Arisaema

Arisaema
Three-leaved flask ( Arisaema triphyllum )
Systematics
Monocots Order : Frog-spoon-like (Alismatales) Family : Arum family (Araceae) Subfamily : Aroideae Tribe : Arisaemateae Genre : Arisaema
Scientific name
Arisaema
Mart.

The Arisaema , cobra lilies or Pulpit called, are a genus within the family of the arum family (Araceae). The 150 to 180 species are predominantly found in the northern hemisphere , but mainly in Asia.

description

Illustration by Arisaema fargesii

Fruit cluster with ripe red berries of Arisaema bockii

Vegetative characteristics

Arisaema species are perennial herbaceous plants . These geophytes form underground, almost spherical tubers or rhizomes as survival organs. Tropical species with rhizomes are evergreen and grow without a resting phase; the deciduous species usually produce one or two, rarely three leaves per specimen each year , most of which are present during the flowering period. The upright leaves are clearly divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The petiole is longer than the leaf blade. The leaf blades are often composed of three or more parts.

Generative characteristics

Most species bloom in spring and early summer, with leaves and inflorescence appearing at the same time. The inflorescence consists of the inflorescence stem, the spadix , an extension of the inflorescence axis and the spathe , which envelops the spadix and is rolled up in a tubular shape in the lower section. The upright inflorescence stem is usually about as long as the petiole or very short in a few species. Most species are dioecious, separate sexes ( diocesan ), so the inflorescences have only male or only female flowers. However, the sex of a plant is not genetically determined and can change from one season to another depending on the age and condition of the plant. Some species are single sexed ( monoecious ), then sections with female and male flowers are present in the piston. The spadix has a fertile , flowered and a sterile section. The latter can be shaped and elongated very differently. There are no bracts . Male flowers contain two to five stamens .

The berries, which are shiny orange to bright red when ripe, contain a few (one to six) seeds.

The basic chromosome numbers are x = 13 or 14.

ecology

Arisaema species are particularly noticeable for their attractive inflorescences, each consisting of a bract (spathe) and the spadix. The spathe is shaped and colored very differently depending on the species. Like many of her relatives, Arisaema is one of the kettle-trap flowers in terms of ecology . H. it attracts insects that are caught in the kettle-like inflorescences and pollinate the flowers there. The most common pollinators are fungus gnats ; the Arisaema species are therefore called fungus mosquito flowers ( myiophilia ).

If the species is dioecious, at least one female and one male individual are necessary for fertilization and seed formation. The main pollinators are fungus gnats from the Mycetophilidae and Sciaridae families . These are attracted by fragrances released from the sterile part of the spadix . The descriptions of the smell of different Arisaema species range from urine to fresh sea fish to rhubarb or mushroom aromas.

For pollination to be successful , the insects must first get inside a male inflorescence. They are attracted by the scent of the spadix, then fall into the cauldron-shaped spathe and crawl around the bottom of the trap, loading themselves with pollen that is scattered by the male flowers. The male inflorescences have an exit, an opening in the spathe, through which the animals come out again.

If the pollen-laden insects get into a female inflorescence, they can scrape off the pollen they brought with them on the stigmas of the female flowers while crawling around. In contrast to the male inflorescences, the female have no opening in the spathe. The insects remain trapped and die in the trap.

Evolution and Locations

The assumed origin of the genus Arisaema lies in the eastern Himalayan region and in China, which today is the center of biodiversity with around 91 species.

Depending on the species, they thrive in dry to moist locations. The populated habitats range from temperate tropical mountain rainforests to lawns above the tree line .

Distribution of the genus Arisaema

Systematics and distribution

The center of biodiversity are the temperate areas of Asia. In Asia, the genus Arisaema occurs from Afghanistan to Japan. With 78 species, almost half of the 150 to 180 species occur in China, 45 of them only there. The southern limit of distribution is in southern India and Java. There are also species in Yemen and East Africa . In North America only two species occur naturally, one of them as far as Mexico and one species only in Mexico.

The genus Arisaema was established in 1831 by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Flora , Volume 14, p. 459. Synonyms for Arisaema Mart. are. Alocasia Neck. ex Raf. nom. rej. non (Schott) G.Don , Dochafa Schott , Muricauda Small , Flagellarisaema Nakai , Heteroarisaema Nakai , Pleuriarum Nakai , Ringentiarum Nakai . The genus name Arisaema is made up of the Greek name aris for this plant, which was already used by Pliny , and the Greek word haima for blood, which refers to the red spots on the leaves of some species.

