Amorphophallus
Amorphophallus | ||||||||||||
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Several species of Amorphophallus |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Amorphophallus | ||||||||||||
Flower ex decne. |
Amorphophallus is a genus of plants withinthe Arum family (Araceae). The wide distribution area of the approximately 200 species is the Paleotropic with Oceania , Africa and Asia . The titan arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ) has the largest " flower " in the world.
Description and ecology
Appearance, persistence organs and leaves
Amorphophallus species grow as small to very large, seasonally green, perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form underground tubers as persistence organs , which in some species are lined up in several rows or rarely real, more or less creeping rhizomes . Some species form bulbils on the leaves for vegetative reproduction , either on the leaf surface, along the leaf hachis or between the two possibilities mentioned.
Each plant usually only produces one relatively large leaf during the growing season , rarely two or more. The leaves are clearly divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The mostly upright, mostly bald, rarely hairy petiole is usually petiolate or rarely angular, slightly grooved or partially wrinkled in cross section. The more or less horizontal leaf blade is usually divided into three main segments. The main segments can be the same length or the upper one is shorter than the side segments. The bald rhachis leaf is narrow to broadly winged and often has many other leaflets.
Inflorescences, flowers and pollination
Depending on the season, a plant forms one, two to three or even more inflorescences to its side during or after the presence of the foliage leaf , one after the other or simultaneously. Amorphophallus species are single sexed ( monoecious ). The entire inflorescence acts as a flower biologically . The inflorescences have the structure typical of Araceae. On a more or less long inflorescence stem above a single bract, the spathe , a piston, the spadix.
The edges of the spathe are usually close together at their base. They are rarely open or overgrown. Depending on the species, the spathe is shaped differently and colored very differently on the outside.
The spadix begins directly above the spathe or slightly raised by a piece of the inflorescence axis. In the lower area of the flask there is the female zone, which can pass directly into the male zone or both zones are separated by a sterile zone. The small, reduced, unisexual flowers sometimes have staminodes on their outer area , but never bracts . The female flowers contain only one pistil. The seated or shortly stalked ovary is one to vierkammerig (unlike Pseudodracontium with ever single-chamber ovary). There is only one ovule in each ovary chamber . A stylus is clearly present or hardly recognizable; it can be clearly demarcated from the ovary. If there is a sterile zone on the flask, it is usually covered with staminodes. This area is rarely partially or completely free of staminodes. The male zone is cylindrical, spindle-shaped, conical or inverted-conical. The male flowers usually contain three to six (one to eight) stamens . The short or elongated stamens have at most very short stamens that are free, partially or completely fused with one another. The dust bags have two counters. The spherical or elliptical pollen grains have no apertures. The spadix almost always ends in a sterile area which, depending on the species, is very different and sometimes very noticeable, sometimes with folds or crevices.
There are few scientific reports on the pollination of Amorphophallus species. Usually it is only observations of which insect species are in the inflorescences, but not what contribution they make to pollination. The spathe forms a cup-shaped base, which in some species can be interpreted as an insect trap. Some species actually use hair-like organs to prevent insects from climbing out. Keeping the pollinators trapped in the inflorescences is necessary for effective pollination. When the spathe, which protects the spadix when it is budding, opens, the female flowers are capable of being pollinated and must be pollinated on the same day. The open inflorescence gives off a lure scent, which is very different in the different species. In most species, the smell is unpleasant for humans after decay, death, manure and the like. Few species give off a pleasant smell of carrots, anise, chocolate, lemon or fruit for humans. This breadth of fragrances has been chemically analyzed. Simultaneously with the production of these fragrances, the spadix, mainly the upper area, warms up significantly and / or has an effect due to its infrared components. The dark brown to brownish purple parts of the inflorescence of some species look like decaying animals. Even hair on the top of the inflorescence in some species reinforces this illusion of dead animals. When the insects get inside the spathe, they migrate down to the female flowers and can deposit pollen from other inflorescences that cling to them. On this first day of the flowering period of an inflorescence, the male flowers are still closed. The insects should linger in the inflorescence until the male flowers open to pick up the pollen and transport it to other inflorescences. There are a few strategies to keep the insects lingering. For example, some Amorphophallus species provide food in the form of fleshy warts or staminodes that have been transformed into protein-rich food bodies. The uppermost area of the spadix is also such a source of food in some species. After pollen has adhered to the insects, they can leave the inflorescence.
