).

description

The common pimpernut grows as a deciduous shrub with heights of usually 1 to 3 meters or less often as a small tree (then 4 to 5 meters).

Their opposite, stalked leaves are unpaired pinnate with five to seven, short-stalked leaflets . The elliptical to ovate and pointed to pointed or pointed, bare leaves have a finely sawn edge and they are 5–10 centimeters long. The stipules are sloping.

The flowers are grouped in pendulous, panicle and stalked inflorescences. The hermaphrodite, stalked and fragrant flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . There are elongated bracts on the peduncle, the side axes and the peduncle . The five white to often reddish, petaloid sepals are briefly fused, with free, curved tips. The five white, upright petals bend together rohrig. There are five free stamens . The two or three just overgrown pistils are on top, each with a stylus with a small, heady scar . There is a discus .

It probably got its name from its greenish, brownish and membranous, puffed-up, two- to three-compartment, about 3.5-4.5 centimeter-large capsule fruits , often with a persistent stylus residue. In which usually one to three round, orange-brownish, about 7-10 millimeters large, very hard and smooth, small “nuts” (one seed) rattle (or “pimp”) per compartment when it is ripe. The seeds contain white endosperm and green cotyledons . The capsules often stick for a long time.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 26.

Habitus
inflorescence

photos

  • Winter buds

  • Leaves and fruits

  • Leaves underside and fruits

  • Opened capsule fruit with seeds

  • Seeds

  • Parted seeds

  • The prayer beads - rosary made from the seeds of the pimpernut

  • Pimpernut in saline solution

Occurrence

This east- sub-Mediterranean, sub-oceanic nanophanerophyte occurs in south-east central Europe . The common pimpernut thrives on slopes and forest edges, in herbaceous beech, maple or oak forests.

Locations and distribution in Central Europe

The common pimpernut needs lime and nutrient-rich, loose, stony and soaked clay or loess soil with a good layer of mulch in locations with a mild climate and fairly high humidity.

It inhabits ravine forests and light deciduous forests. It occurs in societies of the associations Berberidion, Tilio-Acerion, the sub-association Cephalanthero-Fagenion and is also a weak character species of the order Quercetalia pubescentis.

In Central Europe it is originally only present at the transition from the Upper Rhine to the High Rhine, in the Lake Constance area and on the Danube from Ulm to Lower Austria , on the Vierwaldstätter and Walensee and on the Alpine Rhine. Their main distribution area extends from Southeast Europe to Asia Minor . To the eastern part of their distribution area belong the Carpathian Arc , the Sudeten Mountains , which are rich in precipitation, and the Silesian Plain . It can also be found in nature reserves in the Lower Beskids around Dukla , in the Carpathian Mountains in the Magura National Park and in the Jura region near Złoty Potok.

Far north of their natural occurrence in Central Europe, two growth sites are described on the Spitzhut near Hildesheim. These occurrences go back to the planting of "non-flora" tree and shrub species, which already served to "beautify" the forests in the course of the reforestation of the northern low mountain ranges in Germany at the end of the 19th century.

It is not at home in any of the federal states north of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg .

Danger

The common pimpernut is considered endangered in Germany ( Red List of Vascular Plants Germany ).

use

In tree nurseries, it is used to green roadsides with autochthonous trees. Frost is necessary for germination ( frost germinator ), which is achieved in the nursery by freezing .

A hybrid with the Colchian Pimpernuss Staphylea colchica Stev was often used as an ornamental plant . (or this species itself) planted.

The long flower clusters can be candied into a candy.

Small nuts that look like hazelnuts and taste similar to pistachios sit in the imposing blister fruits . The pimpernut liqueur obtained from it, which is produced in the Bavarian Forest, is well known. The pimpernut is said to have an aphrodisiac effect.

In Georgian cuisine , the “Jonjoli” or “Jondscholi” ( ჯონჯოლი ) salad is made from the inflorescences soaked in salt water . In terms of taste, it resembles a combination of olives and capers . The colchian pimpernut is also used.

Dried seeds of the plant, which can also be colored, were used in the past to make jewelry, especially necklaces, and sometimes also rosaries .

history

The plant, which is native to Central Europe, was mentioned as staphylodendron in antiquity by Pliny (XVI, 69) . This Vorlinneische name is derived from the Greek words staphyle for grapes and déndron for woody plants, tree.

In the 16th to 17th In the 19th century, European botanists described the plant and fruit as a

  1. Pimpernuss, Staphylodendron ( buck )
  2. Staphylodendron, Nux Vesicaria, Arbor vitis, Pistacium Germanicum, Pimpernusz, Pimpernoten, Sint Anthuenis nootkens, Noissette de S. Antoine ( Dodoens )
  3. Staphylodendron Plinii and Nux vesicaria ( Clusius )
  4. Pistacia sylvestris ( Bauhin )

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 650.
  2. ↑ Distribution map for Germany. In: Floraweb .
  3. ↑ Werner Müller: Flora and Florenwandel in the city of Hildesheim. In: Naturhistorica - Reports of the Natural History Society Hanover. Volume 156 (2014).
  4. ↑ Nicole Janinghoff: Forest vegetation in the Innerstebergland depending on location parameters and historical forest use. Diploma thesis (landscape ecology). University of Oldenburg. 2008: "To increase the attractiveness of the young forest plantings, the forest management introduced numerous non-flora tree and shrub species from 1894–1905. This was the reason for the praise of a participant that the forests on the Galgenberg ... the most beautiful are what can be found in this respect not only in the province of Hanover ... ".
  5. ↑ Red List of Vascular Plants Germany
  6. ↑ a b AG Heiss: Of old amulets and cut noses - the pimpernuss in archeology and history. In: G. Schramayr, K. Wanninger (Ed.): Die Pimpernuss ( Staphylea pinnata L.). Monographs of the regional wood multiplication RGV 4. Office of the Lower Austrian State Government, Rural Development Department: St. Pölten, 2010, pp. 19-22, (PDF; 2.2 MB) .
  7. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition, Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 , p. 608.
  8. ↑ Dericks-Tan, Vollbrecht: In the footsteps of wild fruits in Europe , Abadi-Verlag 2009, ISBN 978-3-00-021129-4 , pp. 230-231.

Web links

Commons : Pimpernuss ( Staphylea pinnata )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files