Sun rose

Sun rose
	Bald ordinary Rockrose ( Helianthemum nummularium subsp. Glabrum )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Mallow-like (Malvales)
Family :	Rockrose family (Cistaceae)
Genre :	Sun rose
Scientific name
	Helianthemum
	Mill.

The plant genus of the sun rose ( Helianthemum ) belongs to the cistus family (Cistaceae). The 95 to 175 species, depending on the author, are mainly found in the Mediterranean region.

Origin of the common name

The common German name Sonnenröschen comes from the ability of the flowers to align themselves with the sun. The bright yellow flowers and the preference for sunny places may also have contributed to this.

description

Illustration from Flora Atlantica, sive, Historia plantarum quae in Atlante, agro Tunetano et Algeriensi crescunt , plate 109 of the Apennine sun rose ( Helianthemum apenninum )

Flower diagram of Helianthemum nummularium

Vegetative characteristics

Helianthemum species are mostly evergreen to semi - evergreen subshrubs to shrubs , rarely perennial or annual herbaceous plants .

The leaves are usually opposite, or the topmost alternate. The leaf blades are simple. There are often Stipules present, sometimes they are missing.

Generative characteristics

The flowers are solitary and few to many in terminal zymose , racemose , umbrella-racemose , capitate , or rarely panicle inflorescences together. The flowers are mostly stalked, rarely sessile.

The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. Of the five sepals, the outer two are linear and about half the size of the inner three, which are unequal and relatively wide. The petals can be shorter to much longer than the sepals. The five free petals are most often yellow to orange-yellow, there are also types in the colors purple, pink, red, scarlet and white. There are usually many stamens , all of which are fertile. The ovary is on top. The slim stylus ends in a relatively large, capitate stigma .

The capsule fruits, which are simple or incompletely divided into three fruit compartments, are triangular and contain many seeds.

Apennine sun rose ( Helianthemum apenninum )

Helianthemum canariense

Gray sun rose ( Helianthemum canum )

Cat's head sun rose ( Helianthemum caput-felis )

Green cloudy ordinary Rockrose ( Helianthemum nummularium subsp. Obscurum )

Lavender-leaved sunflower ( Helianthemum syriacum )

Helianthemum vesicarium

Systematics and botanical history

Taxonomy

The genus Helianthemum was abridged by Philip Miller in The Gardeners Dictionary ... in 1754 . , 4th edition, Volume 2. The botanical genus name Helianthemum is derived from the Greek words helios for "sun" and anthemos for flower . Helianthemum nummularium Mill. Was specified as the lectotype species by Alfred Rehder in Notes on some cultivated trees and shrubs , page 471 in 1949 . Synonyms for Helianthemum Mill. Are Anthelis subg. Horanthes Raf. , Crocanthemum Spach , Halimium sect. Lecheoides (Dunal) Grosser , Halimium sect. Spartioides Grosser , Helianthemum sect. Lecheoides Dunal , Helianthemum subg. Lecheoides (Dunal) Reiche , Heteromeris Spach , Horanthes Raf. , Rhodax Spach , Taeniostema Spach .

Internal system

Helianthemum is the most biodiverse, most widespread and taxonomically most complex genus of the Cistaceae family. For a comprehensive study of all the data were Helianthemum studied species, sequences of the plastid - DNA (ndhF, psbA trnH, trnL-trnF) and the nucleus - ITS region gathered and the results by Aparicio et al. Published in 2017.

Classification of the genus Helianthemum before 2017

By 2017, the 95 Helianthemum species and subspecies will be divided into two sub-genera with ten sections:

Subgenus Helianthemum Mill .: It contains six sections:

Section Argyrolepis Spach : The only species occurs on the Iberian Peninsula and in northern Algeria.

Section Brachypetalum Dunal : The approximately five species occur in Macaronesia and the Mediterranean region.

Section Eriocarpum Dunal : The approximately 24 species occur in Macaronesia and Saharo-Arab and Irano-Turanian regions (perhaps also the Mediterranean region).

Section Helianthemum : The approximately 43 species (with 21 subspecies) occur in Macaronesia, in the Mediterranean area and in the Eurosiberian area.

