Pimpernuts
| Pimpernuts | ||||||||||||
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Colchian pimpernut ( Staphylea colchica ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Staphyleaceae | ||||||||||||
| Martynov |
Pimpernussgewächse (Staphyleaceae) are a family in the order of the Crossosomatales within the flowering plants (Magnoliopsida). Some species are used as ornamental plants.
description
Vegetative characteristics
They are woody plants: shrubs and small trees that can be evergreen or deciduous. The aboveground parts of the plant are often hairy.
The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is pinnate; sometimes reduced to three, rarely to a single leaflet. The pinnate leaflets have serrated edges. The stomata are anisocytic. There are stipules usually present, but often they are reduced to glands.
Generative characteristics
The racemose or spike-like inflorescences are terminal or lateral in the uppermost leaf axils. There are bracts available.
The mostly hermaphrodite, radial symmetry flowers are fünfzählig double perianth (perianth). The five often corolla-like sepals can be free or fused. The five petals are free, fused over part of their length or cup-shaped. Usually a cup-shaped disc is present. There is only one (the outer) stamen circle with five fertile stamens . The stamens are flattened. In each flower there are two to three upper to partially lower carpels , they can be overgrown or almost free. A common heady scar is always formed. A few to many ovules are almost basal to central angular in two rows. There is usually a cup-shaped, intrastaminal disc.
There are follicles , berries , stone fruits or membranous capsule fruits formed. The spherical to obovate seeds have an oily endosperm and a straight, green embryo.
Ingredients and chromosome numbers
There are calcium oxalate crystals accumulated . Usually alkaloids are present. Among the proanthocyanidins there is cyanidin ; the flavonols include kaempferol and quercetin .
The basic chromosome number is x = 13.
Systematics and distribution
The position of the family Staphyleaceae has been discussed for a long time, for example it was placed in the order of the Sapindales (Cronquist 1981, Takhtajan 1997). At APG III, this family is in the order of the Crossosomatales .
The Staphyleaceae family was founded in Tekhno-Bot in 1820 by Ivan Ivanovich Martynov . Slovar. , P. 598. The type genus is Staphylea L. , whose botanical name is derived from the Greek word staphylé for grape. A synonym for Staphyleaceae Martinov is Ochranthaceae A.Juss.
They thrive from the temperate latitudes to the tropics . There are species from North America to Bolivia , Europe , East Asia, and the Malay Archipelago .
The pimpernut family (Staphyleaceae) only includes two to five genera with around 45 to 60 species :
- Dalrympelea Roxb. (Syn .: Ochranthe Lindl. ): The 20 to 25 species are distributed from Japan to Papua New Guinea and India .
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Euscaphis Siebold & Zucc. : There is only one type:
- Euscaphis japonica (Thunb.) Kanitz (Syn .: Sambucus japonica Thunb. , Euodia chaffanjonii H.Léveillé , Euscaphis chinensis Gagnepain , Euscaphis fukienensis Hsu , Euscaphis japonica var. Jianningensis Q.J.Wang , Euscaphis japonica var. Pubescens P.L.Chiu & GRZhong , Euscaphis japonica var. ternata Rehder , Euscaphis konishii Hayata , Euscaphis staphyleoides Sieb. & Zucc. , Euscaphis tonkinensis Gagnepain ): It isnative toeastern Asia in China , Japan, Korea and Vietnam .
- Pimpernuts ( Staphylea L. , Syn .: Bumalda Thunb. , Staphylis St-Lag. , Staphylodendron Mill. ): The 11 to 13 species are common in Eurasia and North America. There are six species in China, five of which are only there.
- Turpinia Vent. (Syn .: Triceros Lour. ): The 30 to 40 species are common in Asia and the New World. There are 13 species in China, five of them only there.
The two genera Huertea and Tapiscia of the former subfamily Tapiscioideae no longer belong to this family, but form the family Tapisciaceae and therefore do not belong in the same order.
swell
- The family of Staphyleaceae in APWebsite . (Sections Description and Systematics)
- The Staphyleaceae family at DELTA by L. Watson, MJ Dallwitz. (Sections Description and Ingredients)
- De-Zhu Li, Cai Jie & Jun Wen: Staphyleaceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 11: Oxalidaceae through Aceraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2008, ISBN 978-1-930723-73-3 , pp. 498 (English, online ). (Sections Description and Systematics)
- Yasin J. Nasir: Flora of West Pakistan. 24. Staphyleaceae. Stewart Herbarium, Gordon College (et al.), Rawalpindi 1972 (online). (Section description)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mark W. Chase, James L. Reveal: A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Volume 161, No. 2, 2009, pp. 122–127, DOI: 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x ( PDF file ( memento of the original from March 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ).
- ^ A b Staphyleaceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
