Marie Antoinette's bridal trip

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The bridal journey of Marie Antoinette led the two days earlier wed by proxy , 14-year-old Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria from April 21, 1770 by her native Vienna to Versailles , where she was Marie-Antoinette , the wife of the late French King Louis XVI. has been. The train to Strasbourg consisted of 235 people, a total of 57 carriages, most of which drove in six horses, and 350 draft and riding horses. Including several days of rest within the 17 daily routes, the journey of around 1500 kilometers lasted 24 days, 17 of which were in the Holy Roman Empire and seven in the French Kingdom .

Marie Antoinette, presumably shortly before her wedding in 1769, after Franz Xaver Wagenschön

meaning

The Dauphine's journey was a major social event of the time and the last great bridal journey of the 18th century. The marriage ( Tu felix Austria nube ) between Archduchess Maria Antonia and the Dauphin Ludwig Augustus crowned the rapprochement ( Renversement des alliances ) between Austria and France that had been going on for years . That is why both dynasties planned the bridal trip between Vienna and Paris as a public trip lasting several weeks.

In both Austria and France, enormous efforts were made along the route. The absolutist marriage ceremony largely excluded the population outside the ruling courts; Marie Antoinette's long bridal journey made it possible for the rural and urban population to participate in the upcoming wedding. The city and country nobility, clergy, city magistrates and citizens of the territories to be passed were accordingly committed to making appropriate preparations for the occasion.

In advance, the cities, communities, monasteries and residences to be passed had renovated desolate paths and streets, sufficient food had been brought in and overnight accommodation had been prepared. Fresh draft and riding horses had to be made available, house walls were painted and gates of honor were built. Several corporations had to go into debt for the effort.

The wedding trip of Marie Antoinette's great niece Marie -Louise of Austria as Napoleon Bonaparte's second wife was just as elaborate . She was married in Vienna in 1810, first by proxy, and then also traveled to Paris, where the wedding ceremony with Napoleon took place in the chapel of the Palais du Louvre .

procedure

Prince Georg Adam von Starhemberg , the Austrian ambassador to the French court, was responsible for organizing and carrying out the trip . Maria Antonia was accompanied by her court ladies, Countess von Trauttmannsdorff , Countess Kolowrat , Countess von Windisch-Graetz and Countess von Paar . The future French queen had been brought with him by the special envoy of the French king, Marquis de Durfort, who had traveled to Vienna, with two splendid coaches made by the carriage maker Francien in Paris according to the plans of the Duc de Choiseul. The carriages had enlarged windows, were lined with gold-embroidered velvet, were splendidly decorated and lavishly sprung.

During the trip, Maria Antonia celebrated celebrations (receptions, theater performances, musical performances, fireworks and parades) in several cities visited. She received and gave valuable gifts.

21-25 April: through today's Austria

Stop of the bridal train at Hofgut Sternen, mural painting at Hofgut Sternen in Höllental near Freiburg

The journey began on Saturday, April 21, 1770 at 10 a.m. at the Vienna Hofburg . In Vienna, according to the report in the Wienerisches Diarium, the train passed through Michaelerplatz , Kohlmarkt , Graben , Stock im Eisen and Kärntnerstraße , through the Kärntnertor next to the Glacis and on through Laimgrube and Mariahilf . The streets were lined with the citizens and the Viennese garrison.

In Melk Abbey , the first overnight stop, Maria Antonia met her brother, Emperor Joseph II , who had already set out for there before she left Vienna. The singspiel Rebecka, Isaak's bride, was performed by the resident of the monastery and Haydn's student Robert Kimmerling , who is said to have been praised for it by Joseph II years later. Joseph returned to Vienna the next day, while the bride's procession set out for Enns via Kemmelbach . Maria Antonia slept in Ennsegg Castle ; most of the members of the travel company in Enns town houses. A festival with ballet was organized for Maria Antonia.

