Nestwurzen

Nestwurzen
	Bird rootwort ( Neottia nidus-avis ), illustration
Systematics
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Orchids (orchidaceae)
Subfamily :	Epidendroideae
Tribe :	Neottieae
Sub tribus :	Neottinae
Genre :	Nestwurzen
Scientific name
	Neottia
	Good.

The neottia form the plant genus Neottia in the family of orchids (Orchidaceae). As long suspected based on the flower morphology and confirmed by genetic studies in 2003, the genus also includes the species of the earlier genera Listera ( two-leaf ) and Holopogon .

Description and ecology

Neottia convallarioides

Vegetative characteristics

Neottia species are relatively small, perennial herbaceous plants . This rhizome - Geophyten form unbranched, short, thin, horizontal creeping rhizomes. The is either only two opposite or nearly opposite permanent foliage leaves leafy or completely leafless, these species feed on parasites of fungi ( holomykotroph , formerly often Saprophyten called) (the leafy species were formerly the genus Listera and only the non-leafing to the genus Neottia expected ). In addition, there are several lower leaves reduced to leaf sheaths at the base of the stem. The leaves are, if present, sessile in the middle of the stem and are ovate, triangular-ovate to heart-shaped.

Generative characteristics

The mostly relatively small flowers sit in a terminal, racemose inflorescence , in exceptional cases this can be reduced to a single flower. The durable, membranous bracts are shorter than the usually twisted (resupinate) ovary .

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and threefold. The bracts are yellow-brown, purple, reddish or green. The sepals are free, spread out and designed in the same way as one another. The petals are usually a bit smaller and shorter than this. The lip is much longer and at the tip it is outlined to deeply split into two. It has no spur, but there can be a nectar-bearing depression at its base. The stylus column is straight or slightly curved. The anther sits on an extremely short, inconspicuous stamen at the rear edge of a sunken anther compartment (clinandrium). The two pollinia are furrowed lengthways.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Neottia was established in 1750 by Jean Étienne Guettard . The type species is Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. , Basionym Ophrys nidus-avis L. . Since the genus name Neottia was published earlier as Listera (1813 by Robert Brown in WTAiton ), this name was used when both genera were merged, although the earlier genus Neottia is nested in the earlier genus Listera , which also includes significantly more species. The working group led by the British botanist Richard M. Bateman considered establishing the generic name Listera , but it was rejected because Dariusz L. Szlachetko had already united the genera under Neottia 12 years earlier on the basis of purely morphological arguments . Both genera had previously been combined as the subtribe Listerinae . As early as 1990, Robert R. Dressler had established that both could also be treated as saprophytic and autotrophic forms of a single genus, but had hesitated before formal synonymization.

Neottia forms with the genera Aphyllorchis , Cephalanthera , Epipactis , Limodorum and Palmorchis the tribe Neottieae within the subfamily Epidendroideae (the monotypical East Asian genus Thaia with the only species Thaia saprophytica Seidenf., Which was not found to belong in later analyzes Includes 200 species. The Neottieae are a basal branch of the subfamily, the species of which have numerous plesiomorphic features. Within the Neottieae , mixotrophic species, which receive nutrients from fungi through photosynthesis, are widespread, and "saprophytic" (mycotrophic, also mykotrophic or holomycotrophic) species have developed from these convergent multiple times, which completely abandoned autotrophic nutrition via green leaves to have.

According to the genetic data, the genus Neottia (including Listera and Holopogon ) forms a clearly delimited monophyletic clade that is clearly supported by the data . The mycotrophic species of the former genus Neottia s. st. (and Holopogon ) presumably form a monophyletic subclade nested in the earlier genus Listera .

Little two-leaf ( Neottia cordata )

Neottia nipponica

Neottia smallii

There are around 60 species of Neottia , 14 of which are mycotrophs without leaf green. Here is a selection:

