Aroideae

Aroideae
Spotted Arum ( Arum maculatum )
Systematics
Subdivision : Seed plants (Spermatophytina) Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Monocots Order : Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales) Family : Arum family (Araceae) Subfamily : Aroideae
Scientific name
Aroideae
Arn.

The aroideae are a subfamily of the plant family Araceae (Araceae) within the monocotyledonous ( monocot ). About 2670 species in 70 genera belong to this subfamily . They occur almost all over the world, but most species are found in the tropics .

Naming

The naming refers to the " flower head " and is associated with Aaron : Old Testament , quote (Exodus 7, 10): And Aaron threw his staff before Pharaoh and his servants, and it became a serpent .

description

The Aroideae are mostly perennial herbaceous plants , less often shrub- or tree-shaped. Numerous species are epiphytes or climbing plants . The alternate and usually spirally arranged leaves are usually divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade can be shaped very differently. The leaf veins end free and there is usually no parallel vein .

The species are mostly monoecious ( monoecious ), more rarely dioecious ( diocese ) separate sexes. The inflorescence typical for this subfamily consists of the piston ( spadix ) and a bract ( spathe ), which surrounds the piston completely when budded and later more or less strongly depending on the species. The unisexual flowers are often small and inconspicuous. There are no bracts . The stamens are, except in Philodendron , fused together. Staminodes are often present in female flowers .

The fruits are mostly berries . The storage of starch in the seed takes place in the cotyledons .

Individual species

In spring you can spot the arrow leaves of the spotted arum ( Arum maculatum ) in the deciduous forest. The brownish bulb ( spadix ) gives off a musty, urine-like odor that some insects find irresistible. Trap hairs on the constriction in the lower third prevent the insects from escaping prematurely. Only after sufficient pollen has passed from the male to the female arum flowers does the prison open again. Successful pollination is evident in late summer when the fruit stands with bright red berries. Sauromatum venosum , the lizard root , has a similar pollination mechanism .

The Aroideae also includes the plant species with the largest inflorescence / flower in the world, the Sumatra- derived titan arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ). The inflorescence stinks unpleasantly of carrion, to which carrion beetles are irresistibly attracted.

The macaws belong to the thermogenic plants . Through their alternative respiratory chain, they have developed a way of producing heat in the spadix. The arum, for example, uses this heat development to better evaporate the scent of flowers (carrion odor) and thus to attract insects.

Distribution in Central Europe

In Central Europe, the genera Arum (two species: Arum maculatum and Arum cylindraceum ), swamp calla (only Calla palustris ) and calamus (only the species Acorus calamus ) occur naturally, the three-fold pinellia ( Pinellia ternata ) has grown wild from botanical gardens.

Crops

Other known genera of the Aroideae are the tree friend ( Philodendron ), the Dieffenbachia ( Dieffenbachia ) and Syngonium podophyllum , which are houseplants with decorative leaves. Some species are used as ornamental plants in tropical parks and gardens.

A number of species of the Aroideae are used as cut flowers , one example is Kalla ( Zantedeschia ).

An important crop is the taro ( Colocasia esculenta ), whose starchy bulbs are used.

Systematics

The subfamily is divided into 26 tribes:

• Aglaonemateae: with two genera.
• Ambrosineae: with the only genus Ambrosina .
• Anubiadeae: with the only genus Anubias .
• Areae: with seven genera.
• Arisaemateae: with two genera.
• Arisareae: with the only genus crook ( Arisarum ).
• Arophyteae: with three genera.
• Caladieae: with seven genera.
• Callopsideae: with the only genus Callopsis .
• Colocasieae: with six genera.
• Cryptocoryneae: with two genera.
• Culcasieae: with two genera.
• Dieffenbachieae: with two genera.
• Homalomeneae: with two genera.
• Montrichardieae: with the only genus Montrichardia .
• Nephthytideae: with three genera.
• Peltandreae: with two genera.
• Philodendreae: with the only genus Philodendron ( Philodendron ).
• Philonotieae SYWong & PCBoyce: with the only Philonotion Schott occurs only in the Neotropic.
• Pistieae: with the only genus water salad ( Pistia ).
• Schismatoglottideae: with since SYWong & PCBoyce 2010, eight to eleven genera in the Palaeotropical .
• Spathicarpeae: with eight to ten genera.
• Stylochaetoneae: with the only genus Stylochaeton .
• Thomsonieae: with two genera.
• Zamioculcadeae: with two genera.
• Zantedeschieae: with the only genus Zantedeschia ( Zantedeschia ).
• Zomicarpeae: with four genera.