Section Lavandulaceum G.López : There are about two species in the Mediterranean area.

Section Pseudomacularia Grosser : The four or so species occur in the Irano-Turanian region.

Subgenus Plectolobum Willk. : It contains four sections:

Section Atlanthemum (Raynaud) G.López & al. : The only species occurs in the Mediterranean area.
Section Caput-felis G.López : The only species occurs in the Tyrrhenian area.
Section Macularia Dunal : The roughly two species only occur in the Maritime Alps.
Section Pseudocistus Dunal : The approximately 17 species (with 23 subspecies) occur in the Mediterranean and Eurosiberian areas.

In Aparicio et al. In 2017, there are three clades that do not confirm the previous division into the previous sub-genera and sections; it is proposed that the monophyletic genus Helianthemum should also be reorganized in the previous scope .

Species and their distribution

Depending on the author, there are 95 to 175 Helianthemum species (selection):

Helianthemum aegyptiacum (L.) Mill .: It occurs in southern Europe , North Africa and western Asia .
Alpine Rockrose ( Helianthemum alpestre (Jacq.) DC. , Syn .: Helianthemum oelandicum subsp. Alpestre (Jacq.) Breistr. )
Apennine sun rose ( Helianthemum apenninum (L.) Mill. )
Helianthemum asperum Lag. Ex Dunal : It occurs only in Spain .
Helianthemum canariense (Jacq.) Pers. : It occurs in Morocco and the Canary Islands .
Gray sun rose or gray felted sun rose ( Helianthemum canum (L.) Baumg. )
Cat's head sun rose ( Helianthemum caput-felis Boiss. ): It occurs in Spain, the Balearic Islands , Sardinia , Algeria and Morocco.
Helianthemum cinereum (Cav.) Pers. : It occurs in several subspecies in North Africa, Spain, Italy and Sicily .
Helianthemum confertum Dunal : It occurs in North Africa and the Canary Islands.
Helianthemum crassifolium Pers. : It occurs in Tunisia , Libya and Egypt .
Saffron-yellow sun rose ( Helianthemum croceum (Desf.) Pers. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region.
Helianthemum ellipticum (Desf.) Pers. : It occurs in Tunisia, Libya, Algeria and Morocco.
Helianthemum eriocephalum Pomel : It occurs only in Algeria.
Helianthemum geniorum Maire : It occurs only in Algeria.
Helianthemum getulum Pomel : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya.
Helianthemum hirtum (L.) Mill .: It occurs in Portugal , Spain and France .
Helianthemum hymettium Boiss. & Hero. : It occurs only in Greece and Crete .
Helianthemum kahiricum Delile : It occurs only in Western Asia and North Africa.
Helianthemum ledifolium (L.) Mill .: It occurs in several subspecies in North Africa, on the Canary Islands , in Southern Europe and West to Central Asia .
Helianthemum leptophyllum Dunal : It occurs in Spain, Italy, Sardinia and Morocco.
Moon-spotted sun rose ( Helianthemum lunulatum (All.) DC. ): It occurs only in Italy and France.
Cat's gamander sunflower ( Helianthemum marifolium (L.) Mill. ): It occurs in several subspecies in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands and France.
Helianthemum morisianum Bertol. : This endemic occurs only in Sardinia .
Helianthemum neopiliferum Muñoz Garm. & C.Navarro (Syn .: Helianthemum piliferum Boiss. ): It occurs in Spain and Morocco.
Yellow sun rose or common sun rose ( Helianthemum nummularium (L.) Mill. ): There are about eight subspecies.
Öland sunflower ( Helianthemum oelandicum (L.) DC. ): It occurs in Sweden .
Helianthemum origanifolium (Lam.) Pers. : It occurs in several subspecies in Portugal, Spain, the Balearic Islands , Algeria and Morocco.
Helianthemum pannosum Boiss. : It only occurs in Spain.
Helianthemum papillare Boiss. : It occurs only in Spain, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
Helianthemum pomeridianum Dunal : It occurs in Algeria and Morocco.
Willow-leaf sunflower ( Helianthemum salicifolium (L.) Mill. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean area, in southern Europe, in southern- central Europe , in North Africa and in Western Asia.
Helianthemum sancti-antonii Boiss. : It occurs in Palestine , on the Sinai Peninsula , in Egypt and Libya.
Helianthemum sanguineum (Lag.) Dunal : It occurs in Portugal and Spain, Algeria and Morocco as well as in Greece and Crete and is naturalized in Italy.
Beach sunflower ( Helianthemum stipulatum (Forssk.) C.Chr. )
Lavender-leaved sun rose ( Helianthemum syriacum (Jacq.) Dum.Cours. , Syn .: Helianthemum lavandulifolium Mill. ): It occurs in the Mediterranean region, in North Africa and the Middle East.
Helianthemum vesicarium Boiss. : It occurs in Egypt, on the Sinai Peninsula and in the Middle East.
Helianthemum villosum Pers. : It occurs on Fuerteventura , but its originality there is doubtful.
Soft-haired sun rose ( Helianthemum violaceum (Cav.) Pers. , Syn .: Helianthemum pilosum auct.): It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Spain, Portugal, Italy and France.
Helianthemum viscarium Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Spain, Algeria, Morocco and Israel .
Helianthemum viscidulum Boiss. : It only occurs in Spain.