Fruits and seeds
At the fruit cluster, the berries are close together or relatively far apart. The spherical, egg-shaped or narrowly elliptical berries usually turn orange to red, rarely blue or white, when ripe. and are mostly smooth or rarely warty; they contain one to four seeds. The seeds usually have a distinct raphe and they contain no endosperm . The berries are eaten by birds, but there are only a few reliable observations.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Amorphophallus was created in 1834 by Carl Ludwig Blume in Joseph Decaisne : Nouvelles Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle , 3, p. 366 with the type species Amorphophallus campanulatus Blume ex Decne. set up. The scientific generic name Amorphophallus translates as “misshapen penis”. The genus Amorphophallus belongs to the tribe Thomsonieae in the subfamily Aroideae within the family Araceae . Synonyms for Amorphophallus Bl. Ex Decne. nom. cons. are: Allopythion Schott , Brachyspatha Schott , Candarum Schott nom. illeg., Conophallus Schott , Corynophallus Schott , Dunalia Montrouz. , Hansalia Schott , Hydrosme Schott, Kunda Raf. , Plesmonium Schott , Proteinophallus Hook. f. , Pseudodracontium N.E.Br. , Pythion Mart. nom. rej ., Pythonium Schott nom. illeg., Rhaphiophallus Schott , Synantherias Schott , Tapeinophallus Baill. , Thomsonia Wall. nom. rej.
The distribution area of Amorphophallus is palatropic . One finds species in tropical West to East Africa (including Madagascar), southern and southeastern to eastern Asia, northern Australia, on Pacific islands. There are 16 species in China, seven of them only there.
There are about 200 types:
- Amorphophallus aberrans Hett. : The home is Thailand .
- Amorphophallus abyssinicus (Rich.) NEBr. : The three subspecies are distributed from tropical to southern Africa from west to east Africa.
- Amorphophallus adamsensis L.M. Magtoto et al. : It wasfirst describedby the Philippines in 2013.
- Amorphophallus albispathus Hett. : The home is southern Thailand .
- Amorphophallus albus Liu & Wei : It thrives in light forests and dry shrubbery at altitudes of 800 to 1000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Sichuan and northeastern Yunnan . It is grown as a useful crop.
- Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & M.Sizemore : It was first described in 2001 from south-western Thailand.
- Amorphophallus andranogidroensis Hett. & Mangelsdorff : It wasfirst describedin 2006 from western Madagascar .
- Amorphophallus angolensis (Welw. Ex Schott) NEBr. : The two subspecies are common in Gabon , Angola , Zaire and Sudan .
- Amorphophallus angulatus Hett. & A.Vogel : The home is Sarawak .
- Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett. : The home is Myanmar .
- Amorphophallus ankarana Hett. : The home is northern Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus annulifer Hett. : The homeland is Java .
- Amorphophallus antsingyensis Bogner, Hett. & Ittenb. : The home is western Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus aphyllus (Hook.) Hutch. : The homeland is western tropical Africa to Chad .
- Amorphophallus arcuspadix A.Galloway, A.Ongsakul, & P.Schmidt : It wasfirst describedin 2012 from Laos .
- Amorphophallus asper Engl .: Home is Sumatra .
- Amorphophallus asterostigmatus Bogn. & Hett. : The home is central Thailand.
- Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & M.Sizemore : The home is northeastern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett. : The home is central Thailand.
- Amorphophallus bangkokensis Gagn. : The home is Thailand.
- Amorphophallus barbatus A. Galloway & A. Ongsakul : It was first described from Laos in 2015.
- Amorphophallus barthlottii Ittenb. & Lobin : The home is Ivory Coast as well as Liberia .