The genus Arisaema belongs to the tribe Arisaemateae in the subfamily Aroideae within the family Araceae . The genus Arisaema is divided into sections. In China there are the Arisaema sect. Anomala , Arisaema sect. Arisaema , Arisaema sect. Clavata , Arisaema sect. Decipientia , Arisaema sect. Dochafa , Arisaema sect. Fimbriata , Arisaema sect. Franchetiana , Arisaema sect. Nepenthoidea , Arisaema sect. Pistillata , Arisaema sect. Sinarisaema , Arisaema sect. Tenuipistillata , Arisaema sect. Tortuosa in front.

Depending on the author, there are 150 or 170, 180 up to 195 Arisaema species:

Arisaema amurense leaves and fruit clusters

Inflorescence of Arisaema bockii

Inflorescence of Arisaema candidissimum

Inflorescence of Arisaema ciliatum

Foliage and inflorescence of the dragon fire piston ( Arisaema dracontium )

Habit of Arisaema erubescens

Arisaema filiforme inflorescence

Inflorescences of Arisaema fimbriatum

Arisaema flavum leaves and inflorescence

Habit and leaves of Arisaema franchetianum

Habit and leaves of Arisaema heterophyllum

Arisaema iyoanum fruit cluster

Foliage leaves and inflorescence of Arisaema jacquemontii

Subterranean and aboveground plant parts with inflorescence of Arisaema leschenaultii

Arisaema murrayi leaves and inflorescence

Arisaema nepenthoides

Habit and infructescence of Arisaema peninsulae

Habit, foliage and inflorescence of Arisaema polyphyllum

Habitus and inflorescences of Arisaema propinquum

Japanese fire piston ( Arisaema ringens )

Arisaema sazensoo

Arisaema serratum var. Mayebarae

Arisaema sikokianum

Arisaema thunbergii

Arisaema tortuosum

Leaf blade of the three-leaved flask ( Arisaema triphyllum )