Here is the list of the 70 genera with tribal affiliation placed in the subfamily:

Scientific name	German name	Tribe	Remarks	image
Aglaodorum Schott		Aglaonemateae
Aglaonema Schott	Butt thread	Aglaonemateae		Aglaonema costatum
Alocasia (Schott) G.Don	Arrow leaves	Colocasieae		Alocasia augustiana
Ambrosina Bassi		Ambrosineae
Amorphophallus flower ex Decne.	Titan Arum	Thomsonieae	About 150 species.	Amorphophallus dunnii
Anchomanes Schott		Nephthytideae		Anchomanes difformis
Anubias Schott		Anubiadeae
Apoballis Schott		Schismatoglottideae	About twelve species.
Aridarum Ridl.		Schismatoglottideae
Ariopsis Nimmo		Colocasieae
Arisaema Mart.	Fire piston	Arisaemateae
Arisarum Mill.	Mouse tails	Arisareae
Arophyton Jum.		Arophyteae
Arum L.	Arum	Areas
Asterostigma fish. & CAMey.		Spathicarpeae
Bakoa P.C.Boyce & SYWong		Schismatoglottideae
Biarum Schott		Areas
Bognera Mayo & Nicolson		Dieffenbachieae
Bucephalandra Schott		Schismatoglottideae
Caladium Vent.	Caladia	Caladieae
Callopsis Engl.		Callopsideae
Carlephyton Jum.		Arophyteae
Cercestis Schott		Culcasieae
Chlorospatha Engl.		Caladieae
Colletogyne Beech		Arophyteae
Colocasia Schott	Tarry root	Colocasieae
Cryptocoryne fish. ex Wydler	Water goblet	Cryptocoryneae
Culcasia P. Beauv.		Culcasieae
Dieffenbachia Schott	Dieffenbachia	Dieffenbachieae
Dracunculus Mill.	Dragon root	Areas
Eminium (flower) bulkhead		Areas		Eminium spiculatum inflorescence
Filarum Nicolson		Zomicarpeae
Furtadoa M.Hotta		Homalomeneae
Gearum N.E.Br.		Spathicarpeae
Gonatopus Hook. f. ex Engl.		Zamioculcadeae
Gorgonidium Schott		Spathicarpeae
Hapaline Schott		Caladieae
Helicodiceros Schott		Areas
Hestia S.Y.Wong & PCBoyce		Schismatoglottideae	With only one kind.
Homalomena Schott		Homalomeneae	About 140 species.
Jasarum G.S.Bunting		Caladieae
Lagenandra Dalzell		Cryptocoryneae
Mangonia Schott		Spathicarpeae
Montrichardia Crueg.		Montrichardieae
Nephthytis Schott		Nephthytideae
Peltandra Raf.	Arrow aron	Peltandreae
Philodendron bulkhead	Philodendrons	Philodendreae	About 500 species.
Phymatarum M. Hotta		Schismatoglottideae
Pinellia Ten.	Pine trees	Arisaemateae
Piptospatha N.E.Br.		Schismatoglottideae
Pistia L.	Water salad	Pistieae
Protarum Engl.		Colocasieae
Pseudodracontium N.E.Br.		Thomsonieae
Pseudohydrosme Engl.		Nephthytideae
Remusatia Schott		Colocasieae
Scaphispatha Brongn. ex Schott		Caladieae
Schismatoglottis inches. & Moritzi		Schismatoglottideae
Schottarum P.C.Boyce & SYWong		Schismatoglottideae
Schottariella P.C.Boyce & SYWong		Schismatoglottideae
Spathantheum Schott		Spathicarpeae
Spathicarpa Hook.		Spathicarpeae
Steudnera K. Koch		Colocasieae
Stylochaeton Lepr.		Stylochaetoneae
Synandrospadix Engl.		Spathicarpeae
Syngonium bulkhead	Purple toes	Caladieae
Taccarum Brongn. ex Schott		Spathicarpeae
Theriophonum flower		Areas
Typhonium bulkhead		Areas	including lizard root ( Typhonium venosum )
Typhonodorum Schott		Peltandreae
Ulearum Engl.		Zomicarpeae
Xanthosoma Schott	Gold scars	Caladieae	About 60 species
Zamioculcas bulkhead		Zamioculcadeae	1 Art
Zantedeschia Spreng.	Zantedeschien	Zantedeschieae
Zomicarpa Schott		Zomicarpeae
Zomicarpella N.E.Br.		Zomicarpeae

swell

• The subfamily within the Araceae family on the AP website (section description and systematics).
• Heng Li, Guanghua Zhu, Peter C. Boyce, Jin Murata, Wilbert LA Hetterscheid, Josef Bogner, Niels Jacobsen: Araceae. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 3 (English). , PDF file, online (in the old scope without Lemnaceae ).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Sin Yeng Wong, Peter C. Boyce, Ahmad Sofiman bin Othman, Leaw Chui Pin: Molecular phylogeny of tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) based on two plastid markers and recognition of a new tribe, Philonotieae, from the neotropics. In: Taxon. Volume 59, No. 1, 2010, pp. 117-124, abstract.  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ↑ Sin Yeng Wong, Peter C. Boyce: Studies on Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) of Borneo IX: A new genus, Hestia, and resurrection of Apoballis. In: Botanical Studies. Volume 51, 2010, pp. 249-255, PDF file.
3. ^ Aroideae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Aroideae  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Website of the International Aroid Society (to the genres)