Spotted dead nettle

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Spotted dead nettle
Spotted dead nettle (Lamium maculatum)

Spotted dead nettle ( Lamium maculatum )

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Mint family (Lamiales)
Family : Mint family (Lamiaceae)
Subfamily : Lamioideae
Genre : Dead nettles ( Lamium )
Type : Spotted dead nettle
Scientific name
Lamium maculatum
L.

The spotted dead nettle ( Lamium maculatum ) is a species of plant that belongs to the genus of dead nettles ( Lamium ) within the family of the mint family (Lamiaceae). It is not related to the nettle . The name given to both the scientific and its German trivial name is the spotted lower lip.

description

Appearance

The very variable spotted dead nettle usually grows as a perennial herbaceous plant , rarely as an annual summer plant . It is deciduous or evergreen. Their height varies between 20 and 80 cm. The flowering capacity is given in the first year of growth. It forms above and pale underground runners. The spotted dead nettle has an often bare bottom, otherwise sparsely protruding white hair, often tinged red and only branched at the base, square, hollow stem . The four stem edges are stiffened by collenchyme .

leaves

The criss-cross leaves are dark green in color and form a whitish longitudinal stripe in the middle of the leaf, especially in winter. They have about 4 cm long petioles, the lower leaves are longer stalked than the upper, which is interpreted as an adaptation to unfavorable light conditions. The softly hairy leaf blade becomes about 8 cm long. Their shape varies from egg-shaped-triangular to heart-shaped, the blade is pointed at the tip of the leaf. The leaf margin shows a rough double perforation.

The corolla tube is curved upwards.
The anthers are bearded.

Inflorescence and flower

The mostly purple, rarely white lip flowers of the plant are formed in the leaf axils of the upper pairs of leaves and are grouped into two to eight flowers in pseudo whorls. The Scheinquirle are usually in three to eight floors one above the other. The flower of the spotted dead nettle contains the calyx and crown . The green calyx has five almost identical teeth and is unspotted at the base. The deep pink to purple colored crown becomes about 20 to 30 mm long. The corolla tube has a characteristic upward curvature. Inside it is provided with a horizontal hair ring. The upper lip is shaped like a helmet, the three-lobed lower lip has a striking pattern of spots, which is partly interpreted as a sap mark, pointing the way to the nectar. The four stamens , two longer and two shorter, do not protrude above the crown upper lip, they end just below it. The stamens usually bend together. They carry purple-brown anthers that contain orange to red pollen . The Upper constant ovary consists of two carpels and is divided by a true and false septum almost to the base into four compartments, between which the seemingly undergraduate pen crowned by two scars , is located. It usually blooms from April to November.

fruit

The Klaus fruit decomposes at maturity in four seeded part of fruits, which are called Klausen. These have a basal oil body.

Chromosome number

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18.

ecology

The spotted dead nettle usually grows as a perennial, often evergreen hemicryptophyte and stem plant, rarely also as a spreading climber . The optimal use of light is achieved by the fact that the lower leaves are stalked longer than the upper ones.

Pollination ecology

blossom

The blossom of the spotted dead nettle belongs to the type of homogamous actual lip flower in terms of blossom biology. The strongly scented lower lip with its sap markings has a signal effect on pollinators . The sap marks point to the center of the flower, where sugar-rich nectar (42%) is released at the base of the corolla tube , which is only accessible to long-nosed insects. Bumblebees act as typical pollinators . Earth bees sometimes bite the corolla tube from the side to get to the nectar. As nectar robbers, they are not used for pollination. When the pollinator creeps into the corolla tube, the upper lip moves backwards like a joint. The stigma and the anthers touch the insect's back one after the other.

Propagation ecology

The Klausen are usually visited and carried away by ants that are attracted by the oil-containing appendage, the elaiosome . In addition to the spread of ants , the spotted dead nettle also has the ability to spread itself . The calyx, which becomes dry when the fruit is ripe, creates tension in the pericarp so that it spreads out .

The spotted dead nettle also spreads vegetatively via its runners .

Occurrence

The spotted dead nettle stands in droves at the edges of the roads in sparse forests

The spotted dead nettle is native to all of Central and Southern Europe , as well as West, Asia Minor and China. It comes in Belgium , the Netherlands , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Italy , France , northern Spain , Portugal , the former Czechoslovakia , the former Yugoslavia , Hungary , Poland , the European part of Russia , Ukraine , Albania , Bulgaria , Romania , Greece , Turkey , Lebanon , western Syria , Azerbaijan , Georgia , the foothills of the Caucasus , Dagestan and China in the provinces of Gansu and Xinjiang .

The spotted dead nettle prefers fresh to moist ruderal spots . They can be found in the partial shade of bushes and hedges , on forest fringes, walls and ditches as well as in fresh deciduous forests . It can be found from the plain up to altitudes of about 2000 meters. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises at the western foot of the Krottenspitzen in Bavaria up to 2120 m above sea level. In Central Europe it is a character species of the association Aegopodion podagrariae, but also occurs in other societies of the Galio-Urticenea subclass.

Systematics

The first publication of Lamium maculatum was made in 1763 by Carl Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , Editio Secunda, 2, S. 809. synonyms for Lamium maculatum L. are: Lamium album var. Maculatum L. , Lamium laevigatum auct. Lamium maculatum var. Kansuense CYWu & SJHsuan . The specific epithet maculatum is derived from the Latin word maculatus for spotted.

use

The sprouts and leaves of the spotted dead nettle can be consumed as rich wild vegetables. It is also suitable for planting in near-natural gardens and is used for this purpose in numerous cultivars, e.g. B. variegated, drawn.

swell

  • Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae : Lamium maculatum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China , Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , p. 158.
  • Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany and neighboring countries. The most common Central European species in portrait . 7th, corrected and enlarged edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01424-1 .

Individual evidence

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Ruprecht Düll , Herfried Kutzelnigg : Pocket dictionary of plants in Germany. A botanical-ecological excursion companion to the most important species . 6th, completely revised edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2005, ISBN 3-494-01397-7 , p. 263 ff .
  2. a b c d e f Spotted dead nettle. In: FloraWeb.de.
  3. a b Xi-wen Li, Ian C. Hedge: Lamiaceae : Lamium maculatum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 17: Verbenaceae through Solanaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1994, ISBN 0-915279-24-X , p. 158.
  4. a b c d e f g Rothmaler: Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, basic volume. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, ISBN 3-8274-1359-1 , p. 417ff.
  5. Steinbach's nature guide. Ulmer Verlag, ISBN 978-3-8001-7567-3 , p. 166.
  6. a b Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 803-804.
  7. Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Lamium maculatum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  8. Lamium maculatum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  9. Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 396.
  10. Lamium maculatum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Web links

Commons : Spotted Dead Nettle ( Lamium maculatum )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files