Arisaema yamatense

• Arisaema abei Seriz. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Shikoku .
• Arisaema aequinoctiale Nakai & F.Maek. : It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku.
• Arisaema agasthyanum Sivad. & Sath.Kumar : It only occurs in southwest India.
• Arisaema album N.E.Br. : It occurs in India from Arunachal Pradesh to Assam .
• Arisaema amurense Maxim. She is in the southeastern Siberia (in the Khabarovsk and Primorye ), Korea and the Chinese provinces of Hebei , Heilongjiang , Henan , Jilin , Liaoning , Nei Mongol , Ningxia , Shandong and Shanxi widespread.
• Arisaema anatinum Brugg : It was first described in 2018 from Arunachal Pradesh.
• Arisaema angustatum Franch. & Sav. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu .
• Arisaema anomalum Hemsl. : It occurs in Malaysia .
• Arisaema aprile J.Murata : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Honshu.
• Arisaema aridum H.Li : It occurs in southern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan .
• Arisaema asperatum N.E.Br. (Syn .: Arisaema cochleatum Stapf ex H. Li ): It thrives in forests and thickets at altitudes of 1,300 to 2900 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , southern Gansu , western Henan , western Hubei , northeastern Hunan , Shanxi and eastern Sichuan.
• Arisaema auriculatum Buchet (Syn .: Arisaema hungyaense H.Li , Arisaema omeiense P.C.Kao ): It thrives at altitudes of 1400 to 3100 meters in the Chinese provinces of northwestern Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Arisaema austroyunnanense H.Li : It occurs from southern Yunnan to northwestern Vietnam .
• Arisaema averyanovii V.D. Nguyen & PCBoyce : It was first described from Vietnam in 2005.
• Arisaema balansae Engl .: It occurs in northern Indochina .
• Arisaema bannaense H.Li : It only thrives in primary forests of the tropical rainforest at altitudes of 700 to 1000 meters only in southern Yunnan.
• Arisaema barbatum Buchet : It occurs in southern Yunnan, Thailand and from Java to Bali .
• Arisaema barnesii C.EC fish. : It occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka .
• Arisaema bathycoleum hand.-Mazz. : It occurs in southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
• Arisaema bockii Engl. (Syn .: Arisaema engleri Pamp. , Arisaema sazensoo var. Henryanum Engl. , Arisaema sazensoo var. Magnidens N.E.Br. , Arisaema sikokianum var. Henryanum (Engl.) H.Li , Arisaema sikokianum var. Magnidens (NEBr .) PCKao , Arisaema sprengerianum Pamp. , Arisaema sprengerianum var. Dentatum Pamp. ): It grows 600 to 1500 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangdong , Guangxi , Guizhou , Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu , Jiangxi and Zhejiang .
• Arisaema bogneri P.C.Boyce & H.Li : It occurs from southeastern Tibet to northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema bonatianum Engl. (Syn .: Arisaema danzhuense H.Li , Arisaema salwinense Hand.-Mazz. , Arisaema smithii K.Krause ): It thrives at altitudes of 2800 and 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of southern Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema bottae Schott : This endemic occurs only in northern Yemen .
• Arisaema brinchangense Y.W.Low, Scherber. & Gusman : It wasfirst describedfrom the Malay Peninsula in 2016.
• Arisaema brucei H.Li, R.Li & J.Murata : This endemic thrives at altitudes of 2500 to 2600 meters only in Gongshan in northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema burmaense P.C.Boyce & H.Li : It occurs in western Yunnan and northern Myanmar .
• Arisaema calcareum H.Li (Syn .: Arisaema jinshajiangense H.Li ): It occurs in southeastern Yunnan.
• Arisaema candidissimum W.W.Sm. : It thrives at altitudes of 2200 to 3300 meters in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Arisaema caudatum Engl .: It occurs in western India.
• Arisaema chauvanminhii Luu, QDNguyen & NLVu:: It was first described from Vietnam in 2011.
  • Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, BQMin & SJZhu : This endemic thrives at altitudes of around 2100 meters only in Emei Shan in Sichuan.
• Arisaema chumponense Gagnep. : It occurs in southern Thailand .
• Arisaema ciliatum H.Li (Syn .: Arisaema linearifolium Gusman & JTYin ): It thrives at altitudes of 2600 to 3600 meters in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema clavatum Buchet : It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 1400 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing , northern Guizhou, western Hubei and Sichuan.
• Arisaema claviforme Brugg., J.Ponert, Rybková & Vuong : It was first described from Vietnam in 2013.
• Arisaema concinnum Schott ( Arisaema affine Schott , Arisaema alienatum Schott , Arisaema siangense Gusman ): It occurs from the Himalayas via Tibet to northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema condaoense V.D. Nguyen : It occurs in southern Vietnam.
• Chinese fire piston ( Arisaema consanguineum Schott , Syn .: Arisaema chuanxiense Z.Y.Zhu, BQMin & SJZhu ): It occurs in two subspecies from the Himalayas to China, Indochina and Taiwan.