From Enns it went on April 23rd via Kleinmünchen and Wels to Lambach . To the previous distance of 4½ horse exchange stations ( post shorten) between Enns and Lambach and to bridge the interstices between Vienna and Salzburg Post Road, in advance of the trip is a direct link road was between the towns Ebelsberg and Wegscheid been built, both to today Linz include . After the street was erroneously referred to as Dauphinstraße from 1929 , its name was corrected to Dauphinestraße in 1954 .

In the Lambacher Stiftstheater , which Abbot Amandus Schickmayr had renovated in 1770 by Johann Wenzel Turetschek, the play The short wedding contract was performed for Maria . Maurus Lindemayr wrote it for the occasion. A water festival with a torch dance was also celebrated on decorated Traun ships.

After a change of horses at Josef Ignaz von Poths Thurn und Taxis ' shear Reichspost -Station Altheim , the trip took the next day to Braunau am Inn . However, there have been no detailed records of the festivities there on April 24th, at least since the city fire of 1874.

After another overnight stay in Altötting , the longest leg of the journey began, with six guards and ten hours of travel time.

26.-28. April: through Bavaria and Swabia

This stage led to Munich, where at the request of Elector Maximilian III. Joseph , her maternal cousin, had been scheduled a rest day. Maria Antonia spent the two nights in the Amalienburg, which was intended for her accommodation . On the occasion of the visit, the opera Léroe cinese by Pietro Pompeo Sales was performed.

On the trip to Augsburg on Sunday, April 28th, the weather brightened after the entire trip had been accompanied by bad weather. The sun was shining when we moved into town. After they had received a golden travel service from the city council and envoys from the Swabian Imperial Circle had paid their respects to Maria Antonia, she ate with Prince-Bishop Clemens Wenzeslaus in his Episcopal Palace , where she was to spend the night later. She then attended the Kayserlich Franciscische Academy of Liberal Arts and Sciences , where she was awarded honorary membership , as well as the silver magazine of Wilhelm Michael von Rauner (1665–1735) - the Rauner'sche silver vault . She saw a performance of Charles-Simon Favart's The Three Sultanas in the Jesuit Theater . At the invitation of the banker Benedikt Adam Liebert , the only ball of the trip for Maria Antonia took place on the occasion of the inauguration of his recently completed Schaezlerpalais .

April 29th - May 6th: through Upper Austria

In the second edition of the book Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Schwaben , published in Ulm in 1800, the Chaussée, which was laid out from Ulm to Freiburg in 1770, is referred to as Dauphine Street. The section from Kehl to Lahr is described in the chronicle of road construction and road traffic in the Grand Duchy of Baden .

According to several sources, the road through the Höllental (today: part of the federal highway 31 ) is said to have been specially developed for the passage of the wagon train. However, this expansion only involved improvements to the rock gorge at the Hirschsprung as well as some cosmetic repairs that took place between 1769 and 1770. The part between the district boundary of Hinterzarten and Hüfingen, for example, had been modernized as early as 1751.

Freiburg in Breisgau

The state gate of honor was built on the occasion of the bridal procession in Freiburg. It was one of three gates of honor in the "Grosse Gass" (today Kaiser-Joseph-Strasse ), approximately at the height of the Bertoldbrunnen.
  • May 4th: The Dauphine drove into the city via the Breisacher Tor and stayed at the Kageneck'schen Haus in Freiburg (arrival in the afternoon)
  • May 5th: Festival service in the Freiburg Minster (silver eternal light traffic light in the Communion Chapel of the Minster from the pilgrimage church Maria Königinbild in Limbach near Günzburg)
  • In Freiburg, during Marie Antoinette's visit, the salt road was briefly renamed Dauphinegasse.
  • In Freiburg, the Dreisam and Schreiberstrasse was laid north of the Dreisam because the salt road was too small.
  • In Freiburg three gates of honor made of wood and stucco were built; they no longer exist today:
    • The triumphal arch of breisgauischen estates on the imperial road designed Johann Christian Wenzinger alluding to the Roman Arch of Constantine . It was recorded in three engravings by the engraver Peter Mayer .
    • The three-way gate of honor of the city council of Freiburg at the then Christoffelstor was designed by Franz Joseph Rösch and engraved by Johann Baptist Haas .
    • The honor gate of the Freiburg University in front of the main building of the university on Franziskanerplatz was designed by the architect Harscher in Rococo style. It was also drawn and engraved by Peter Mayer.
  • in Freiburg was extensively renovated. The main streets were newly paved, the houses were whitewashed, instead of the dragon heads on the gutters, pipes were attached to the ground. There was also the continuous numbering instead of the house names.

