History of the Jews in Freiburg im Breisgau

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Former Freiburg synagogue , from 1869/70, destroyed on November 10, 1938 in the course of the November pogroms

The history of the Jews in Freiburg begins in the late Middle Ages with the mention of a ghetto in the area of ​​today's Wasserstraße / Weberstraße. In 1328 a synagogue at Weberstrasse 6 is occupied.

middle Ages

As early as 1310, the Counts of Freiburg had acquired the lucrative Judenregal from the Emperor , but the taxes paid were not enough for them, so that Count Konrad II had amassed 400 silver marks in debt with the Jews in 1326. Probably because of this dependency, Konrad, together with his co-ruling son Friedrich, issued a comprehensive security letter to the local Jews on October 12, 1338 for the benefit of the city and to prevent damage to the rule .

When a wave of plague swept across the Reich in 1348, the letter of protection was suddenly no longer valid. On January 1, 1349, before the plague broke out on the Upper Rhine, Jews suspected of being poisoned by the well were arrested in Freiburg at the instigation of the city council . Many of them confessed guilt under torture and in fear of death also accused Jews from other places. After a pogrom in Basel at the beginning of January 1349 , on the Friday before Candlemas (on January 31st) all Freiburg Jews were burned with the exception of the pregnant women because of their misdeeds and murders that they instigated and admitted . The children of those executed were forced to be baptized.

In 1360 the city council allowed the resettlement of Jews, but the uncertainty was great and so the Austrian ruler Duke Leopold issued a Jewish code on September 14, 1394 at the request of the city , according to which Jews had to wear cowl hats and Jewish coats. In addition, they were forbidden to wear the liturgical colors red and green and they were not allowed to go out during Holy Week . As a result of news of ritual murders of Christians in far-off Bavaria, the city council, after consulting Duke Leopold, announced on July 4, 1401 that all Jews would be expelled from the pulpits. The councilors solemnly signed the resolution that no Jew from Friburg should be allowed . A Jew was only allowed to stay in the city in the company of a city servant and with an hourly fee. From 1411 onwards, Jews were reluctantly accepted into Freiburg again, but during the time as an imperial city (1415–1427), King Sigismund officially confirmed the decree of 1401 in 1424 with the perpetual expulsion at the request of the city council .

Enlightenment and 19th century

The situation of the Jews only changed with the tolerance patent of Emperor Joseph II in 1782. The patent formally repealed the existing "Jewish laws", but there were still restrictions in everyday life for Jews. Although Jews were allowed to attend higher schools and the university, a settlement in Freiburg as a full citizen was initially not possible. In 1809, the city council assigned the Jews to a Jewish inn at 12 Grünwälderstrasse . The first tenant of the inn was the first full Jewish citizen of Freiburg.

In 1830, when Grand Duke Leopold took office , who, as a political scientist, fully committed himself to the constitutional monarchy, the state parliament debated the emancipation of the Jews. But resistance arose in the debates of 1831 in the Second Chamber. Above all, Karl von Rotteck made himself the spokesman for the members of parliament who demanded that Jews earn extended rights through increased integration. In 1835 the Grand Duke abolished all special taxes for Jews. In 1846 only 20 Jews were registered in Freiburg. In 1862 there was still bitter resistance in Freiburg, especially against freedom of movement. The merchants in particular wanted to maintain the ban on Jews from settling in the city, which had existed since 1424 and was confirmed in 1809, for fear of competition. In a petition to the state parliament it was said: We will become a Jewish nest .

In the years 1869/70 the synagogue was built according to plans by Georg Jakob Schneider in Rempartstraße (later Werthmannplatz, today the place of the old synagogue ) and in 1870 the still used Jewish cemetery in Freiburg was put into operation.

Memorial to commemorate the deportation of Freiburg Jews to the Gurs concentration camp (southern France) in the form of a traffic sign

National Socialism

Memorial plaque “ Wagner-Bürckel-Aktion ” on the square of the old synagogue
Stumbling blocks for the Abraham and Grumbacher families , Eisenbahnstrasse 66
Memorial to the murdered Jews at the Wiwilí Bridge
Käthe-Vordtriede-Weg in the Rieselfeld district

The " seizure of power " by the National Socialists in Berlin at the end of January 1933 quickly caught on in Freiburg too. On March 6th, the Nazis hoisted the swastika flag at Freiburg City Hall without the consent of Mayor Karl Bender . On March 17, between 4 a.m. and 5 a.m., the Social Democratic and Jewish member of the state parliament and city councilor Christian Daniel Nussbaum was supposed to be arrested, who then fatally injured a police officer with a shot through the apartment door. In the course of the events, the Volkswacht publishing house (Freiburg im Breisgau) was stormed by members of the NSDAP , SA , SS and Stahlhelm , who threw 16,000 freshly printed newspaper copies on the street and tried to set them on fire. The committed journalist and social democrat Käthe Vordtriede loses her job as a result. On March 18, all local organizations of the SPD and KPD, including their auxiliary and subsidiary organizations, were dissolved in Freiburg.