• Arisaema constrictum E. Barnes : It occurs only in Sri Lanka .
• Arisaema cordatum N.E.Br. (Syn .: Arisaema brevistipitatum Merrill ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi.
• Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. : It occurs in Nepal and in southern Tibet (only Dinggyê, Nyalam).
• Arisaema cucullatum M.Hotta : This endemic occurs only on Honshu .
• Arisaema dahaiense H.Li : It occurs in Yunnan and northern Myanmar.
• Arisaema decipiens Schott (Syn .: Arisaema rhizomatum C.ECFisch. , Arisaema guixiense S.Y.Liu , Arisaema yanxianum Z.Y.Zhu & BQMin ): It occurs from Assam to southern China and northern Indochina.
• Dragon Fire Flask ( Arisaema dracontium (L.) Schott ): It thrives at altitudes of 30 to 1200 meters and is found in North America in the Canadian provinces of southern Ontario and southern Québec and in the eastern to central US states of Connecticut , Indiana , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Jersey , New York, Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , West Virginia , Illinois , Iowa , Eastern Kansas , Southeast Minnesota , Missouri, Eastern Nebraska , Oklahoma , Wisconsin , Alabama , Arkansas , Delaware , District of Columbia, Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maryland , Mississippi, North Carolina , South Carolina , Tennessee , Virginia as well as Texas and eastern Mexico are widespread.
• Arisaema echinatum (Wall.) Schott : It occurs from Nepal to northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema echinoides H.Li : It occurs in northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema ehimense J.Murata & J.Ohno : It occurs in Shikoku .
• Arisaema elephas Buchet : It is common in Bhutan, Myanmar, Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, Gansu, Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Arisaema enneaphyllum Hochst. ex A.Rich. : It occurs in Yemen and from Ethiopia to Uganda .
• Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott (Syn .: arisaema alienatum var. Formosanum Hayata , Arisaema biradiatifoliatum Kitamura , Arisaema brevipes Engl. , Arisaema consanguineum Schott , Arisaema consanguineum subsp. Kelung-insular (Hayata) Gusman , Arisaema erubescens var. Consanguineum (Schott ) Engl. , Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata , Arisaema formosanum var. bicolorifolium T.C.Huang , Arisaema fraternum Schott , Arisaema hypoglaucum Craib , Arisaema Kelung-insular Hayata , Arisaema kerrii Craib , Arisaema kerrii Gagnepain , Arisaema linearifolium J.T.Yin & Gusman , Arisaema oblanceolatum Kitamura , Arisaema tatarinowii Schott , Arisaema undulatum K. Krause , Arisaema vituperatum Schott. ) It is widespread from northeast India, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, Laos, northern Thailand, Vietnam and Taiwan to China.
• Arisaema exappendiculatum H.Hara : It occurs from Nepal to Tibet.
• Arisaema fargesii Buchet : It thrives in forests, in thickets and between rocks at altitudes of 900 to 2000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, southern Gansu, western Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, western Yunnan and eastern Tibet.
• Arisaema filiforme (Reinw.) Blume : It occurs in western Malesia .
• Arisaema fimbriatum mast. : It occurs in two subspecies in southwest Phuket in Pulau Langkawi and Perlis .
• Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott : It occurs in two subspecies from northeastern tropical Africa and the Arabian Peninsula to China.
• Arisaema formosanum (Hayata) Hayata : It is only found in Taiwan .
• Arisaema franchetianum Engl .: It is common in northern Myanmar and in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hunan, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Arisaema fraternum Schott : This endemic occurs only in Assam .
• Arisaema galeatum N.E.Br. : It occurs from Sikkim to northern Myanmar.
• Arisaema garrettii Gagnep. : It occurs only in northern Thailand .
• Arisaema ghaticum (Sardesai, SPGaikwad & SRYadav) Punekar & Kumaran : It occurs in India.
• Arisaema grapsospadix Hayata : It occurs in Fujian and in southern Taiwan.
• Yellow Fire Flask ( Arisaema griffithii Schott ): It occurs from Nepal to the Darjiling district and in Tibet.
• Arisaema guangxiense G.W.Hu & H.Li : The species first described in 2012 occurs in southwestern Guangxi.
• Arisaema hainanense C.Y.Wu ex H.Li, Y.Shiao & S.Tseng : It only occurs on Hainan .
• Arisaema handelii Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. : It occurs from southeastern Tibet to northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema heterocephalum Koidz. : This endemic occurs only on the Nansei Islands .
• Arisaema heterophyllum Blume (Syn .: arisaema ambiguum Engl. , Arisaema brachyspathum Hayata , Arisaema kwangtungense Merrill , Arisaema limprichtii K.Krause , Arisaema manshuricum Nakai , Arisaema multisectum Engl. , Arisaema stenospathum Handel-Mazzetti , Arisaema takeoi Hayata , Arisaema thunbergii var. Heterophyllum (Blume) Engl. ): It is common in Japan, Korea, Taiwan and almost all of China except Tibet.
• Arisaema honbaense Luu, Tich, G.Tran & VDNguyen : It was first described from Vietnam in 2013.
