Avian root

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Avian root
Avian aviary (Neottia nidus-avis)

Avian aviary ( Neottia nidus-avis )

Systematics
Family : Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily : Epidendroideae
Tribe : Neottieae
Sub tribus : Neottinae
Genre : Nestwurzen ( Neottia )
Type : Avian root
Scientific name
Neottia nidus-avis
( L. ) Rich.

The Neottia ( Neottia nidus-avis ) is a plant from the genus of neottia ( Neottia ) in the family of orchid (Orchidaceae). It is leaf-green and occurs in almost all of Europe. The name goes back to the bird's nest-like shape of the rhizome.

In order to draw attention to the particular endangerment of this species, the bird's nest root was selected by the local orchids working group as the orchid of the year 2002 .

description

The bird's nest root is persistent and 20 to 35 (rarely up to 60) centimeters high. The whole plant is usually yellowish brown, reminding of oak. The basic axis is strong, rolling, horizontal. The creeping rhizome is covered with numerous, thickened fibers, at the ends of which adventitious buds can form, from which above-ground shoots later grow. The roots are numerous, fleshy and intertwined, arranged like nests and without root hairs. The stem is thick, upright, grooved, leather-yellow to light brown, glabrous or more or less glandular above, with four to five attached, sheath-like, lanceolate scale leaves. These can occasionally develop into a real blade. The inflorescence is profuse, often elongated, mostly loose at the base, but the lowest flowers are sometimes distant, dense above. The bracts are linear-lanceolate, pointed, about half as long as the bald or glandular-hairy, stalked ovary , the stalk of which is twisted.

The flowers are medium-sized, upright, smelling of honey, brown, light brown or light gray-brown. The tepals incline almost like a helmet; the outer ones are shaped more or less the same, protruding hemispherically, sometimes toothed somewhat noticeably in front, the inner lateral ones somewhat narrower, somewhat wedge-shaped at the base. The labellum is slightly longer than the other tepals (0.5 to 1.2 centimeters long), hollowed out at the base somewhat like a sack, protruding, split towards the tip into two laterally spreading, almost crescent-shaped, often serrated lobes. There are fine nectar glands at the base of the labellum. The column stands almost at right angles to the labellum, is quite long and shaped like a cylinder. The heart-shaped and two-compartment dust bag is slightly offset to the rear on the column. The four pollen masses it contains are light yellow and powdery and attached to an extremely small, watery, shiny adhesive disc. The fruit capsule is oval, with 6 bulging edges, glabrous or more or less glandular hair.

The flowering period is May to July. Fruit ripening is from August to October.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

The plant lives mykoheterotroph and does not photosynthesize . Their 15–20 µm long plastids are - if they do not serve to store starch - spindle-shaped, only about 1.5 µm wide and partly contain extensive thylakoids .

ecology

The bird's nest root is a so-called full parasite (holoparasite). It is almost free of chlorophyll and its stomata are sparse and have no function. The plant needs about nine years to mature . After flowering, the rhizome often disintegrates from the middle and daughter plants develop from marginal roots, which then reach flowering maturity after a few years. Root hairs are missing, instead the fungus completely supplies the plant with water, nutrients and assimilates; there is therefore a myco- heterotrophy . The outer layers of the root bark have fungal hyphae inside the cell, so it is an endotrophic mycorrhiza of the orchid type; the fungal hyphae are digested in the layers further inside. So the plant is not a saprophyte , but parasitizes on the fungus. Since this also acts as an ectotrophic mycorrhizal fungus in contact with the tree roots, e.g. B. stands from beeches , the organic compounds ultimately come from the trees; one speaks here of epiparasitism .

The pre-male flowers are inconspicuous, honey- scented "lip flowers" of the orchid type. A spur is missing, the nectarium is located in a sack-shaped bulge on the back of the lip. The powdery pollen is not very cohesive. On Rostellum the smear pollinators , especially flies , with the adhesive composition of a given here Leimtropfens by which the pollen adheres to the animals. Self-pollination occurs through pollen falling on the stigma. The plant is also kleistogamous and flowers and then fruit underground or geocarp .

The fruits are capsules that open through longitudinal gaps when dry and act as wind and animal shakers. Dried up fruit stalks often remain for years. The tiny, elongated seeds are granular flyers.

Vegetative propagation occurs through the shoots formed at the ends of the roots.