- Amorphophallus baumannii (Engl.) NEBr. : The homeland is western tropical Africa to Chad.
- Amorphophallus beccarii Engl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. , Amorphophallus obovoideus Alderw. , Amorphophallus subcymbiformis Alderw. ): Home is Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus bequaertii De Wildeman : The homeland is the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo .
- Amorphophallus bhandarensis S.R. Yadav , Kahalkar & Bhuskute : It wasfirst describedin 2009 from the Indian state of Maharashtra .
- Amorphophallus bognerianus Sivad. & Jaleel : It wasfirst describedin 2009 from the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh .
- Amorphophallus bolikhamxayensis A.Galloway, A.Ongsakul & P.Schmidt : It was first described in 2012 from Laos.
- Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivadasan, Mohanan & Rajkumar : The homeland is the Indian state of Kerala .
- Amorphophallus borneensis (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. : The home is Borneo .
- Amorphophallus boyceanus Hett. : The homeland is the Malay Peninsula .
- Amorphophallus brachyphyllus Hett. : The home is north-western Borneo.
- Amorphophallus brevipetiolatus A.Galloway, A.Ongsakul & P.Schmidt : It was first described in 2012 from central Laos.
- Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagn. : The home is central Thailand.
- Amorphophallus bubenensis J.T. Yin & Hett. : The species was first described from Yunnan in 2016.
- Amorphophallus bufo Ridl. : The homeland is the Malay Peninsula.
- Amorphophallus bulbifer (Roxb.) Bl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus tuberculiger (Schott) Engl. , Amorphophallus aculatum Hook. F. , Amorphophallus taccoides Hook. F. , Amorphophallus bulbifer var. Atroviridimaculata Engl. , Amorphophallus bulbifer var. Marmoratus Engl. , Amorphophallus bulbifer var. Tuberculiger (Schott) Engl. ): It is native to southern and northeastern India and the Himalayas to Myanmar .
- Amorphophallus calabaricus N.E.Br. : The two subspecies occur in Zaire, Benin , Uganda , Nigeria, western Kenya and western Cameroon .
- Amorphophallus canaliculatus Ittenb., Hett. & Lobin : The home is northern Gabon .
- Amorphophallus candidissimus X.Gong & H.Li : The species was first described from Vietnam in 2017.
- Amorphophallus carneus Ridl. : It is distributed from the Malay Peninsula to the southern Thai Peninsula.
- Amorphophallus chlorospathus Kurz ex Hook. f. : The home is southern Myanmar .
- Amorphophallus cicatricifer Hett. : The home is the southwest of Thailand.
- Amorphophallus cirrifer Stapf : The home is Thailand.
- Amorphophallus claudelii A.Galloway & A.Ongsakul : It was first described from Laos in 2015.
- Amorphophallus coaetaneus Liu & Wei (Syn .: Amorphophallus arnautovii Hett. , Amorphophallus pingbianensis H.Li & CLLong ): It occurs in eastern and northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi (only Guiping, Rongshui) and Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus commutatus (Schott) Engl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus commutatus var. Anmodensis Sivad. & Jaleel , Amorphophallus commutatus var. Wayanadensis Sivad. & Jaleel , Amorphophallus commutatus var. Anshiensis Punekar, Lakshmin. & Sivad. ): The homeland is the south-west India.
- Amorphophallus consimilis Bl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus doryphorus Ridl. ): It occurs in Senegal and in Gambia.
- Amorphophallus corrugatus N.E.Br. (Syn .: Amorphophallus tianyangensis P.Y.Liu & SLZhang ): It occurs in northern Myanmar, northern Thailand and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi and southeastern Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus costatus Hett. : The home is Sarawak and Kalimantan .
- Amorphophallus coudercii (Bogn.) Bogn. : The home is Cambodia .
- Amorphophallus crispifolius A.Galloway, Ongsakul & Petra Schmidt : It was first described from Laos in 2012.
- Amorphophallus croatii Hett. & A.Galloway : It wasfirst described in Laos in 2006.