• Arisaema hunanense hand.-Mazz. : It thrives at altitudes of 200 to 800 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing, Guangdong, Hubei, Hunan and eastern Sichuan.
• Arisaema ilanense J.C.Wang : This endemic occurs only in northern Taiwan.
• Arisaema inaense (Seriz.) Seriz. ex K.Sasam. & J.Murata : It occurs in Japan.
• Arisaema inclusum (NEBr.) NEBr. ex BDJacks. : It occurs on Sumatra , Java and Flores .
• Arisaema intermedium flower : It occurs from the Himalayas to northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema ishizuchiense Murata : This endemic occurs only on Shikoku .
• Arisaema iyoanum Makino (Syn .: Arisaema akiense Nakai , Arisaema akiense var. Nakaianum Kitag. & Ohba , Arisaema nakaianum (Kitag. & Ohba) M. Hotta , Arisaema iyoanum subsp. Nakaianum (Kitag. & Ohba) H.Ohashi & J. Murata , Arisaema iyoanum var. Nakaianum (Kitag. & Ohba) Kitag. & Ohba , Arisaema iyoanum var. Viridescens Makino ): It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku.
• Arisaema jacquemontii flower : It occurs in southern India and from Afghanistan to western Yunnan.
• Arisaema japonicum flower : It occurs in Korea and Japan.
• Arisaema jethompsonii Thiyagaraj & P.Daniel : It occurs in India.
• Arisaema jingdongense H.Peng & H.Li : It only occurs in western Yunnan.
• Arisaema kawashimae Seriz. : This endemic occurs only on the Nansei Islands .
• Arisaema kerrii Craib : This endemic occurs only in northwestern Thailand.
• Arisaema kishidae Makino ex Nakai : It occurs in Japan.
• Arisaema kiushianum Makino : It occurs in Japan.
• Arisaema kuratae Seriz. : It occurs in Japan.
• Arisaema lackneri Engl .: It occurs from southwestern Yunnan to northern Myanmar.
• Arisaema laminatum flower : It occurs from western Malesia to Palawan .
• Arisaema langbiangense Luu, Nguyen-Phi & HTVan : It was first described from Vietnam in 2016.
• Arisaema leschenaultii flower : It occurs in southern India and Sri Lanka.
• Arisaema lichiangense W.W.Sm. : It occurs in southwest Sichuan and northwest Yunnan.
• Arisaema lidaense J.Murata & SKWu : It occurs from southeastern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
• Arisaema lihengianum J.Murata & SKWu : It occurs from western Guangxi to northern Vietnam.
• Arisaema limbatum Nakai & F.Maek. : It occurs in Japan.
• Arisaema lingyunense H.Li : It only occurs in western Guangxi.
• Arisaema lobatum Engl .: It thrives at altitudes of 600 to 3300 meters in the Chinese provinces of Anhui, Chongqing, Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.
• Arisaema longipedunculatum M.Hotta : It occurs in central and southern Japan.
• Arisaema longitubum Z.X.Ma : It was first described in 2018 from northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema lushuiense G.W.Hu & H.Li : It was first described in 2012 from northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema macrospathum Benth. : It is common in the Mexican states of Nuevo León , San Luis Potosi , Michoacán , Morelos and México .
• Arisaema madhuanum Nampy & Manudev : It wasfirst describedin 2014 from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu .
• Arisaema maekawae J.Murata & S.Kakish. : This endemic occurs only on the island of Honshu.
• Arisaema mairei H.Lév. : It occurs in southern Sichuan and northern Yunnan.
• Arisaema maximowiczii (Engl.) Nakai : This endemic occurs only on the island of Kyushu .
• Arisaema maxwellii Hett. & Gusman : It occurs in Thailand.
• Arisaema mayebarae Nakai : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Kyushu .
• Arisaema meleagris Buchet : It thrives in laurel forests and in the bamboo thicket at altitudes of 2000 to 3000 meters in the Chinese provinces of Chongqing (only in Chengkou ), Sichuan and Yunnan (in Dali , Zhenxiong ).
• Arisaema menglaense Y.H.Ji, H.Li & ZFXu : It was first described in 2004 and occurs from southern Yunnan to northern Indochina.
• Arisaema microspadix Engl .: It occurs from Java to Timor .
• Arisaema mildbraedii Engl .: It occurs in central and eastern tropical Africa.
• Arisaema minamitanii Seriz. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Kyushu .
• Arisaema minus (Seriz.) J.Murata : This endemic occurs only in western Honshu.
• Arisaema monophyllum Nakai : This endemic occurs only in central Honshu.
• Arisaema mooneyanum M.G. Gilbert & Mayo : It occurs in Ethiopia.
• Arisaema muratae Gusman & JTYin : This endemic thrives in laurel forests at altitudes of 1200 to 2400 meters only in Yingjiang in Yunnan.
• Arisaema muricaudatum Sivad. : This endemic occurs only in the Indian state of Kerala .
• Arisaema murrayi (J. Graham) Hook. : It occurs in three varieties in western India.
• Arisaema nagiense Tom.Kobay., K.Sasam. & J.Murata : This endemic is only found on Honshu.
• Arisaema nambae Kitam. : This endemic occurs only on Honshu.
• Arisaema nangtciangense Pampanini : It thrives in humid locations in Hubei; little is known about them.
• Arisaema negishii Makino : It occurs in Japan and in southern Korea.
• Arisaema nepenthoides (Wall.) Mart. : It is common in Darjeeling , Sikkim , Bhutan, Nepal, northern Myanmar, southern Tibet and Yunnan.
