Dead nettles
Dead nettles | ||||||||||||
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Spotted dead nettle ( Lamium maculatum ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Lamium | ||||||||||||
L. |
The dead nettles ( Lamium ) are a genus of plants in the mint family (Lamiaceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The dead nettle species are annual to perennial herbaceous plants . The above-ground parts of the plant are covered with conical hairs and small, sessile glands. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blades have a network nerve and are hairy. The leaf margin is blunt-notched to roughly-serrated.
Generative characteristics
Five to 15 almost sessile flowers stand together in pseudo whorls with short bracts . The phantom whorls are more or less far apart. The bracts of the half whorls are like leaves .
The mostly hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The chalice is tubular to bell-shaped, five-nerved and five-toothed. The calyx teeth are approximately equally long and sub-sub. The color of the corolla is yellow, white, pink to purple. The crown is zygomorphic, bulging at the front and clearly two-lipped. The upper lip is helmet-shaped, arched and usually with entire margins, rarely with margins or with two columns. The outside is mostly hairy. The lower lip consists of a large, truncated to two-lobed central lobe and two lateral, smaller, tooth-shaped or absent side lobes. There are two shorter and two longer stamens, all of which are fertile. They are arranged in parallel and do not extend beyond the upper lip.
The partial fruits ( Klausen ) are sharp, triangular, trimmed at the top and have an elaiosome at the base .
ecology
Lamium taxa thrive as therophytes or hemicryptophytes .
From an ecological point of view, they are lip flowers or bumblebees. Pollination is done by bumblebees and other apoids pollinated. In addition to the normal hermaphrodite flowers, there are also all-female or cleistogamous flowers. In most species, the nectar is protected by a ring of hair inside the crown. The stylus is longer than the stamens, this promotes cross-pollination .
The spread of part fruits is done by ants ( myrmecochory ).
Systematics, botanical history and distribution
The genus Lamium was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné . Synonyms for Lamium L. are depending on the view of the extent of this genus: Orvala L. , Lamiella Fourr. , Lamiopsis Opiz , Pollichia Closet , Psilopsis Neck. , Wiedemannia fish. & CAMey. , Galeobdolon Adans. , Lamiastrum Heist. ex Fabr.
The genus Lamium belongs to the tribe Lamieae in the subfamily Lamioideae within the family Lamiaceae . The genus Lamium was subdivided into sub-genera according to morphological features, but according to molecular genitic studies these are not natural kin groups.
The genus Lamium includes 25 to 30 species, depending on the author:
- White dead nettle ( Lamium album L. ): There are three subspecies. They are widespread from Europe to Southwest Asia and Central Asia , India to China , Japan and North America .
- Stem-embracing dead nettle ( Lamium amplexicaule L. ): The two subspecies are widespread from Europe to Southwest Asia and Central Asia to China and Japan.
- Lamium bakhtiaricum Jamzad : It wasfirst describedfrom Iran in 2012.
- Lamium bifidum Cirillo : The three subspecies are distributed in the Mediterranean area with North Africa.
- Lamium bilgilii Celep : It was first described from southwestern Turkey in 2017.
- Lamium caucasicum Grossh. : The homeland is the Caucasus .
- Middle dead nettle ( Lamium confertum Fr. , Syn .: Lamium intermedium Fr. ): The home is northern and northeastern Europe .
- Lamium corsicum Gren. & Godron : It only occurs in Corsica and Sardinia . Some authors place them in the rank of a subspecies subsp. corsicum (Gren. & Godr.) Mennema to Lamium garganicum .
- Lamium coutinhoi J.G. García : It occurs only in Portugal .
- Lamium cyrneum Paradis : It wasfirst describedfrom Corsica in 2012.
- Lamium demirizii A.P. Khokhr. : This endemic only occurs in southwestern Turkey .
- Lamium eriocephalum Benth. : This endemic occurs only in southern Turkey.
- Lamium flexuosum Ten. : The two subspecies since 2009 are distributed in the western Mediterranean including North Africa.
- Lamium galactophyllum Boiss. & Reut. : This endemic occurs only in northeastern Turkey.
- Lamium garganicum L .: The four subspecies are distributed from the Mediterranean to Iran.
- Lamium gevorense (Gómez Hern.) Gómez Hern. & A.Pujadas (Syn .: Lamium bifidum subsp. Gevorense Gómez Hern. ): Although it was first described in 1977, it was only recognized as a new species in 2005 and occurs in the western part of the Iberian Peninsula in Portugal as well as Spain and Corsica .
- Lamium glaberrimum (K.Koch) Taliev : It is endemic to western Crimea .
- Bastard dead-nettle ( Lamium hybridum Vill. ), Is also known as the variety Lamium purpureum var. Hybridum (Vill.) Vill. posed to Lamium purpureum : The range extends from Macaronesia and the western and central Mediterranean region to Switzerland.
- Lamium macrodon Boiss. & A.Huet : The distribution area extends from eastern Turkey to northwestern Iran.
- Spotted dead nettle ( Lamium maculatum L. ): The range extends from Europe to the Chinese provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang .
- Lamium moschatum Mill .: The two subspecies are common in the eastern Mediterranean.
- Lamium multifidum L .: The distribution area extends from eastern Turkey to Transcaucasia .
- Lamium orientale (Fisch. & CAMey.) EHLKrause : The distribution area extends from Turkey to Israel .
- Giant dead nettle or nettle king ( Lamium orvala L. ): The range extends from northern Italy to Hungary .
- Lamium persepolitanum (Boiss.) Jamzad (Syn .: Stachys persepolitana Boiss. ): This new combination took place in 2012. It occurs only from western to southwestern Iran.
- Purple dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum L. , Syn .: Lamium moluccellifolium (Schumach.) Fr. ): The five varieties are widespread in Eurasia . Three varieties are neophytes almost worldwide .
- Lamium taiwanense S.S.Ying : It is only found in Taiwan .
- Lamium tomentosum Willd. : The distribution area extends from Turkey to northern Iran.
- Lamium tschorochense A.P. Khokhr . : The home is Turkey.
- Lamium vreemanii A.P. Khokhr. : The home is Turkey.
The golden nettles with around ten species (or small species) are classified as a separate genus Galeobdolon or Lamiastrum or as a subgenus of Lamium ( Lamium subg. Galeobdolon ) , depending on the processor . According to Bendiksby et al. In 2011, according to molecular genetic studies, these sub-genera are not naturally related. Some authors consider them small species of the subgenus Lamium subg. Galeobdolon are subspecies of Lamium galeobdolon . The other older view is still presented here. In Central Europe this group includes the following types:
- Silver gold nettle ( Lamium argentatum (Smejkal) executioner ex GHLoos , Syn .: Galeobdolon argentatum Smejkal , Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign. ): The home is Western and Central Europe, but it is a crop without natural range. It is considered an invasive neophyte and is on the " black list " in Germany .
- Endtmanns Goldnessel ( Lamium endtmannii G.H.Loos , Syn .: Galeobdolon endtmannii (GHLoos) Holub ), subsp as a synonym to the subspecies. montanum (pers.) Hayek posed.
- Pale yellow gold nettle ( Lamium flavidum F.Herm. , Syn .: Galeobdolon flavidum (F. Herm.) Holub , Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Flavidum (F.Herm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve ): Home is the mountains of Europe.
- Common golden nettle , golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. , Syn .: Galeobdolon luteum Huds. ): The range extends from Europe to the Caucasus.
- Mountain gold nettle ( Lamium montanum (Pers.) Hoffm. Ex Kabath , Syn .: Galeobdolon montanum (Pers.) Rchb. , Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Montanum (Pers.) Hayek ): The range extends from Europe to Iran.
The following nature hybrids of the genus Lamium are known:
- Lamium × holsaticum Prahl = Lamium album × Lamium maculatum : It occurs in Europe from France, Germany, Italy and Switzerland to Poland, Hungary and Romania.
- Lamium × schroeteri Gams = Lamium album × Lamium purpureum : It occurs in France, Switzerland and Hungary.
use
Some dead nettle species are made into tea. The leaves and flowers are harvested from May to September. In naturopathy , dead nettle species are used as a support, for example against asthma diseases or symptoms during menopause.
literature
- Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- Peter William Ball: Lamium L . In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 3: Diapensiaceae to Myoporaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1972, ISBN 0-521-08489-X , pp. 147–148 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- Mika Bendiksby, Anne K. Brysting, Lisbeth Thorbek, Galina Gussarova, Olof Ryding: Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Lamium L. (Lamiaceae): Disentangling origins of presumed allotetraploids. In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 986-1000. doi : 10.1002 / tax.604004
- Mika Bendiksby, Lisbeth Thorbek, A.-C. Scheen, C. Lindqvist, Olof Ryding: An updated phylogeny and classification of Lamiaceae subfamily Lamioideae. In: Taxon , Volume 60, 2011, pp. 471-484.
- Yasaman Salmaki, Mika Bendiksby, Günther Heubl: Molecular phylogeny confirms the placement of enigmatic Stachys persepolitana in Lamium (Lamiaceae; subfam. Lamioideae). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 192, Issue 4, January 15, 2015, pp. 254–266. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.192.4.3 full text PDF.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lamium. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved April 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d Mika Bendiksby, Anne K. Brysting, Lisbeth Thorbek, Galina Gussarova, Olof Ryding: Molecular phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Lamium L. (Lamiaceae): Disentangling origins of presumed allotetraploids. In: Taxon , Volume 60, Issue 4, 2011, pp. 986-1000. doi : 10.1002 / tax.604004
- ^ A b c Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 .
- ↑ a b c Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .
- ↑ a b c d Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamium. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . tape 17 : Verbenaceae through Solanaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , pp. 158 (English). text same online as the printed work.
- ↑ Ferhat Celep: Lamium bilgilii (Lamiaceae), a new species from South-western Turkey (Burdur Muğla). In: Phytotaxa , Volume 312, Issue 2, July 2017, p. 263. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.312.2.9
- ↑ Stefan Nehring et al. (Ed.): Nature conservation invasiveness assessments for alien vascular plants living in the wild in Germany. BfN script 352, 2013, p. 98. (online).
Web links
- Lamium album on Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- Lamium amplexicaule at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- Lamium galeobdolon at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- Lamium purpureum at Plants For A Future . Retrieved April 28, 2020.