Common golden nettle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Common golden nettle
Golden nettle (Lamium galeobdolon)

Golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Dead nettles ( Lamium )
Type : Common golden nettle
Scientific name
Lamium galeobdolon
( L. ) L.

The Ordinary Goldnessel ( Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. , Syn. : Galeobdolon luteum . Huds ), also gold Taubnessel called, is a species of the genus of deadnettle ( Lamium ) within the family of the Lamiaceae (Labiatae). It is widespread in temperate Eurasia .

description

illustration
Golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon ) Zygomorphic flower with a green calyx , a yellow, hairy crown and four stamens

Vegetative characteristics

The common golden nettle is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 15 to 45 centimeters. With runners creeping up to 100 centimeters , it often forms extensive stands. The square stem is hairy at its base mainly on the edges.

The cross-opposite leaves on the stem are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The simple leaf blade is weakly heart-shaped to rounded, broadly ovate to lanceolate and with nettle-like notches on the edge or roughly irregularly serrate. On the upper side of the leaf there is often a whitish or silver ornament (not in the pure species, it is a feral selection form). This staining occurs when the skin of the leaf lifts up from the leaf tissue; an air layer is created on which the light is totally reflected.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from April to July. Usually four to eight (two to nine) flowers are arranged in two to five pseudo whorls. The upper bracts are rounded to roughly ovate and bluntly serrated.

The hermaphrodite flowers are zygomorphic and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The bell-shaped, tubular calyx is preserved until the fruiting season and then at most up to 12 (rarely up to 12.5) millimeters long. The corolla is golden yellow. The upper lip, which is only 5.5 to 8.5 millimeters wide, has eyelashes 0.7 to 1.3 millimeters long.

Differentiation to similar species

This article or the following section is not adequately provided with supporting documents ( e.g. individual evidence ). Information without sufficient evidence could be removed soon. Please help Wikipedia by researching the information and including good evidence.

The golden nettle species differ from the other dead nettle species in some characteristics: The flowers are golden yellow to pale yellow and usually with an orange mark on the lower lip and not whitish, reddish or purple as with the other species. While the other dead nettle species have an undivided lower lip with a maximum of two thread-like teeth on both sides, these teeth are clearly triangular in the golden nettle, which means that the lower lip is three-lobed. Because of these different characteristics, the golden nettle was often placed in a monotypical genus Galeobdolon with the only species Galeobdolon luteum .

Occurrence

The common golden nettle is widespread in temperate Eurasia . Their original range extends from Europe to Iran. It is a neophyte in North America and New Zealand .

The common golden nettle thrives best in Central Europe on fresh, nutrient-rich, base-rich, neutral to moderately acidic (pH 6-7), humus-rich, loose loam soils . It therefore likes to grow in sparse forests, on the edges of forests or in shrubbery. Due to its ability to form runners, it often forms extensive stands there. In Central Europe it is a character species of the order Fagetalia and rarely occurs in plant communities of the Adenostylion association.

Systematics

It was first published in 1753 under the name ( Basionym ) Galeopsis galeobdolon by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , p. 580. In 1759 Linné also published the accepted name Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. Further synonyms for Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. are for example: Leonurus galeobdolon (L.) Scop. , Pollichia galeobdolon (L.) cupboard , Galeobdolon galeobdolon (L.) H.Karst. nom. inval., Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Honoring. & Polatschek .

Species group golden nettle

The species group golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon agg.) Is very rich in shapes and is divided into different (small) species or subspecies depending on the author, as examples are mentioned:

  • The mountain nettle ( Lamium montanum (Pers.) Hoffm. Ex Kabath , Syn .: Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Montanum (Pers.) Hayek ), which is characterized by a stem that is mostly dense and protruding hairy all around and elongated-lanceolate in the upper part Leaves. The sterile runners die off in winter. Each whorl consists of 5–8 flowers. The chromosome number is 2n = 36. It occurs from Europe to Iran. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises on the ridge between Bärenkopf and Kleines Widderstein in Vorarlberg up to an altitude of 2000 meters. It particularly thrives in plant communities of the Alno-Ulmion, Carpinion, Fagion, Adenostylion or the Prunetalia order.
  • The common golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. s.str. , Syn .: Lamium luteum Huds. ), Whose stalk is hairy almost only on the edges and also has broad, heart-shaped stem leaves in the upper part. Their runners are persistent. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18. It occurs from Europe to the Caucasus .
  • The silver- leaved golden nettle ( Lamium argentatum (Smejkal) Henker ex GHLoos , Syn .: Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Argentatum (Smejkal) J.Duvign. ), In which all leaves are silver throughout the year, while in the common golden nettle the leaves are at most are sometimes only faintly drawn in winter. The silver-leaved dead nettle also has a slightly longer upper lip. It occurs in Western and Central Europe.
  • Endtmanns Goldnessel ( Lamium endtmannii G.H.Loos ) is like the mountain Goldnessel round hairy on the stems, at the edges but stronger. Each whorl contains 8 to 14 flowers. Endtmann's gold nettle stands in its characteristics between the mountain gold nettle and the common gold nettle.
  • The pale yellow golden nettle ( Lamium flavidum F.Herm. , Syn .: Lamium galeobdolon subsp. Flavidum (F.Herm.) Á.Löve & D.Löve ) has pale yellow flowers and a more branched stalk, completely lacking sterile runners. The chromosome number is 2n = 18. It occurs in the mountains of Europe namely in Switzerland, Germany, France, Austria, Italy, in the former Yugoslavia and perhaps also in the Czech Republic. In the Allgäu Alps , it rises in the Tyrolean part in the rear Hornbachtal below the Pleiswand to an altitude of 1450 meters. It thrives in plant communities of the associations Fagion, Alno-Ulmion, Adenostylion or Petasition paradoxi.

The position of these small species is controversial. Depending on the author, they are viewed in changing combinations as separate species or subspecies, or not separated at all (see for example Haeupler 2000 and Rosenbaumová 2004).

  • Common golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon s.str. ) (Herbarium evidence)

  • Mountain nettle ( Lamium montanum ) ( herbarium evidence )

  • Mountain nettle ( Lamium montanum )

  • Silver-leaved dead nettle ( Lamium argentatum )

use

There are some varieties of the golden nettle that are used as ground cover ornamental plants , for example the variety 'Florentinum' with pronounced ornaments on the leaves.

swell

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Lamium galeobdolon (L.) L. s. str., common golden nettle. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Rafaël Govaerts, 2003: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Lamium galeobdolon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved January 5, 2018.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Stuttgart, Verlag Eugen Ulmer, 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 . Page 802–803.
  4. ↑ Lamium galeobdolon agg., Species group golden nettle. In: FloraWeb.de.
  5. ↑ a b Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 397.
  6. ↑ Henning Haeupler , Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany (= The fern and flowering plants of Germany. Volume 2). Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3364-4 .
  7. ↑ R. Rosenbaumová, I. Plačková, J. Suda: variation in Lamium subg. Galeobdolon (Lamiaceae) - insights from ploidy levels, morphology and isozymes. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 244, 2004, pp. 219-244 online.

Web links

Commons : Common golden nettle ( Lamium galeobdolon )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files