• Arisaema nikoense Nakai : The four subspecies only occur on Honshu.
• Arisaema nilamburense Sivad. : This endemic occurs only in the Indian state of Kerala .
• Arisaema nonghinense Klinrat. & Yannawat : It was first described from Thailand in 2014.
• Arisaema odoratum J.Murata & SKWu : This endemic thrives on moist grass slopes at forest edges at altitudes of around 1400 meters only in Dayao in north-central Yunnan.
• Arisaema ogatae Koidz. : This endemic occurs only on Kyushu .
• Arisaema omkoiense Gusman : It occurs only in northern Thailand.
• Arisaema ornatum Miq. : This endemic occurs only in western Sumatra .
• Arisaema ovale Nakai : It occurs in three varieties on the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō , Honshu and northern Kyushu.
• Arisaema pachystachyum Hett. & Gusman : It occurs in northeastern and eastern Thailand.
• Arisaema pallidum Engl .: It occurs on Sumatra.
• Arisaema parisifolium J.Murata : It occurs in Indochina.
• Arisaema parvum N.E.Br. ex Hemsl. : It occurs from southeastern Tibet to China.
• Arisaema pattaniense Gagnep. : It occurs in Thailand.
• Arisaema peerumedense J.Mathew :First described in2017 from the Indian state of Kerala .
• Arisaema penicillatum N.E.Br. : It occurs from southern China to southern Taiwan.
• Arisaema peninsulae Nakai (Syn .: Arisaema angustatum var. Peninsulae (Nakai) Nakai ): It is common in Japan, Korea and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang, Henan and Jilin.
• Arisaema petelotii K.Krause : It occurs from southeastern Yunnan to northern Indochina.
• Arisaema petiolulatum Hook. f. : It occurs from India to China.
• Arisaema pianmaense H.Li : It occurs from western Yunnan to northern Myanmar.
• Arisaema pingbianense H.Li : It occurs from southeastern Yunnan to northern Vietnam.
• Arisaema polyphyllum (Blanco) Merr. : It occurs on Celebes and the Philippines .
• Arisaema prazeri Hook. f. : It occurs from southwestern Yunnan to northern Myanmar.
• Arisaema propinquum Schott : It occurs from Pakistan to the Himalayas.
• Arisaema psittacus E. Barnes : It occurs in southern India.
• Arisaema quinatum (Nutt.) Schott : It occurs in the southeastern United States.
• Arisaema quinquelobatum H.Li & J.Murata : It occurs in northern Yunnan.
• Arisaema ramulosum Alderw. : It occurs from Java to Timor .
• Japanese fire flask ( Arisaema ringens (Thunb.) Schott ): It occurs in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang.
• Arisaema rostratum V.D. Nguyen & PCBoyce : It occurs in Vietnam.
• Arisaema roxburghii Kunth : It occurs from Assam to Malaysia.
• Arisaema rubrirhizomatum H.Li & J.Murata : It occurs in Yunnan.
• Arisaema ruwenzoricum N.E.Br. : It occurs from southwest Uganda to Burundi .
• Arisaema sachalinense (Miyabe & Kudô) J.Murata : It occurs from southern Sakhalin to northern Hokkaido .
• Arisaema saddlepeakense P.SNRao & SKSrivast. : It occurs on the Andaman Islands .
• Arisaema sarracenioides E. Barnes & CEC fish. : This endemic occurs only in southern Kerala.
• Arisaema saxatile Buchet : It occurs in southwest Sichuan and in northern Yunnan.
• Arisaema sazensoo (flower) Makino : It occurs in Kyushu and Yakushima .
• Arisaema schimperianum Schott : It occurs from Ethiopia to the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
• Arisaema scortechinii Hook. f. : It occurs on the Malay Peninsula.
• Arisaema seppikoense Kitam. : This endemic occurs only on Honshu.
• Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott (Syn .: arisaema amplissimum flower , Arisaema angus tatum Franch. & Sav. , Arisaema angustifoliatum (Miq.) Nakai , Arisaema boreal Nakai , Arisaema capitellatum Nakai , Arisaema convolutum Nakai , Arisaema hakonecola Nakai , Arisaema hatizyoense Nakai , Arisaema japonicum flower , Arisaema koidzumianum Kitam. , Arisaema koshikiense Nakai , Arisaema latisectum flower , Arisaema longilaminum Nakai , Arisaema niveum Nakai , Arisaema planilaminum J.Murata , Arisaema proliferum Nakai , Arisaema pseudojaponicum Nakai , Arisaema serratum var. atropurpureum Engl. , Arisaema serratum var. blumei (Makino) Engl. , Arisaema serratum var. ionochlamys Nakai , Arisaema serratum var. japonicum (flower) Y.Yabe , Arisaema serratum var. latisectum Miq. , Arisaema serratum (Thunb.) Schott var. serratum , Arisaema serratum var . viridescens Nakai , Arisaema sinanoense Nakai , Arisaema solenochlamys Nakai ex F.Maek. , Arisaema speirophyllum Nakai , Arisaema takedae Makino , Aris aema takesimense Nakai , Arisaema yakushimense Nakai ): It occurs in four varieties from Korea to Russia's Far East and from the southern Kuril Islands to Japan.
• Arisaema setosum A.Sudh.Rao & DMVerma : This endemic occurs only in Arunachal Pradesh, India .
• Arisaema siamicum Gagnep. : It occurs in Thailand and in southeastern Vietnam.
• Arisaema sikokianum Franch. & Sav. : It occurs only on the Japanese islands of Honshu and Shikoku.
• Arisaema silvestrii Pamp. : It occurs in central and southern China.
• Arisaema sinii K. Krause : It occurs in southern China.
• Arisaema sizemoreae Hett. & Gusman : It occurs in northern Thailand.