- Amorphophallus cruddasianus Prain ex Engl .: The homeland is northern Thailand, Myanmar, Laos.
- Amorphophallus curvistylis Hett. : The home is the southwest of Thailand.
- Amorphophallus dactylifer Hett. : The home is the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus declinatus Hett. : It only occurs in the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus decus-silvae Backer & Alderw. : The homeland is western Java.
- Amorphophallus discophorus Backer & Alderw. : The homeland is eastern Java.
- Amorphophallus dracontioides (Engl.) NEBr. : It occurs from tropical West Africa to the Central African Republic.
- Amorphophallus dunnii Tutch. (Syn .: Amorphophallus mellii Engl. , Amorphophallus odoratus Hett. & H.Li ): It occurs in the southeastern Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi .
- Amorphophallus dzui Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus eburneus Bogn. : The home is Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus echinatus Bogn. & Mayo : The home is southwest Thailand.
- Amorphophallus eichleri (Engl.) Hook. f. : The home is Zaire and maybe Angola too.
- Amorphophallus elatus Ridl. : The homeland is eastern Malaysia and the Thai peninsula.
- Amorphophallus elegans Ridl. : The homeland is eastern Malaysia and the Thai peninsula.
- Amorphophallus elliottii Hook. f. : The home is Sierra Leone .
- Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis Hett., O.Pronk & R.Kaufmann : It was first described in 2006 from western Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus excentricus Hett. : The home is the Thai peninsula.
- Amorphophallus fallax (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel (Syn .: Pseudodracontium fallax Serebryanyi ): It was incorporated into this genus in 2012 and comes from southern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus ferruginosus A.Galloway : It was first described in 2012 from central Laos.
- Amorphophallus flotoi (SYHu) Govaerts : It was first described in 2018 from Indochina (Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam).
- Amorphophallus forbesii Engl .: Home is Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus fuscus Hett. : It was first described in 2006 from northern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus galbra F.M.Bail. : It occurs from New Guinea to northern Australia.
- Amorphophallus gallaensis (Engl.) NEBr. : The home is Ethiopia , Somalia and Kenya .
- Amorphophallus gallowayi Hett. : It was first described in 2006 from Laos.
- Amorphophallus gigas Teijsm. & Inland. : The home is Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus glaucophyllus Hett. & Serebr. : It was first described in 2006 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl .: It is native to northern Myanmar.
- Amorphophallus glossophyllus Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus goetzei (Engl.) NEBr. : The home is Tanzania as well as Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Amorphophallus gomboczianus Pic.Serm. : The home is Ethiopia .
- Amorphophallus gracilior Hutch. : The homeland is Nigeria and southern Benin.
- Amorphophallus gracilis Engl .: The home is the eastern Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus haematospadix Hook. f. : The homeland is eastern Malaysia and the Thai peninsula.
- Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm. (Syn .: Amorphophallus parvulus Gagn. ): The home is Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus hayi Hett. : It occurs in northern Vietnam and southeastern Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus hemicryptus Hett. & Maxw. : It was first described from Cambodia in 2013.
- Amorphophallus henryi N.E.Br. (Syn .: Amorphophallus niimurai Yamam. ): You laurel forests, mixed forests, bamboo plantations, orchards, on shallow soils over limestone or in areas of the tropical karst at altitudes of 0 to 700 meters only in Taiwan .
- Amorphophallus hetterscheidii Ittenb. & Lobin : The homeland is Gabon, Zaire and the Central African Republic.
- Amorphophallus hewittii Alderw. : The home is Borneo.
- Amorphophallus hildebrandtii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. : The homeland is northwestern Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus hirsutus Teijsm. and Binn. & Inland. : The homeland are the Nicobar Islands and western Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus hirtus N.E.Br. : It thrives in dense grasslands at altitudes below 100 meters only in Taiwan.
- Amorphophallus Hohenackeri (Schott) Engl. & Gehrm. : The home is southwest India.