Freiburg im Breisgau , which had suffered particularly from the clashes between Austria and France in the past, celebrated the union of the two ruling houses extensively. Here, during the bride's stay, even the top of the Freiburg Minster was illuminated with a “chimical fire”. For this purpose, thousands of clay bowls filled with fuel paste were placed on the tower.

In Freiburg, the University of Freiburg's Easter break was extended and the theologians' patronage festival was postponed.

Last day as Maria Antonia

May 7th: Handover to France

On May 7th, Starhemberg handed over the bride on an uninhabited Rhine island off Strasbourg in a specially built pavilion with several rooms. These were splendidly furnished and decorated with tapestries. One of these tapestries showed the marriage of the mythical horror couple Jason and Medea . When the young Johann Wolfgang von Goethe visited the place, he was angry: "Is it permissible to bring the example of the most horrific wedding that may have ever been carried out to a young queen's eyes so carelessly at the first step into her country?"

Arrival in Strasbourg (contemporary engraving)

In Strasbourg, Johann Wolfgang Goethe followed the bridal procession:

“A strange state event set everything in motion and gave us quite a number of holidays. Marie Antoinette, Archduchess of Austria, Queen of France, was supposed to go via Strasbourg on her way to Paris ... I still remember the beautiful and elegant, so cheerful and imposing expression of this young lady. She seemed, perfectly visible to all of us in her glass car, to be joking with her companions in intimate conversation about the crowd streaming towards her train. In the evening we wandered through the streets to see the various illuminated buildings, but especially the burning summit of the minster, on which we could not sufficiently feast our eyes both in the near and in the distance. "

- Goethe : Poetry and Truth

Marie Antoinette said goodbye to her Viennese entourage and removed her clothes in the eastern part of the Austrian pavilion before her new lady -in- waiting Anne-Claude-Louise d'Arpajon, Countess of Noailles, escorted her naked to the western part of France and dressed her again there. Outwardly, the Archduchess Maria Antonia became the Dauphine Marie Antoinette. The no man's land between the two realms was of great importance in the understanding of the time as a place of symbolic border crossing and the associated transition of the bride from one family to the other. After the dressing up, Marie-Antoinette was introduced to her honorary cavalier , the Comte de Saulx-Tavannes, and other members of the French court who had traveled there. The complete separation from her previous servants as well as the new clothing served the radical break with the former homeland, so that the Dauphine could not have any cultural influence on the new surroundings.

7-16 May: through France to Versailles

Philippe de Noailles, duc de Mouchy , the agent of the French king and husband of the new lady-in-waiting was responsible for the onward journey . On May 14, 1770, the bridal procession reached Compiègne , where Louis XV. , three of his daughters and the Dauphin were waiting for the arriving Marie Antoinette at a bridge near the castle; The bride and groom met here for the first time. The bride fell on her knees in front of the king, the groom kissed her on the cheek and later wrote briefly in his diary: "Meeting with Madame la Dauphine." In the evening at Compiègne Castle, the royal relatives were introduced to Marie-Antoinette. After further joint stops, Versailles was reached on May 16.