• Arisaema smitinandii S.Y.Hu (Syn .: Arisaema tsangpoense J.T. Yin & Gusman ): It occurs from southeastern Tibet to Thailand.
• Arisaema somalense M.G. Gilbert & Mayo : This endemic occurs only in northeastern Somalia .
• Arisaema souliei Buchet : It occurs in Sichuan and Chongqing.
• Magnificent flask of fire ( Arisaema speciosum (Wall.) Mart. , Syn .: Arisaema eminens Schott , Arisaema speciosum var. Eminens (Schott) Engl. ): It is distributed in three varieties from northeast India via Bhutan and Nepal to southern Tibet.
• Arisaema sukotaiense Gagnep. : It occurs from southern Yunnan to eastern and northern Thailand.
• Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata : It was first described with two varieties in 1985:
  • Arisaema taiwanense var. Brevipedunculatum J.Murata : This endemic species only occurs in eastern and southern Taiwan.
  • Arisaema taiwanense J.Murata var. Taiwanense : It occurs only in Taiwan.
• Arisaema tashiroi Kitam. : This endemic occurs only on the Japanese island of Kyushu.
• Arisaema tengtsungense H.Li : It occurs only in western Yunnan and neighboring northeastern Myanmar.
• Arisaema ternatipartitum Makino : It occurs in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
• Arisaema thunbergii flower : There have been three subspecies since 1996:
  • Arisaema thunbergii subsp. autumnale J.C.Wang, J.Murata & H.Ohashi : It was first described in 1996 from northern and eastern Taiwan.
  • Arisaema thunbergii flower subsp. thunbergii : It occurs in southern Korea and on the Japanese islands of western Honshu , Kyushu and Shikoku .
  • Arisaema thunbergii subsp. urashima (H.Hara) H.Ohashi & J.Murata : It occurs in southern Korea and on the Japanese islands of southern Hokkaidō , Honshu, northern Kyushu, eastern Shikoku.
• Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott : There have been two subspecies and one variety since 2009:
  • Arisaema tortuosum var. Neglectum (Schott) fish. : It occurs in Sri Lanka as well as in southern India.
  • Arisaema tortuosum subsp. sivadasanii (SRYadav, KSPatil & Janarth.) Punekar & Kumaran (Syn .: Arisaema sivadasanii S.R. Yadav , KSPatil & Janarth. ): This endemic occurs only in the Indian northwestern ghats .
  • Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott subsp. tortuosum : It is distributed from the Indian subcontinent to the Chinese provinces of western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan.
• Arisaema tosaense Makino : It occurs in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu.
• Arisaema translucens C.EC fish. : It occurs in India.
• Three-leaved flask ( Arisaema triphyllum (L.) Schott ): It is widespread in North America.
• Arisaema tuberculatum C.EC fish. : It occurs in India.
• Arisaema ulugurense M.G. Gilbert & Mayo : It occurs in Tanzania .
• Arisaema umbrinum Ridl. : It occurs in Borneo .
• Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai : There have been two subspecies since 2003:
  • Arisaema undulatifolium Nakai subsp. undulatifolium : This endemic occurs only on the Izu peninsula on Honshu.
  • Arisaema undulatifolium subsp. uwajimense Tom.Kobay. & J.Murata : It was first described in 2003. This endemic occurs only in western Shikoku .
• Arisaema utile hook. f. ex Schott : It occurs from the temperate Himalayas (northern India, Kashmir , Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, Sikkim ) via Tibet and Myanmar to Yunnan.
• Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi : It occurs from northeastern Nepal to southern Tibet.
• Arisaema victoriae V.D. Nguyen : It only thrives in the tropical Karst in Du'an in Guangxi and in northeastern Vietnam.
• Arisaema wangmoense M.T.An, HHZhang & Q.Lin : It was first described in 2011. This endemic thrives on limestone cliffs at altitudes of around 1100 meters only in Wangmo in Guizhou.
• Arisaema wardii C. Marquand & Airy Shaw : It thrives in coniferous forests and in grassy locations at altitudes of 2,400 to 4,200 meters in southern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces to the east of Qinghai, southern Shanxi and western Yunnan.
• Arisaema wattii Hook. f. (Syn .: Arisaema biauriculatum W.W.Smith , Arisaema pangii H.Li ): It occurs in northeastern India in Assam and Manipur and in northeastern Myanmar only on the western slopes of Gaoligong Shan , in southeastern Tibet only in Mêdog and in Yunnan.
• Arisaema wilsonii Engl .: It occurs in Bhutan, in southeastern Tibet and in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Sichuan (only on the Emei Shan ) and in western Yunnan.
• Arisaema wrayi Hemsl. : It occurs in Borneo and from Thailand to Malaysia.
• Arisaema xuanweiense H.Li : This endemic thrives at altitudes of around 2200 meters only in Xuanwei in northeastern Yunnan.
• Arisaema yamatense (Nakai) Nakai : The two subspecies occur only on Honshu.
• Arisaema yunnanense Buchet (Syn .: Arisaema talense Engl. ): It occurs in northern Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam and in the Chinese provinces of Guizhou, Sichuan and Yunnan.
• Arisaema zhui H.Li : This endemic thrives at altitudes of around 4000 meters only in Dêqên : Meili Xueshan in northwestern Yunnan.