- Amorphophallus hottae Bogn. & Hett. : The home is Sabah and Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus impressus Ittenb. : The home is southern Tanzania and Malawi .
- Amorphophallus infundibuliformis Hett., Dearden & A.Vogel : The home is Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm. : The homeland is northern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus johnsonii N.E.Br. : The homeland is Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali .
- Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett. : It was first described in 2006 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus julaihii Ipor, Tawan & PCBoyce : It was first described from Sarawak in 2004.
- Amorphophallus juliae P.C.Boyce & Hett. : It was first described in 2010 from Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus kachinensis Engl. & Gehrm. (Syn .: Amorphophallus bannaensis H.Li ): It occurs in northern Thailand, in Laos, in northern Myanmar (only in Kachin state ) and in southern and western Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus khammouanensis A.Galloway : It was first described from Laos in 2015.
- Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino (Syn .: Amorphophallus konjac . Var kiusianus Makino , Amorphophallus hirtus var. Kiusianus (Makino) Hotta , Amorphophallus sinensis Belval ): It comes in the southern part of the southern Japanese island of Kyushu , in Taiwan and in the southeastern Chinese provinces Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Hunan , Jiangxi and Zhejiang before.
- Amorphophallus konjac K.Koch (Syn .: Amorphophallus rivieri Durieu ex Carrière , Amorphophallus rivieri var. Konjac (K.Koch) Engl. , Amorphophallus mairei H.Lév. , Amorphophallus nanus H.Li & CLLong ): It thrives naturally in open locations or forest edges as well as in thicket, secondary forests at altitudes of 200 to 3000 meters only in the Chinese province of Yunnan. It is cultivated in some Asian countries, such as Japan and China. It has run wild in some countries.
- Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., Yadav & Patil : The homeland is southwest India.
- Amorphophallus koratensis Gagn. : The home is Cambodia, Thailand and Laos.
- Amorphophallus krausei Engl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus palmiformis Durieu ex Rivière nom. Inval., Amorphophallus rivierei Durand ex Carrière , Amorphophallus mairei H.Lév. , Amorphophallus nanus H.Li & CLLong ): It comes from Bangladesh , Laos, in northern Myanmar , northern Thailand and Yunnan Province in China. It is used as food by the Chinese minorities.
- Amorphophallus kuznetsovii (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel : The home of the species, which was only added to this genus in 2012, is southern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widj. : The home is Borneo.
- Amorphophallus lanceolatus (Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel : The home of the species, which was only added to this genus in 2012, is southern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus laoticus Hett. : The home is Laos.
- Amorphophallus lewallei Malaisse & Bamps : The home is Burundi .
- Amorphophallus linearis Gagn. : The home is Thailand.
- Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett. : The home is Kalimantan.
- Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & M.Serebryanyi : It was first described in 2001 from Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogn. : The home is central India.
- Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm. : The home is the Philippines island Mindanao .
- Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook. f. : The homeland are the southern Andamans .
- Amorphophallus longituberosus (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. : The homeland is northwestern Malaysia as well as Thailand and Bangladesh.
- Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & M.Sizemore : It was first described in 2006 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus luzoniensis Merr. : The home is Luzon .
- Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth : The homeland is south-eastern India.
- Amorphophallus macrophyllus (Gagnep. Ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel : The home of the species, which was only added to this genus in 2012, is Thailand and southwestern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib : The home is northern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii Bogn. : It was first described in 2003 from Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus manta Hett. & Ittenb. : The home is Sumatra and Malaysia.
- Amorphophallus margaritifer (Roxb.) Kunth : It is native to India, Bangladesh and Myanmar.
- Amorphophallus margretae Ittenb. : The homeland is the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Amorphophallus maximus (Engl.) NEBr. : Of the two subspecies, one occurs from Tanzania to Zimbabwe and the other from southern Somalia to eastern Kenya.
- Amorphophallus maxwellii Hett. : The home is the southwest of Thailand.
- Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. : The home is Laos and Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus merrillii Krause : The home is the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus mildbraedii Krause : The homeland is eastern Cameroon .
- Amorphophallus minor Ridl. : The home is Malaysia.