literature

Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
Peter Schönfelder, Ingrid Schönfelder: The new cosmos of Mediterranean flora. Over 1600 species and 1600 photos (= KosmosNaturführer ). Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-440-10742-3 .
Werner Greuter , HM Burdet, G. Long: Med-Checklist. Volume 1. Geneva and Berlin-Dahlem 1984, ISBN 2-8279-0004-1 .
Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew, Christopher Brickell, Lorin I. Nevling: Cistaceae. In: Flora of China , Volume 13, 2007, ISBN 978-1930723801 : Helianthemum Miller. , P. 70 - online with the same text as the printed work.
Abelardo Aparicio, Sara Martín-Hernanz, Clara Parejo-Farnés, Juan Arroyo, Emine B. Yeşilyurt, Ming-Li Yeşilyurt, Ming-Li Yeşilyurt, Encarnación Rubio, Rafael G. Albaladejo: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Helianthemum (Cistidaceae) and nuclear DNA sequences: Systematic and evolutionary inferences. In: Systematics and Phylogenys , Taxon , Volume 66, Issue 4, August 2017, pp. 868–885. doi : 10.12705 / 664.5 full text PDF.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Yinzheng Wang, Michael G. Gilbert, Brian F. Mathew, Christopher Brickell, Lorin I. Nevling: Cistaceae. In: Flora of China , Volume 13, 2007, ISBN 978-1930723801 : Helianthemum Miller. , P. 70 - online with the same text as the printed work.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q Abelardo Aparicio, Sara Martín-Hernanz, Clara Parejo-Farnés, Juan Arroyo, Emine B. Yeşilyurt, Ming-Li Yeşilyurt, Ming-Li Yeşilyurt, Encarnación Rubio, Rafael G. Albaladejo: Phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Helianthemum (Cistaceae) using plastid and nuclear DNA sequences: Systematic and evolutionary inferences. In: Systematics and Phylogenys , Taxon , Volume 66, Issue 4, August 2017, pp. 868–885. doi : 10.12705 / 664.5 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Helianthemum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
↑ Helianthemum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved June 22, 2017.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af E. von Raab-Straube, 2018: Cistaceae. : Datasheet Hemianthemum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
^ Helianthemum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 21, 2017.

Web links

Commons : Sonnenröschen ( Helianthemum ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

Wiktionary: Sonnenröschen - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Helianthemum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Helianthemum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
The species occurring in Austria with links to profiles.
Thomas Meyer: Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ): data sheet with photos and identification key.
G. López González: Helianthemum , pp. 365-421. In: Flora ibérica: plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. , LXVI. CISTACEAE : PDF.
Helianthemum In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved August 14, 2020.
Datasheet with photos at Botanik im Bild / Flora von Österreich , edited on December 18, 2006 .