Porte Sainte-Croix in Châlons-sur-Marne

Aftermath

literature

Filming / dubbing

  • Bayerischer Rundfunk and ORF produced the radio play Antoinette and Hias by Fritz Meingast under the direction of Wolf Euba . The 45-minute piece, which was first broadcast on March 25, 1985, is about the fictional encounter between the princess and a band of robbers who had come down in Denzigen during her bridal trip.
  • On October 30, 1996, Südwest 3 broadcast the 30-minute historical documentary game Brautfahrt: Die Brautfahrt der Marie-Antoinette by Peter Renz , from the series: Landesgeschichte (n) SDR .
  • In Sofia Coppola 's US feature film Marie Antoinette from 2006, a 10-minute sequence is dedicated to the bridal journey with the handover of the Dauphine to French responsibility on the Rhine island.

Memorabilia

  • Medal, 1770, by A. Guillemard, Günzburg Mint. Reprinted in fine silver in 1982. Front: Portrait of Marie Antoinette with the inscription "Maria Antonia Galliae Delphina", back: View of the castle of the city of Günzburg with the inscription "Auspicato Occursu - Guntium XXIX Apri MDCCLXX".

Events

  • In the traveling exhibition “Front Austria - only the tail feather of the imperial eagle? The House of Habsburg and the Vorlande ”( Rottenburg am Neckar , Schallaburg and Augustinermuseum in Freiburg ) In 1999/2000, Marie Antoinette's bridal trip was also discussed. Published in: Volker Himmelein , Vernissage: the exhibition magazine .
  • On the occasion of the 1400th anniversary of the community of Schuttern, the open-air theater performance of Marie Antoinette was given in Schuttern in July 2003 .
  • An exhibition Tu felix austria nube. Marie Antoinette's wedding procession through Upper Austria in 1770 took place from November 2nd to 30th, 2005 in Endingen am Kaiserstuhl .
  • History game in the city of Mengen in 2012.