- Amorphophallus mossambicensis (Schott ex Garcke) NEBr. (Syn .: Amorphophallus swynnertonii Rendle ): The home is Mozambique, Tanzania, Zimbabwe , Zambia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Amorphophallus muelleri Bl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus blumei (Schott) Engl. Nom. Illeg., Amorphophallus planus Teijsm. & Binn. , Amorphophallus burmanicus Hook. F. , Amorphophallus oncophyllus Prain ex Hook. F. , Amorphophallus carnosus Engl. , Amorphophallus timorensis Alderw. , Amorphophallus erubescens Hett. ): It is native to western Thailand, Myanmar, the Andamans , Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Timor and Sulawesi .
- Amorphophallus mullendersii Malaisse & Bamps : The home is Zaire and Angola .
- Amorphophallus myosuroides Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described in Laos in 2006.
- Amorphophallus mysorensis Barnes & Fischer : The home is southwest India.
- Amorphophallus napalensis (Wall.) Bogn. & Mayo : It occurs from Nepal to Bangladesh.
- Amorphophallus napiger Gagn. : The homeland is eastern Thailand, Laos and Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus natolii Hett., A.Wistuba, VBAmoroso, M.Medecilo & C.Claudel : It was first described in 2012 from the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus niahensis P.C.Boyce & Hett. : It wasfirst describedin 2010 from Sarawak on Borneo.
- Amorphophallus nicolaii Hett. : It was first described from Vietnam in 2013.
- Amorphophallus nicolsonianus Sivad. : The home is Kerala .
- Amorphophallus obscurus Hett. & M.Sizemore : The home is eastern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus ochroleucus Hett. & VDNguyen : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus ongsakulii Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described in Laos in 2006.
- Amorphophallus operculatus Hett. & M.Sizemore : It was first described in 2003 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus opertus Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicols. (Syn .: Amorphophallus campanulatus Decne. Nom. Superfl., Amorphophallus giganteus flower nom. Illeg., Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. Campanulatus Sivad. Nom. Inval., Amorphophallus dubius flower , Amorphophallus sativus flower , Amorphophallus decurrens (Blanco) Kunth , Amorphophallus chatty Andrews , Amorphophallus virosus N.E.Br. , Amorphophallus rex Prain , Amorphophallus malaccensis Ridl. , Amorphophallus gigantiflorus Hayata , Amorphophallus microappendiculatus Engl. , Amorphophallus dixenii K.Larsen & SSLarsen ): it is in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan and Yunnan, and in Taiwan, Bangladesh , India , Sri Lanka , Indonesia , Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines , New Guinea , northern Australia and Pacific islands widely. In the Seychelles she is a neophyte.
- Amorphophallus palawanensis Bogn. & Hett. : The home is Palawan , which belongs to the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus perrieri Hett. & Wahlert : It was first described in 2014 from Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus pendulus Bogn. & Mayo : The home is Brunei and Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus perakensis Engl .: It occurs on the Malay Peninsula .
- Amorphophallus pilosus Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus plicatus Bok & Lam : The home is northern Sulawesi.
- Amorphophallus polyanthus Hett. & M.Sizemore : The home is northeastern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus prainii Hook. f. : The home is Thailand, Malaysia, Sumatra and Laos.
- Amorphophallus preussii (Engl.) NEBr. : The homeland is western Cameroon.
- Amorphophallus prolificus Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described from Thailand in 2006.
- Amorphophallus pseudoharmandii Hett. & C.Claudel : The home is Indochina .
- Amorphophallus pulchellus Hett. & Schuit. : It was first described in 2013 from Laos.
- Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook. f. : The home is Myanmar.
- Amorphophallus pusillus Hett. & Serebr. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus putii Gagn. : The home is Thailand and Myanmar.
- Amorphophallus pygmaeus Hett. : The home is Thailand.
- Amorphophallus ranchanensis Ipor, A.Simon & Meekiong : It was first described in 2007 from Sarawak.