On March 28, 1933, the Jewish SPD city councilor Max Mayer and on March 31, 1933, the city councilor Robert Grumbach , also SPD, resigned from their mandate as a result of the interim law on bringing the states into line with the Reich . The Freiburg citizens only half-heartedly followed the national boycott of Jewish shops on April 1st.

As in many other places in Germany, the synagogue in Freiburg went up in flames during the pogroms on November 10, 1938 . Subsequently, 100 male persons over the age of 18 from a large number of Jews who had been taken into “ protective custody ” were deported to the Dachau concentration camp . On October 22, 1940 in Freiburg, as in the whole of Baden, the Jews were first deported to the French concentration camp Camp de Gurs near the Spanish border, and later from there to the extermination camps during the Wagner-Bürckel campaign .

As a reminder and warning, numerous “ stumbling blocks ” were also laid in Freiburg . The Vordtriede-Haus Freiburg project is dedicated to the journalist Käthe Vordtriede and her children who have also emigrated. A path is named after her in the Rieselfeld district.

New beginning after 1945

On September 7, 1945, a Jewish service was held in Freiburg for the first time in five years. The city provided a hall in the historical department store for this purpose. The Israelitische Landesgemeinde Südbaden , which was founded in Freiburg at the end of 1945, had its headquarters at Hansjakobstrasse 8.

On November 11, 1947, the city granted former city councilor Robert Grumbach honorary citizenship on behalf of all of Freiburg's Jews .

On December 1, 1948, the city and state reached a settlement with the municipality, according to which the city would remain the owner of the former synagogue site. In return, she undertook to restore the Jewish cemetery , to wall the cemetery area and to build a caretaker's house with a cemetery hall.

In 1953 the Jewish community, assisted by the French military rabbi, set up a prayer room at 25 Holbeinstrasse. On June 16, 1985 the foundation stone was laid for the new synagogue , which was inaugurated on November 5, 1985. It was built near the minster on a piece of land that the city made available to the community free of charge. The city took on one million D-Marks in construction costs, the state provided another 3.5 of the total of 7 million D-Marks required.

The Orthodox Israelite Community of Freiburg with around 750 members and the egalitarian Jewish Chawurah Gescher community are currently active.

The following important information is missing from this article or section:
Somewhat more detailed account of the existence and size of the three communities mentioned here , as well as their origins over time. - Flominator 8:45 am , Sep 2nd 2017 (CEST)
Help Wikipedia by researching and pasting it .

literature

  • Else R. Behrend-Rosenfeld (Elsbeth Rachel): I wasn't alone. Experiences of a Jewish woman in Germany 1933-1944. 1979. (first edition Zurich 1945)
  • Gabriele Blod: The Development of the Israelite Community Freiburg 1849-1941. In: City and History. (= New series of the Freiburg City Archives , 12). 1988.
  • Ernst Otto Bräunche: "The Reichskristallnacht" in Freiburg. In: Schau-ins-Land. 103: 149-160 ( Digital ) (1984 ).
  • Andrea Brucher-Lembach: ... like dogs on a piece of bread. The Aryanization and the attempt at reparation in Freiburg. Edited by the regional history working group Freiburg eV (= everyday life and province, vol. 12). Donzelli-Kluckert Verlag, Bremgarten 2004, ISBN 3-933284-12-0 .
  • Kathrin Clausing: life on demand. On the history of the Freiburg Jews under National Socialism. Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-923272-33-2 .
  • Germania Judaica. Vol. 2 From 1238 to the middle of the 14th century , half volume 1: Aachen - Lucerne . 1968, pp. 253-257; Vol. 3, Part 1: Ortschaftsartikel Aach - Lychen , 1987, p. 395ff.
  • Joachim Hahn, Jürgen Krüger: "Here is nothing other than God's house ...". Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg. Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 .
  • Franz Hundsnurscher, Gerhard Taddey: The Jewish communities in Baden. Monuments, history, fates. Edited by the Stuttgart Archive Directorate. 1968, pp. 86-74.
  • Reiner Haehling von Lanzenauer: Gertrud Luckner-helper of the distressed. In: Reinhold Schneider Blätter. Announcements from the Reinhold Schneider Society . Issue May 17, 2005, pp. 35–57.
  • Jürgen Lang: The Vordtriede quiz. 50 questions and answers about the emigrated Freiburg family. BoD, Norderstedt 2016, 2nd edition, ISBN 978-3-7392-0492-5 .
  • Adolf Lewin: Jews in Freiburg i. B. Trier 1890 ( digital ).
  • David Maier: Birthplace Freiburg. Memories of a German-Jewish Englishman. City Archives, City of Freiburg 2001.
  • Lotte Paepcke: A small trader who was my father. Heilbronn 1972.
  • Lotte Paepcke: "I was forgotten". Report of a Jewish woman who survived the Third Reich. 1979.
  • Berent Schwineköper, Franz Laubenberger: History and fate of the Freiburg Jews. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Israelite community in Freiburg. (= Freiburg city booklet 6). Rombach, 1963, DNB 454814674 .
  • Franz-Josef Ziwes (Ed.): Badische Synagogues. Braun, Karlsruhe 1997, ISBN 3-7650-8177-9 , pp. 42-43.
  • Festschrift for the 20th anniversary of the new Freiburg synagogue . Compiled by Alexander Kim and Christoph Bier
  • The fate of the Freiburg Jews using the example of the businessman Max Mayer and the events of 9/10 November 1938. With contributions by R. Böhme and H. Haumann. Schillinger, 1989, ISBN 3-89155-073-1

Web links

Commons : Holocaust memorials in Freiburg im Breisgau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Commons : Stolpersteine ​​in Freiburg  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heinrich Schwendemann: February 22, 1424 - The Jews are expelled from the city . In: Jürgen Dendorfer u. a. (Ed.): On year and day: Freiburg's history in the Middle Ages. Lecture series . Rombach, Freiburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7930-5100-8 , pp. 123-142.
  2. ^ Peter Schickl: From protection and autonomy to cremation and expulsion: Jews in Freiburg . In: Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Freiburg Vol. 1, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, S. #.
  3. ^ Peter Schickl: From protection and autonomy to cremation and expulsion: Jews in Freiburg . In: Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Freiburg Vol. 1, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, S. #.
  4. ↑ Berent Schwineköper and Franz Lauenberger: History and fate of Freiburg Jews (= Freiburg city books 6). 1963, p. #.
  5. ^ Peter Schickl: From protection and autonomy to cremation and expulsion: Jews in Freiburg . In: Heiko Haumann, Hans Schadek (Hrsg.): Geschichte der Stadt Freiburg Vol. 1, Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, S. #.
  6. ^ Peter P. Albert: Eight Hundred Years of Freiburg im Breisgau 1120–1920 . Herder, Freiburg 1920, p. #.
  7. ^ Astrid Fritz, Bernhard Thill: Unknown Freiburg. Walks to the secrets of a city. Rombach Verlag, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-7930-0879-7 , p. 45.
  8. ↑ Heinrich Schwendemann: February 22, 1424 - The Jews are expelled from the city . In: Jürgen Dendorfer u. a. (Ed.): On year and day: Freiburg's history in the Middle Ages. Lecture series . Rombach, Freiburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7930-5100-8 , pp. 123-142.
  9. ^ Astrid Fritz, Bernhard Thill: Unknown Freiburg. Walks to the secrets of a city. Rombach Verlag, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-7930-0879-7 , pp. 45f.
  10. ↑ This step was criticized by Karl von Rotteck, who was in favor of 'maintaining the previous legal status', so: Astrid Fritz, Bernhard Thill: Unknown Freiburg. Walks to the secrets of a city. Rombach Verlag, Freiburg 2005, ISBN 3-7930-0879-7 , pp. 45f.
  11. ↑ Heinrich Schwendemann: February 22, 1424 - The Jews are expelled from the city . In: Jürgen Dendorfer u. a. (Ed.): On year and day: Freiburg's history in the Middle Ages. Lecture series . Rombach, Freiburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7930-5100-8 , pp. 123-142.
  12. ↑ Diethard H. Klein (Ed.): Freiburg. A reader. Husum Verlag, Husum 1987, S. #.
  13. ↑ Hans and Inge Kaufmann: Persecution, Resistance, New Beginning in Freiburg 1933-1945. Verlag Armbruster, Brändle, Hubert, Freiburg im Breisgau 1989.
  14. ^ Ulrich P. Ecker, Christiane Pfanz-Sponagel: The history of the Freiburg municipal council under National Socialism. (= New series of the Freiburg im Breisgau city archive. Issue 21). 2008, ISBN 978-3-89155-336-7 , p. 20.
  15. ↑ Ernst Otto Bräunche: "The Reichskristallnacht" in Freiburg, in: Journal of the Breisgau history association "Schau-ins-Land". 103rd annual issue 1984, Freiburg 1984, pp. 149-160.
  16. ^ A b c Joachim Hahn , Jürgen Krüger : Synagogues in Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Joachim Hahn: Places and Facilities . Theiss, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-8062-1843-5 , p. 131 ( Memorial book of the synagogues in Germany . Volume 4)
  17. ^ Ruben Frankenstein: Letters to the Editor Freiburg: Remnants of the foundations of the old synagogue: "All the more gratifying is the alliance of all currents in Judaism". Badische Zeitung, November 28, 2016, accessed on April 13, 2017 .