further reading

  • Peter Mayer : Description of the festivities, which on the occasion of the transit of Her Royal Highness the most luminous Mrs. Dauphine, Marien Antonien, Archduchess of Austria, [et] c. organized by the front-Austrian-Breissgau estates , Johann Andreas Satron, Freiburg 1770 ( digitized on archive.org).
  • Gertrud Beck: Marie Antoinette's bridal trip through the Austrian provinces. In: Barock in Baden-Württemberg 2. Badisches Landesmuseum, Karlsruhe 1981, ISBN 3-923132-00-X , 318 f.
  • Carmen Ziwes: Marie Antoinette's bridal trip in 1770. Celebrations , ceremonies and social conditions using the example of the city of Freiburg. In: Enlightenment. 6, 1992.
  • Vincent Cronin : Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette. A biography. Hildesheim 1993, ISBN 3-548-60591-5 .
  • Antonia Fraser : Marie Antoinette. The Journey, London 2001, ISBN 0-385-48949-8 .
  • Georg Heilingsetzer : The bridal trip to Versailles. A travel guide for the Emperor's daughter Marie Antoinette (April 1770). In: H. Heppner, A. Kernbauer, N. Reisinger (eds.): In the past, a lot of new things. Traces from the 18th century to today. Verlag Braumüller, 2004, ISBN 3-7003-1477-9 , pp. 225-228.
  • Peter Kalchthaler : Archduchess Maria Antonia “Marie Antoinette” of Austria, 1755–1793. In: Freiburg Biographies, 875 Years Freiburg. ed. Promo Verlag, Freiburg in cooperation with the city of Freiburg im Breisgau, 1995, pp. 45–46.
  • Angela Karasch : Vienna - Freiburg - Paris: 1770 - A wedding procession stops in Freiburg. An exhibition from the university library. Freiburg 1999.
  • Anna Kupferschmid: Marie Antoinette's stay in Freiburg on her bridal trip from Vienna to Paris. In: Badische Heimat Freiburg and the Breisgau. Karlsruhe 1929, pp. 83-92.
  • Anna Kupferschmid: Festival performance of the Mannheim court ballet in Freiburg i. Br. During the stay of Dauphine Marie-Antoinette 4. u. May 5, 1770. In: Mannheimer Geschichtsblätter. 1929, pp. 154-160.
  • Anna Kupferschmid: Marie Antoinette's last night on German soil. In: The Ortenau . 1935, No. 22, pp. 49-64.
  • Thusnelda von Langsdorff: Marie Antoinette in our home. In: Badische Heimat. Issue 4, 1952, p. 248 ( digitized on stegen-dreisamtal.de).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Post ripping trolley Lista. (PDF) In: habsburg.net. April 21, 1770. Retrieved December 8, 2017 .
  2. ↑ a b c Peter Kalchthaler : Triumphal Arch in the Kaiserstrasse . In: Badische Zeitung. May 3, 2010, accessed December 18, 2017.
  3. ^ Harm Klueting : Renversement des Alliances and Marie Antoinette. In: The empire and its territorial states in the 17th and 18th centuries: Aspects of togetherness, coexistence and opposition. (= Historia profana et ecclesiastica: History and church history between the Middle Ages and the modern age. Volume 10). LIT Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 3-8258-7414-1 , p. 124. ( Preview in Google Book Search)
  4. ↑ Carmen Ziwes: Marie Antoinette's bridal trip 1770: festivities, ceremonies and the general conditions of the class using the example of the Freiburg station. In: Klaus Gerteis (Ed.): On the change of ceremonial and social rituals in the age of the Enlightenment. Felix Meiner, Hamburg 1992, ISBN 3-7873-1070-3 .
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  6. ↑ Sonia Carboncini (ed.): The German Enlightenment in the mirror of recent Italian research. (= Enlightenment. Volume 5, Issue 1). Meiner, Hamburg 1991, ISBN 3-7873-0979-9 , p. 50.
  7. ^ List of the teams of the bridal procession of Maria Antonia at habsburg.net
  8. ↑ Will Bashor: Marie Antoinette's Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the revolution. Rowman & Littlefield , 2013, ISBN 978-1-4930-0119-4 , p. 22. ( Preview in Google Book Search)
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  25. ↑ Dauphine-Straße, Geographisches Statistisch-Topographisches Lexikon von Schwaben, Stettinische Buchhandlung, p. 417. ( full text in the Google book search)
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  29. ↑ Best sentiments of Swabian hearts. Sung in a simple cantata, Sebastian Sailer, 1770.
  30. ^ "From Paris to Krauchenwies - Migration in the service of the dynasty using the example of Antoinette Murat". Lecture by Carmen Ziwes on November 25, 2010 in Krauchenwies in relation to Carmen Ziwes: Marie Antoinette's bridal trip in 1770. Celebrations , ceremonies and social conditions using the example of the city of Freiburg. In: Enlightenment 6 (1992)
  31. ↑ Anatol Hennig: The Stockach incurred debts for them, the French beheaded them :. In: Singener Wochenblatt. January 1, 2000, accessed December 5, 2017 .
  32. ↑ Kingdom of Heaven and Hell Valley. Transport - history - dialect. A short trip on the federal highway 31 between Freiburg (A 5) and Geisingen (A 81). (PDF) In: rp.baden-wuerttemberg.de. Regional Council Freiburg, p. 3 , accessed on January 3, 2018 .
  33. ^ Joseph Sarrazin: The Dauphine Marie-Antoinette in Freiburg (from May 4th to 6th, 1770). In: Schau-ins-Land: Annual magazine of the Breisgau history association Schauinsland. Volume 26, 1899, pp. 34-57, accessed December 18, 2017.
  34. ↑ Peter Kalchthaler: This is how Freiburg's Kaiser-Joseph-Straße has changed. In: Badische Zeitung. March 13, 2017, accessed December 19, 2017.
  35. ^ Angela Karasch: Vienna - Freiburg - Paris: 1770 - A wedding procession makes a stop in Freiburg. An exhibition from the university library. In: Expressum. (House journal of the Freiburg library system), University Library Freiburg im Breisgau
  36. ^ Joseph Sarrazin: The Dauphine Marie-Antoinette in Freiburg. In: Schau-ins-Land. 1899.
  37. ↑ Sugar Loaf made of sandstone. In: Unileben - newspaper of the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg . 5/2014, p. 3, from: Hans W. Hubert, Peter Kalchthaler (Ed.): Freiburg Minster - Artwork and Construction Site. (= Series of publications, Münsterbauverein. Volume 5). Rombach , 2014, ISBN 978-3-7930-5115-2 .
  38. ^ Peter Kalchthaler: Freiburg Minster: first illuminated 250 years ago. In: Badische Zeitung . July 27, 2014.
  39. ↑ Theodor Kurrus: contributions to the Freiburg University of Science and History. Edition 37, E. Albert Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1977, p. 192.
  40. ↑ Joann Conrad Machleid: Marie-Antoinette's journey through Herbolzheim on her bridal trip to France. In: Schau-ins-Land: Annual magazine of the Breisgau history association Schauinsland. Volume 27, 1900, p. 24, accessed December 18, 2017.
  41. ^ Ekkehard Klem: Marie Antoinette on a bridal trip to France. In: lahrer-hinkender-bote.de. Retrieved December 5, 2017 .
  42. ^ Otto Rombach: One night in the Schuttern monastery: the bridal trip of the Dauphine Marie Antoinette in May 1770. In: Contributions to regional studies. 1, 1978, pp. 1-7, accessed December 18, 2017.
  43. ^ Marie Antoinette on a bridal trip to France , Ekkehard Klem, limping messenger in Lahrer
  44. ↑ Hagen Späth: The bridge should be preserved. In: In: Badische Zeitung . July 1, 2017.
  45. ↑ Theodor Schauffler : Goethe's life, performance and suffering in Goethe's pictorial language. Reprinted from 1913. Verone, Nicosia 2016, p. 81, full text in the Google book search
  46. ↑ a b From Goethe to Marie Antoinette. In: landeskunde-baden-wuerttemberg.de. State Center for Political Education Baden-Württemberg , accessed on December 5, 2017 .
  47. ↑ Christiane Coester: Brautfahrten: Crossing boundaries and foreign experiences of noble women in the early modern times. In: Francia - Research on Western European History. Volume 35, 2008, p. 155.
  48. ↑ Achim Thomas Hack : IV. Marie Antoinette as a counter model. at A Portuguese woman in Austria around the middle of the 15th century. Cultural exchange as a result of an imperial marriage? In: King and Chancellery, Emperor and Pope: Friedrich III. and Enea Silvio Piccolomini in Wiener Neustadt. Franz Fuchs u. a. (Ed.), Böhlau, 2013, pp. 202f.
  49. ^ Antonia Fraser : Marie Antoinette: Biography. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt , 2009, ISBN 978-3-641-03170-1 .
  50. ^ Stefan Woltersdorff: Of book makers and book burners - a literary foray through Kehl on the Rhine. info-router.de, archived from the original on July 24, 2009 ; accessed on December 8, 2017 .
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  54. ^ Evidence in the Baden-Württemberg State Archives, German Digital Library
  55. ↑ Angela Karasch : Vienna – Freiburg – Paris: 1770 - A wedding procession stops in Freiburg. An exhibition from the university library. Addendum
  56. ↑ tu felix austria nube , habsburg.net
  57. ^ Sabine Herforth: Marie Antoinette returns to the carter town . In: schwaebische.de , March 30, 2012. (fee required)
  58. ^ Wedding trip from Vienna to Paris. In: habsburg.net. Association: In the footsteps of the Habsburgs, accessed on December 8, 2017 .