- Amorphophallus ravenii V.D. Nguyen & Hett. : It was first described in 2018 from Laos.
- Amorphophallus reflexus Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described from Thailand in 2006.
- Amorphophallus rhizomatosus Hett. : The homeland is northern Vietnam and Laos.
- Amorphophallus richardsiae Ittenb. : The homeland is northeastern Zambia.
- Amorphophallus rostratus Hett. : The home is the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus rugosus Hett. & A.Lamb : The home is Sabah .
- Amorphophallus sagittarius Steen. : The homeland is western Java.
- Amorphophallus salmoneus Hett. : The home is the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus saraburensis Gagn. : The home is central Thailand.
- Amorphophallus saururus Hett. : It was first described in 2001 from northeastern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus scaber Serebr. & Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus schmidtiae Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described in Laos in 2006.
- Amorphophallus scutatus Hett. & TCChapman : It was first described in 2001 from central Thailand.
- Amorphophallus serrulatus Hett. & A.Galloway : It was first described from Thailand in 2006.
- Amorphophallus shyamsalilianus J.V. Gadpay., Somkuwar & AAChaturv. : It was first described from India (Maharashtra) in 2017.
- Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & VDNguyen : It was first described from Vietnam in 2003.
- Amorphophallus sizemoreae Hett. : It was first described in 2001 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus smithsonianus Sivad. : The home is southwest India.
- Amorphophallus sparsiflorus Hook. f. : The homeland is the Malay Peninsula.
- Amorphophallus spectabilis (Miq.) Engl. Nom. cons .: The homeland is western Java.
- Amorphophallus staudtii (Engl.) NEBr. : The homeland is Cameroon, the Ivory Coast and the Republic of the Congo.
- Amorphophallus stipitatus Engl .: The homeland is said to be southeastern China (Guangdong only), but it isnotmentioned in the Flora of China .
- Amorphophallus stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. : Of the two subspecies, one occurs in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the other in Tanzania, Kenya and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Amorphophallus subpedatus V.D. Nguyen & Hett. : The homeland is northern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus sumawongii (Bogn.) Bogn. : The home is the southeast of Thailand.
- Amorphophallus suwidjianus Ipor, Tawan & Meekiong : It wasfirst describedfrom Kalimantan in 2010.
- Amorphophallus sylvaticus (Roxb.) Kunth : The home is southern India and Sri Lanka .
- Amorphophallus symonianus Hett. & M.Sizemore : It was first described in 2001 from Thailand.
- Amorphophallus synandrifer Hett. & VDNguyen : It was first described in 2001 from Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus taurostigma Ittenb. & Hett. : The homeland is northern and western Madagascar.
- Amorphophallus tenuispadix Hett. : The home is southern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus tenuistylis Hett. : The home is southern Thailand and Cambodia.
- Amorphophallus terrestris Hett. & C.Claudel : It was first described from Thailand in 2012.
- Amorphophallus teuszii (Engl.) NEBr. : The homeland is Zaire as well as Angola.
- Amorphophallus thaiensis S.-Y.Hu : The home of the species, which was only added to this genus in 2012, is northern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus tinekeae Hett. & A.Vogel : It was first described in 2001 from Sabah.
- Titan Arum ( Amorphophallus titanum .. (Becc) Becc ex Arcang. , Syn .: Amorphophallus selebicus Nakai ): The home is the western Sumatra.
- Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm. : It occurs in southeastern Yunnan and in northern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus tuberculatus Hett. & VDNguyen : It was first described in 2006 from northern Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus variabilis Bl .: Home is Java, the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Philippines.
- Amorphophallus venustus Hett., A.Hay & J.Mood : It was first described in 2001 from Sabah.
- Amorphophallus verticillatus Hett. : The home is Vietnam.
- Amorphophallus vogelianus Hett. & H.Billensteiner : It was first described in 2003 from northern Thailand.