use

Some species are grown. Their leaves and subterranean plant parts can be eaten cooked. Eating these parts of the plant can be problematic due to calcium oxalate crystals. The drug of some species is also used medicinally. Several species are occasionally used as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens.

swell

• Information about Arisaema and its species at aroid.org. (English)
• Heng Li, Guanghua Zhu, Jin Murata: Arisaemam p. 43 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010. ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 (sections description, distribution and classification)
• Muricauda Small: Arisaema - same text online as printed work ,, In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000. ISBN 0-19-513729-9

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd} Heng Li, Guanghua Zhu, Jin Murata: Arisaemam p. 43 - same text online as printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 23: Acoraceae through Cyperaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2010, ISBN 978-1-930723-99-3 .
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l} Muricauda Small: Arisaema - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 22: Magnoliophyta: Alismatidae, Arecidae, Commelinidae (in part), and Zingiberidae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2000, ISBN 0-19-513729-9 .
3. ^ Arisaema at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed August 14, 2014.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Arisaema in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb} Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Arisaema. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 6, 2019.
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Z. Ma, H. Li: The genus Arisaema (Araceae: Aroideae: Arisaemateae) in China - A taxonomic revision and annotated list of species. In: Aroideana , Volume 40, 2017, pp. 49-134.
7. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
8. ↑ VD Nguyen, TC Vu, HQ Bui: Arisaema lidaense J. Murata & SL Wu (Araceae): a new record for the flora of Vietnam. In: Aroideana , Volume 39, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 20-25.
9. ^ Zheng-Xu Ma: Arisaema longitubum (Araceae), a new species from northwestern Yunnan, China. In: Phytotaxa , Volume 358, Issue 3, 2018, pp. 295–299. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.358.3.7
10. ↑ Entries on Arisaema at Plants For A Future

further reading

• S. Vogel: A survey of the function of the lethal kettle traps of Arisaema (Araceae), with records of pollinationg fungus gnats from Nepal. In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 133, 2000, pp. 61-100.
• G. Gusman, L. Gusman The genus Arisaema: A monograph for botanists and nature lovers. 2003.
• SS Renner et al .: A chloroplast phylogeny of Arisaema (Araceae) illustrates tertiary floristic links between Asia, North America, and East Africa. In: American Journal of Botany , Volume 91, 2004, pp. 881-888.
• J. Murata, H. Nagamasu, H. Ohashi: A nomenclatural review on the infrageneric classifications of Arisaema (Araceae). In: Journal of Japanese Botany , Volume 88, 2013, pp. 36-45.

Web links

Commons : Arisaema  - collection of images, videos and audio files

• Arisaema in the IUCN 2017-3 Red List of Threatened Species . Retrieved on 2018-06-21.
• Arisaema at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Arisaema at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Arisaema at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Links to individual Arisaema species. (English)
• Datasheet at Utrecht Botanic Gardens .

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap