Margraviate Baden-Durlach
.svg){kind=small} Territory in the Holy Roman Empire |
|
|---|---|
| Margraviate Baden-Durlach | |
| coat of arms | |
|
|
| map | |
|
|
| Alternative names | Margraviate Baden - Pforzheimer part (until 1565) |
| Arose from | Margraviate of Baden |
| Form of rule | Monarchy ; Temporary co-determination of the estates |
| Ruler / government | Margrave |
| Today's region / s | DE-BW |
| Parliament | 2 virile votes on the secular bench in the Reichsfürstenrat ; the margraviate of Hachberg as part of the margraviate of Baden-Durlach had its own voice |
| Reich register | 20 riders; 53 foot servants (1535) |
| Reichskreis | Swabian Empire |
| District council | 2 virile votes on the secular princely bench; the margraviate of Hachberg as part of the margraviate of Baden-Durlach had its own voice |
| Capitals / residences | Pforzheim (1535-1565); Durlach (1565-1718); Karlsruhe (1718–1771) |
| Dynasties | House Baden |
| Denomination / Religions | Lutheran (since 1556) |
| Language / n | German |
| surface | 1,631 km² |
| Residents | 90,000 (1746) |
| currency | Reichs gulden (fl.) |
| Incorporated into | Reunification 1771;
|
The margraviate of Baden-Durlach was an early modern territory of the Holy Roman Empire and existed from 1535 to 1771.
territory
The margraviate of Baden-Durlach comprised an area on the central Upper Rhine around the cities of Pforzheim and Durlach , the margraviate of Hachberg around Emmendingen and an area on the southern Upper Rhine between Müllheim and Lörrach, known as the Markgräflerland .
The territorial components are detailed below:
Lower Margraviate
- lower margraviate Baden-Durlach
- the withdrawn fiefs of Rhodt under Rietburg in the Palatinate and Münzesheim in Kraichgau
-
Oberamt Hochberg
- Margraviate of Hachberg
- Herrschaft Prechtal ( condominium with the house Fürstenberg )
-
Markgräflerland
- Dominion Badenweiler (also Oberamt Badenweiler)
-
Oberamt Rötteln (approx. 450 km²)
- Landgraviate of Sausenberg
- Reign of rubella .
history
In 1535, the margravate Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach emerged from the margraviate of Baden through inheritance . Margrave Karl II introduced the Reformation in 1556 and moved the residence from Pforzheim to Durlach in Karlsburg in 1565 .
From 1594 Baden-Durlach exercised the administration in Baden-Baden as part of the Upper Baden occupation . It ended in 1622 after Margrave Georg Friedrich was defeated in the Battle of Wimpfen . In the Palatinate War of Succession , Pforzheim and Durlach were burned down.
Margrave Karl Wilhelm built his new castle in the open plain from 1715 ; the city that developed around the castle was later called Karlsruhe .
Margrave Karl Friedrich inherited the margraviate of Baden-Baden in 1771, which together with Baden-Durlach became part of the margraviate of Baden again.
The summer residence of the Margrave of Baden-Durlach was the Markgräflerhof in Basel . The margraves owned other properties there .
coat of arms
The coat of arms was subject to changes over time. Here the coat of arms is described, which is also shown on the seal of Margrave Charles II .
In the center shield is the red oblique beam from Baden on a gold background. In the first field, the crowned red lion of the Landgraviate of Sausenberg is shown. The second field shows the wing of the rule of Üsenberg and the third a pole with three rafters, the coat of arms of the rule of Badenweiler . Finally, in the fourth field, there is the red lion of Rötteln .
The heraldic shield is surrounded by five helmets. The Baden ibex horns can be seen on the middle one. Next to it there are helmets with the Sausenberg lion and the man's torso bearing the wing of the Usenberg coat of arms. On the left side of the picture you can see a helmet with a young man's trunk bearing the stake of the Badenweiler coat of arms, and on the right a bishop's cap, which symbolizes the umbrella bailiff of the Rötteln rule over several monasteries.
Military affairs
The county had Mark in accordance with the Reichsmatrikel d contributing to the imperial troops. H. to the contingent of the Swabian Reichskreis . In addition to the standing army held for the district troops , the margraves also built up so-called house troops - a bodyguard .
1770 had the Markgrafschaft total (circular and house troops) 807 soldiers in service, the four companies of infantry - battalion , a Fusilier Department and dragoons were -Kompanie.
Margrave Georg Friedrich set up the largest armed force in the history of Baden-Durlach in 1622. He went with 15,000 men - mostly recruited mercenary troops - into the battle of Wimpfen .
Administration of justice
calendar
In the margraviate - as in the whole empire until 1582 - the Julian calendar was in effect . However, while the Margraviate of Baden-Baden changed over to the Gregorian calendar in 1582 - October 4, 1582 was immediately followed by October 15, 1582 - Baden-Durlach retained the Julian calendar like all Protestant imperial estates, since it is not easy to do so in times of religious conflict could obey a bull of the Pope .
The Corpus Evangelicorum in the Reichstag did not agree on an approximation to the Gregorian calendar, the so-called improved Julian calendar, until 1699. The introduction in Baden-Durlach took place around 1700; February 18, 1700 followed immediately. Accordingly, there are no entries for February 19 to 28, 1700 in the parish registers of the margraviate.
religion
Like the entire German Empire, the margraviate was Roman Catholic at the beginning . On June 1, 1556, Margrave Karl II issued a new church ordinance based on the Württemberg (i.e. Lutheran ) model and thus introduced the Reformation in his lands.
Although his two eldest sons turned away from Lutheranism ( Ernst Friedrich converted to Calvinism in 1599 and Jakob to Catholicism in 1590 ), Baden-Durlach remained Lutheran with brief regional interruptions, as the third son, Georg Friedrich , remained Lutheran, survived his brothers and reunited the country .
The margrave was also the head of the Protestant regional church. The actual administration of the church was directed by a church council. A general superintendent was appointed for each of the Oberland and Unterland to oversee the dioceses , which were headed by a special superintendent. These in turn controlled the parishes. The uniform interpretation of the principles of faith was ensured through regular church visits.
Culture
dialect
The areas of the margraviate do not represent a single unit in terms of language either. High Alemannic dialects are spoken in the Landgraviate of Sausenberg and the dominions of Badenweiler and Rötteln (south of Freiburg ) . A Lower Alemannic dialect is spoken in the margraviate of Hachberg (around Emmendingen) and a southern Franconian dialect is spoken in the lower margraviate (Karlsruhe-Pforzheim) .
Colleges
The margravate never had a university. At the same time, the level of the highest school, the gymnasium illustrious in Karlsruhe, founded in 1583 , was at times on a par with that of universities. Originally, the institution mainly served to train pastors who were loyal to the line to secure the Reformation. From an economic point of view, the aim was to send the country children to universities outside of their home country as late as possible in order to keep the money in the country. The school began teaching in Durlach in 1586 and was then moved to Karlsruhe by Margrave Karl Wilhelm in 1724 .
Music and theater
A court chapel belonging to the margrave is reported as early as 1662 . Kapellmeister were: Enoch Blinzig (1707 to 1708), Giuseppe Beniventi (1712 to 1718), Johann Philipp Käfer (1718 to 1722), Johann Melchior Molter (1722 to 1733 and 1743 to 1765), Giacinto Sciatti (1765 to 1776).
The ruling margraves
From 1577 to 1584 and from 1738 to 1746 there were guardianship governments; these regents are not shown separately in the following list, but only mentioned in the text.
| Name (life data) | Reign | Remarks | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Ernst (* October 7, 1482 in Pforzheim; † February 6, 1553 in Sulzburg) |
1515-1553 | Son of Margrave Christoph I of Baden . Since his disempowerment in 1515 regent in the southern Baden Oberland . After the death of his brother Philip I in 1533 and the division of the margraviate into two parts, he founded the house of Baden-Pforzheim (later Baden-Durlach) - also called the Ernestine Line after him . |
|
Charles II (born July 24, 1529 in Sulzburg, † March 23, 1577 in Durlach) |
1553-1577 | Ernst's son. From 1552 regent together with his half-brother Bernhard , after his death in 1553 sole margrave. In 1556, after the Peace of Augsburg, he planned to introduce the Reformation . Relocated the residence to the Karlsburg castle in Durlach in 1565 . |
|
Ernst Friedrich (born October 17, 1560 in Mühlburg, † April 14, 1604 in Remchingen) |
1584-1604 | Son of Karl II. Guardianship government by Margravine Anna von Pfalz-Veldenz and various Protestant princes until 1584. Renewed division of the country, with Ernst Friedrich Durlach and Pforzheim, his first brother Jakob III. (1562–1590) Hachberg and his second brother Georg Friedrich Rötteln - Sausenberg received. Supported a high school Illustre in Durlach. In 1594, he took Eduard Fortunat's indebtedness as an opportunity to militarily occupy the upper margraviate of Baden-Baden ( occupation of Upper Baden ). In 1599 he rejected the concord formula and converted from Lutheranism to Calvinism , which led to unrest. |
|
Georg Friedrich (born January 30, 1573; † September 24, 1638 in Strasbourg) |
1604-1622 | Son of Charles II. Regent of the Oberland since 1595, after the death of his older brother in 1604 sole Margrave of Baden-Durlach and de facto also Baden-Baden. Devout Protestant and founding member of the Protestant Union . He abdicated in 1622 in favor of his son in order to become a military leader in the Thirty Years' War . Defeat at Wimpfen . |
|
Friedrich V (born July 6, 1594 in Sulzburg, † September 8, 1659 in Durlach) |
1622-1659 | Son of Georg Friedrich. Occupation and sacking of Baden-Durlach by imperial troops. In order to avoid the edict of restitution, allied with the Swedes in 1631 and conquered Baden-Baden and parts of the Breisgau with their support . Fled to Basel after the lost battle near Nördlingen . Was declared deposed by the emperor; smash his margravate. Restoration of the margraviate through the Peace of Westphalia . |
|
Friedrich VI. (* November 16, 1617 at Karlsburg, Durlach; † January 10, 1677 or January 31, 1677 ibid) |
1659-1677 | Son of Frederick V General in the Swedish Army. Called the estates for the last time . Fought in the Turkish War 1663/1664 and in the Dutch War on the part of Habsburg was 1674 Empire Field Marshal . |
|
Friedrich VII. Magnus (born September 23, 1647 in Ueckermünde; † June 25, 1709 in Durlach) |
1677-1709 | Son of Frederick VI, mainly devoted himself to domestic politics. Occupation and extensive destruction of the margraviate by French troops in the Palatinate (1688–1697) and Spanish War of Succession (1701–1714). The margrave escapes to Basel. |
|
Charles III Wilhelm (* January 1679 in Durlach; † May 12, 1738 in Karlsruhe) |
1709-1738 | Son of Frederick VII. Officer in the War of the Spanish Succession, 1715 Imperial Field Marshal General. Ruled as absolute ruler , restructured the state finances and created a reliable administration. In 1715 he laid the foundation stone for his new residence, palace and city of Karlsruhe . |
|
Karl Friedrich (born November 22, 1728 in Karlsruhe; † June 10, 1811 there) |
1738 / 1746-1811 | Son of the Hereditary Prince Friedrich (1703–1732). Until 1746 guardianship government by Prince Karl August . Enlightened absolutist ruler and supporter of the physiocracy . 1771 Reunification of Baden after the Baden-Baden line died out . Final loss of the possessions on the left bank of the Rhine due to the Revolutionary Wars , but rise as ruler by the grace of Napoleon : Elector in 1803 , Grand Duke in 1806 and entry into the Confederation of the Rhine . Major expansion of Baden through the annexation of the Electoral Palatinate on the right bank of the Rhine , the Breisgau, the Ortenau as well as secularization and mediatization . |
literature
- Armin Kohnle : A short history of the margraviate of Baden. G. Braun Buchverlag, Karlsruhe 2007, ISBN 978-3-7650-8346-4
- Karl Stiefel : Baden 1648–1952 , Karlsruhe 1979, 2 volumes
- Hans Rott : Art and artists at the Baden-Durlacher Hof until the founding of Karlsruhe , Karlsruhe: Müller in 1917
- Eberhard Gothein : The Baden Margraviates in the 16th Century , Heidelberg 1910 ( digitized in the Internet Archive )
Description of the state of the margraviate when Margrave Karl Friedrich took office:
- CWFL Freiherr von Drais : History of the government and formation of Baden under Carl Friedrich before the revolutionary time - first volume. CF Müller'sche Hofbuchhandlung, Carlsruhe 1816 ( digitized in the Google book search)
-
Johann Christian Sachs : Introduction to the history of the Marggravschaft and the Marggravial old princely house of Baden :
- Fourth part, Carlsruhe 1770 in the Google book search
- Fünfter Part, Carlsruhe 1773 in the Google book search
Web links
- Wolfgang Hug : Baden (D). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
- Margraviate Baden-Durlach ( Memento from April 6, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) on the homepage of the Evangelical Church
Individual evidence
- ^ Franz Zell: History and description of the Baden coat of arms from its creation to its current form . in the Google book search Karlsruhe 1858, p. 29/30 and panel VIII
- ↑ s. Stiefel, Vol. II, p. 1007
- ↑ from October 4th to 15th, 1582
- ↑ in the Upper Austrian Breisgau, which almost included the upper margraviate of Baden-Durlach, the calendar was not changed until October 13th to October 24th, 1583
- ↑ Basically the Gregorian calendar was adopted, but the date for Easter was determined differently until 1776.
- ↑ s. Stiefel, Volume 2, p. 1220
- ↑ in the literature often abbreviated as "Speziale"
- ↑ cf. Karl Friedrich Vierordt : History of the middle school opened in 1586 in Durlach and transplanted to Karlsruhe in 1724 , Karlsruhe 1859 ( digitized in the Google book search)