- Amorphophallus xiei Li & Dao : It was first described in 2006. It thrives at the edges of forests and in tropical thickets at altitudes of 900 to 1100 meters only in Longchuan in western Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus yuloensis H.Li : It thrives in dense, evergreen primary forests in valleys over limestone at altitudes of 200 to 2400 meters only in Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. (Syn .: Amorphophallus kerrii N.E.Br. ): It occurs in Laos, in northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan.
- Amorphophallus zenkeri (Engl.) NEBr. : Of the two subspecies, one occurs only on the island of Bioko and the other in Cameroon, Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea .
World records
A well-known species is the titan arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ), native to Sumatra (in a narrow distribution area about 1 ° north and south of the equator), whose inflorescence forms the largest flower in the plant kingdom from a flowering point of view . The piston of the inflorescence can reach a length of 1.50 meters. In the Bonn Botanical Garden it has already been possible to bring specimens to bloom several times. On May 23, 2003 a record was set by the 3.06 meter high titan arum inflorescence in the Botanical Gardens in Bonn. She has so although not the largest inflorescence in the world because the second longest with about 6 meters has the Palme Corypha Umbraculifera and the longest the bromeliad Puya raimondii with up to 8 meters in height. It is not even the largest flower , because this is what Rafflesia arnoldii produces .
use
Some Amorphophallus species are grown for food production, for example Amorphophallus aphyllus , Amorphophallus campanulatus , Amorphophallus consimilis , Amorphophallus dracontioides and Amorphophallus sylvaticus . Araceae species contain calcium oxalate crystals. If you eat fresh parts of plants, this substance is poisonous and is very unpleasant in the mouth, on the tongue and in the throat. But the problem of calcium oxalate can be solved by heating or drying. But people with rheumatism, arthritis, a tendency to develop kidney stones and over-acidity should be very careful with parts of plants that contain calcium oxalate.
The konjac root ( Amorphophallus konjac ) supplies tubers that are mainly used in Asia. The tubers are eaten cooked. After peeling, cooking and adding lime, the konjak flour, called "Konnyaku" in Japan, ( food additive E425) is obtained. Its carbohydrates are 80% indigestible and can therefore be used in diets.
Also Amorphophallus paeonifolius is particularly cultivated in India for food production. The rhizome has a diameter of up to 50 cm and is eaten fully cooked. The leaf stalks and leaf blades are also eaten after extensive cooking.
The medicinal effects of Amorphophallus paeonifolius and Amorphophallus konjac were studied. Amorphophallus konjac has insecticidal properties.
The titan arum ( Amorphophallus titanum ) is rarely used as an ornamental plant. Other species common among collectors are Amorphophallus albus , Amorphophallus bulbifer and Amorphophallus yunnanensis . These are also not quite as big and are easier to cultivate than Amorphophallus titanum . A closely related genus of tropical Africa is called Anchomanes , their leaf stalks are thorny.
swell
- Heng Li, Wilbert LA Hetterscheid: Amorphophallus , online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (ed.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 23 (English).
- Wilbert LA Hetterscheid: Amorphophallus. on the website of the International Society of Arum Family.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Amorphophallus at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Amorphophallus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Amorphophallus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 30, 2019.
- ↑ Wilbert Hetterscheid: The Amorphophallus Species. Amorphophallus species list with links to species from the International Aroid Society . Last accessed on November 1, 2018.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Heng Li, Wilbert LA Hetterscheid: Amorphophallus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 , pp. 23 (English).
- ↑ The highest titan arum in the Bonn Botanical Garden.
- ^ Robert Freedman: Famine Foods - ARACEAE . ( Memento from December 21, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ a b c Amorphophallus paeoniifolius at Plants For A Future
- ↑ a b c d Amorphophallus konjac at Plants for A Future . at Plants For A Future
Web links
- Wayne P. Armstrong: The World's Largest & Stinkiest Arum. In: Wayne's Word. Retrieved July 12, 2020 .
- Brief information on some Amorphophallus species. ( Memento from February 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (German)
- Amorphophallus bulbifer .
- Amorphophallus. In: S. Dressler, M. Schmidt, G. Zizka: African plants - A Photo Guide. Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt am Main 2014ff.