Occurrence

With the exception of northernmost Scandinavia, the species is native to all of Europe, but radiates far to Russia and the Caucasus to Iran. It is also found in northwest Africa.

Shady, nutritious beech and mixed deciduous forests are preferred as a location. It is a character type of the Carici-Fagetum, but also occurs in other societies of the associations Fagion or Carpinion. In the Alps it rises up to 1500 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part of the Hüttenwald near the Petersberg-Alpe in the Hinterhornbachtal up to 1400 m above sea level. According to Baumann and Künkele , the species has the following altitude limits in the Alpine countries: Germany 20–1440 meters, France 500–1970 meters, Switzerland 390–1720 meters, Liechtenstein 430–1600 meters, Austria 200–1650 meters, Italy 10–1900 meters, Slovenia 170-1440 meters. In Europe, the species rises up to 2200 meters in Albania and up to 2400 meters above sea level in Iran.

In Germany it becomes rarer from the south to the north. In the course of the 20th century the species declined in Germany, mainly due to intensive forest management. Regionally it is endangered here.

Systematics

The species has been known since the pre-Linneian period and was validated by Linnaeus in 1753 as Ophrys nidus-avis . Louis Claude Marie Richard transferred the species to the genus Neottia in 1818 . Genus and species name (the former Greek, the latter Latin) are synonymous and mean in German "(bird) nest root".

The variety var. Manshurica described by Vladimir Komarov in 1901 is no longer recognized today and is instead synonymous with the species Neottia papilligera .

Picture gallery

proof

Footnotes directly after a statement confirm this individual statement, footnotes directly after a punctuation mark the entire preceding sentence. Footnotes after a space refer to the entire preceding text.

  1. a b c d e f g Fritz Kränzlin, Walter Müller: Illustrations of the basic forms of the orchid species occurring in Germany and the neighboring areas. Friedländer, Berlin 1904, plate 43 and 2 pages of text ( digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F15349936~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ%3D~ double-sided%3D~LT%3D~ PUR% 3D ). Reprinted under the title: Native orchids. Edited and commented by Gerd K. Müller. Manuscriptum, Waltrop et al. a. 2001, ISBN 3-933497-69-8 , pp. 42-44 & 12a-13a.
  2. a b c d Karl Suessenguth: Illustrated flora of Central Europe. With special consideration of Greater Germany, Switzerland and the neighboring areas. For use in schools and for self-teaching. Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, revised edition. Volume II: Monocotyledones, Part II. JF Lehmanns, Munich / Berlin 1939, p. 516.
  3. a b c d e Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 , p.  529-530 .
  4. a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .
  5. ^ W. Menke, B. Wolfersdorf: About the plastids of Neottia nidus-avis. In: Planta. Volume 78, No. 2, 1968, pp. 134-143, doi: 10.1007 / BF00406646 .
  6. Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
  7. Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Neottia nidus-avis. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved December 13, 2016.
  8. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 1, IHW, Eching 2001, ISBN 3-930167-50-6 , p. 305.
  9. a b Helmut Baumann , Siegfried Künkele : Orchidaceae . In: Oskar Sebald u. a .: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg. 1st edition Volume 8, page 323. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1998. ISBN 3-8001-3359-8
  10. Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 945 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D945%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  11. ^ Louis Claude Marie Richard: De Orchideis Europaeis Annotationes. In: Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle. Volume 4, 1818, pp. 23-61 (here: p. 59; digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A50067%26volume%3D4%26issue%3D%26spage%3D59%26date%3D1818~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  12. Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 415 (reprint from 1996).
  13. ^ Neottia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Retrieved May 25, 2012.
  14. Xinqi Chen, Stephan W. Gale, Phillip J. Cribb: Neottia. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 25: Orchidaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2009, ISBN 978-1-930723-90-0 , Neottia papilligera , p. 187 (English, online ).

further reading

  • Fritz Füller: Orchids of Central Europe, 7th part. Limodorum, Epipogium, Neottia, Corallorhiza (= Die Neue Brehm-Bücherei. Volume 385). 3rd edition (unchanged reprint of the 2nd edition from 1977). Westarp Sciences, Hohenwarsleben 2002, ISBN 3-89432-491-0 .
  • Manfred A. Fischer, Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .

Web links

Commons : Vogel's Nestwurz ( Neottia nidus-avis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Distribution maps: