Purple dead nettle

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Purple dead nettle
Purple dead nettle (Lamium purpureum)

Purple dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Dead nettles ( Lamium )
Type : Purple dead nettle
Scientific name
Lamium purpureum
L.

The purple dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum ) is a species of the genus dead nettle ( Lamium ) within the mint family (Lamiaceae).

description

illustration
inflorescence
Habitus
Side view of a flower. The corolla tube is straight.
Detail view of a crown. The side lobes of the lower lip are atrophied to form threadlike appendages. The anthers are bearded.

For the variety Lamium purpureum var. Purpureum applies:

Vegetative characteristics

The purple dead nettle is an annual herbaceous plant and reaches heights of 15 to 45 centimeters.

Young leaves are tinted purple, they turn dark green with increasing maturity. The opposite arranged leaves are divided into petiole and leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is 1 to 5 centimeters long and 1 to 3 centimeters wide, ovate or rounded-ovoid, with a notched or notched-sawn edge.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from March to October. The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The calyx is 5 to 7 millimeters long, its teeth are about as long as the tube. The purple-colored corolla is 10 to 23 millimeters long, it has a 7 to 12 millimeter long, straight tube that towers above the calyx. The upper lip is 4 to 6 millimeters long, the lower lip is about 2 millimeters long and inverted heart-shaped. The anthers are hairy.

ecology

The red dead nettle is an archaeophyte and a cultural companion. It is fast-growing and often only takes a few weeks from germination to seed maturity . Therefore 3–4 generations are possible per year. The flowers are homogeneous , nectar-bearing lip flowers; they are pollinated by Apoidea ; the nectar is protected by a hair ring (juice cover); Cross-pollination is promoted by the fact that the stylus protrudes over the stamens ; if this fails, spontaneous self-pollination occurs ; In addition to the chasmogamous flowers, kleistogamous flowers are not uncommon . The species blooms very early in the year, sometimes into winter. The early flowering makes it a very important plant for foraging bumblebee queens.

The partial fruits carry an elaiosome , so spread by ants is also possible.

Locations

For the variety Lamium purpureum var. Purpureum applies:

The purple dead nettle is found widespread in patchy weed communities in fields, gardens and vineyards, also on rubble sites and paths. It thrives best in fresh, nutrient-rich, loose soil . According to Ellenberg , it is a half-light plant, a moderate heat pointer, a freshness pointer, indicating nitrogen-rich locations and an order character of nutrient-rich arable and garden weeds (Polygono-Chenopodietalia).

In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Lechtal at the entrance to the Hochalptal between Schröcken and Warth up to an altitude of 1250 meters.

Systematics

Some authors differentiated the following varieties (as of 2003):

  • Lamium purpureum var. Ehrenbergii (Boiss. & Reut.) Mennema (Syn .: Lamium ehrenbergii Boiss. & Reut. ): It occurs from southwestern Turkey to Lebanon .
  • Lamium purpureum var. Hybridum (Vill.) Vill. (Syn .: Lamium hybridum Vill. ): It occurs in Macaronesia and from the western and central Mediterranean area to Switzerland .
  • Incised dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum var. Incisum (Willd.) Pers .; Syn .: Lamium incisum Willd. ): It occurs in Europe and the Mediterranean region.
  • Lamium purpureum var. Moluccellifolium Schumach. : It occurs from western and northwestern Europe to Switzerland.
  • Lamium purpureum L. var. Purpureum : The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. It is the most widespread variety and is native to Macaronesia , the Mediterranean region and from all of Europe to Siberia . It is a neophyte in North and South America and New Zealand .

Incised dead nettle

The incised dead-nettle ( Lamium purpureum var. Incisum (Willd.) Pers. , Syn. Lamium incisum Willd. ), Also known as slit-leaf or bastard dead-nettle , is a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae) that is widespread in Central Europe .

Description of the incised dead nettle

Incised dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum var. Incisum (Willd.) Pers. )

The incised dead nettle is an annual herbaceous plant that has recently been regarded as a variety of the red dead nettle ( Lamium purpureum ). It used to be seen as an independent species, from which it was assumed that it emerged as a fertile hybrid of the non-Central European Lamium bifidum and the stem-embracing dead nettle ( Lamium amplexicaule ). It differs from the similar middle dead nettle ( Lamium confertum ) among other things by the deeply incised leaves and the clearly stalked uppermost bracts.

The incised dead nettle, which is similar in habit to the red dead nettle, reaches a height of about 10 to 40 cm. The square stem is very branchy from the base. It is sparsely hairy to almost bald and often more or less reddish. The upper leaves are egg-lozenge-shaped, often reddish and stalked clearly. All the leaves are roughly incised, notched to almost pinnate and narrowed into a stalk. They have a length of 1 to 2, sometimes up to 4 cm.

The bright crimson flowers are about 1 cm long and are located in dense, each usually highly approximate apparent churn . The hair ring within the corolla can either be absent or present. The calyx is usually more hairy than in Lamium purpureum var. Purpureum , but weaker than in Lamium amplexicaule .

The cut dead nettle mainly blooms in the months of March to June, but can also bloom again in autumn and into winter.

In contrast to that of the variety Lamium purpureum var. Purpureum, the number of chromosomes is 2n = 36.

Location requirements and distribution of the cut dead nettle

Incised dead nettle

Lamium purpureum var. Incisum grows in moist fields, in gardens, vineyards and along roadsides. It prefers fresh, nutrient-rich and mostly sandy soils.

The variety seems to be scattered throughout most of Europe.

In Germany, the incised dead nettle occurs almost exclusively in northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, North Rhine-Westphalia, Lower Saxony). It is sometimes quite common there. Few finds are also known from Bavaria or Baden-Württemberg. In Austria, the variety is very rarely found in Tyrol and Vorarlberg. In Switzerland it rarely occurs in colline to montane altitudes, especially in the south-western area.

Variability of incised dead nettle

The incised dead nettle is very rich in shape. It used to be treated as a separate species together with the middle dead nettle ( Lamium confertum ), which is an inherited hybrid of Lamium purpureum var. Purpureum and Lamium amplexicaule . Since there are apparently also transitional forms between the incised and the mean deadnettle, an exact assignment is sometimes quite difficult. This must also be taken into account in particular with older distribution information.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Andreas Müller: Wild bee protection - from science to practice . Haupt, Bern 2012, ISBN 978-3-258-07722-2 .
  2. ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 396.
  3. ↑ a b c Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lamium purpureum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved August 21, 2015.
  4. ↑ a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 .

Web links

Commons : Purple Dead Nettle ( Lamium purpureum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files