Neottia acuminata Schltr. (Syn .: Neottia asiatica Ohwi ): It iswidespreadfrom the Himalayas to temperate East Asia.
Neottia alternifolia (King & Pantl.) Szlach. (Syn .: Listera alternifolia King & Pantl. ): It occurs from Sikkim to Yunnan .
Neottia camtschatea (L.) Rchb. f. : It occurs from Siberia to northern China.
Neottia convallarioides (Sw.) Rich. : It occurs from the Commander Islands to Canada and the western and northeastern United States.
Small two-leaf ( Neottia cordata (L.) Rich. , Syn .: Listera cordata (L.) R.Br. ): It thrives in the subarctic to temperate areas of the northern hemisphere .
Neottia gaudissartii Hand .-- Mazz. : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Shanxi , Henan and Liaoning .
Neottia inayatii (Duthie) Schltr. : It occurs from Pakistan to the western Himalayas.
Neottia kiusiana T.Hashim. & S.Hatus. (Syn .: Neottia hypocastanoptica Y.N.Lee ): It occurs in Japan and Korea.
Neottia listeroides Lindl. : It occurs from Pakistan to China.
Neottia mackinnonii Deva & HBNaithani : It occurs in the western Himalayas.
Neottia megalochila S.C.Chen : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
Neottia microglottis (Duthie) Schltr. : It occurs in the western and central Himalayas.
Bird's nest root ( Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich. ): It occurs from Europe to Iran and in northwest Africa.
Neottia nipponica (Makino) Szlach. (Syn .: Listera nipponica Makino ): It occurs in Russia's Far East, in Korea and Japan.
Large two-leaf ( Neottia ovata (L.) Bluff & Fingerh. , Syn .: Listera ovata (L.) R.Br. ): It occurs from Europe to the Himalayas.
Neottia pantlingii (WWSm.) Tang & FTWang : It occurs in the eastern Himalayas.
Neottia papilligera Schltr. : It occurs from Siberia to Japan.
Neottia smallii (Wiegand) Szlach. : This endemic occurs only in the Appalachians .
Neottia smithiana Schltr. (Syn .: Neottia kungii Tang & FTWang ): It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi .
Neottia tenii Schltr. : It only occurs in northern Yunnan.
Neottia ussuriensis (Kom. & Nevski) Soó : This endemic occurs only in the southern part of the Primorye region .

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Individual evidence

^ ^A ^b Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen: Genera Orchidacearum. Volume 4: Epidendroideae (Part 1). Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780198507123 . 389. Genus Neottia , pp. 508-512.
^ Richard M. Bateman: Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximizing explicit evidence and minimizing authoritarian speculation. In: Journal Europäische Orchideen , Volume 41, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 243-318.
^ Robert R. Dressler: The Neottieae in Orchid Classification. In: Lindleyana , Volume 5, Issue 2, 1990, pp. 102-109.
↑ Xiao-Guo Xiang, De-Zhu Li, Wei-Tao Jin, Hai-Lang Zhou, Jian-Wu Li, Xiao-Hua Jin: Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic orchid genera Thaia and Tangtsinia: Evidence from molecular and morphological characters. In: Taxon , Volume 61, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45–54.
↑ M. Roy, C. Gonneau, A. Rocheteau, D. Berveiller, J.-C. Thomas, C. Damesin, M.-A. Selosse: Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ. In: Ecological Monographs , Volume 83, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 95–117. doi: 10.1890 / 11-2120.1 (open access)
↑ Ting Zhou, Xiao-Hua Jin: Molecular systematics and the evolution of mycoheterotrophy of tribe Neottieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 94, 2018, pp. 39-49. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.94.21346
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Neottia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 10, 2020.

Web links

Commons : Nestwurzen ( Neottia ) - album with pictures, videos and audio files

[GeneraOrchidacearum2005-1] A ^b Alec M. Pridgeon, Phillip Cribb, Mark W. Chase, Finn N. Rasmussen: Genera Orchidacearum. Volume 4: Epidendroideae (Part 1). Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 9780198507123 . 389. Genus Neottia , pp. 508-512.

[Bateman2009-2] Richard M. Bateman: Evolutionary classification of European orchids: the crucial importance of maximizing explicit evidence and minimizing authoritarian speculation. In: Journal Europäische Orchideen , Volume 41, Issue 2, 2009, pp. 243-318.

[Dressler1990-3] Robert R. Dressler: The Neottieae in Orchid Classification. In: Lindleyana , Volume 5, Issue 2, 1990, pp. 102-109.

[Xiang2012-4] Xiao-Guo Xiang, De-Zhu Li, Wei-Tao Jin, Hai-Lang Zhou, Jian-Wu Li, Xiao-Hua Jin: Phylogenetic placement of the enigmatic orchid genera Thaia and Tangtsinia: Evidence from molecular and morphological characters. In: Taxon , Volume 61, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 45–54.

[Roy2003-5] M. Roy, C. Gonneau, A. Rocheteau, D. Berveiller, J.-C. Thomas, C. Damesin, M.-A. Selosse: Why do mixotrophic plants stay green? A comparison between green and achlorophyllous orchid individuals in situ. In: Ecological Monographs , Volume 83, Issue 1, 2003, pp. 95–117. doi: 10.1890 / 11-2120.1 (open access)

[Zhou2018-6] Ting Zhou, Xiao-Hua Jin: Molecular systematics and the evolution of mycoheterotrophy of tribe Neottieae (Orchidaceae, Epidendroideae). In: PhytoKeys , Volume 94, 2018, pp. 39-49. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.94.21346

[WCSP-7] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1-71827. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Neottia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved May 10, 2020.