Zwiefalten Monastery

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Banner of the Holy Roman Emperor with haloes (1400-1806) .svg
Territory in the Holy Roman Empire
Imperial Abbey of Zwiefalten
coat of arms
Coat of arms is missing
map
Zwiefalten Abbey.png
Territory of the Imperial Abbey of Zwiefalten (violet, center left) (around 1800)
Location in the Reichskreis
Swabian district map around 1750.jpg (around 1750)
Alternative names Reichsstift
Arose from Own monastery ; ordinary abbey
Form of rule Elective monarchy
Ruler / government Reich Abbot
Today's region / s DE-BW
Parliament Reichsfürstenrat : After 1750: 1 curiate vote on the Swabian prelate bank
Reich register 2 glaives (1422)
Reichskreis Swabian Empire
Capitals / residences Double folds
Denomination / Religions Roman Catholic
Language / n German , Latin
surface 3.3 square miles = 38 km² (around 1800)
Residents 4,800 to 8,000 inhabitants (around 1800)
Incorporated into 1803 Electorate of Württemberg


The Monastery Zwiefalten (lat. Abbatia duplexes aquae ) is a former Benedictine monastery in Zwiefalten on the southern foothills of the Swabian Alb in the district of Reutlingen . The facility now houses a psychiatric clinic.

history

Zwiefalten Monastery in 1826

Foundation and early days

The monastery foundation (1089) dates back to the time after the investiture dispute between the German Emperor Heinrich IV and Pope Gregory VII. The two founders, Count Kuno and Liutold von Achalm , had been papal partisans and created a befitting retreat in Zwiefalten Burial place. Bishop Adalbero von Würzburg and Abbot Wilhelm von Hirsau, who were also loyal to the Pope (and therefore expelled from his diocese ) acted as advisors on the project .

The foundation was officially completed on September 8, 1089, after they had settled their inheritance in the Bempflingen Treaty with their nephew, Count Werner von Grüningen . The first residents were twelve monks and five lay brothers from the Hirsau monastery in the northern Black Forest, which was shaped by the Cluniac reforms . The re-establishment was endowed with rich donations, including parts of the places Neuhausen an der Erms, Tigerfeld and Dietikon as well as the church of Buch im Thurgau and others. At the beginning, the various properties were scattered across the entire south-west of Germany as far as the Chur area and Alsace.

As early as 1091, Zwiefalten became an independent abbey with free choice of abbot and bailiff: The count brothers Liuthold and Kuno von Achalm feared that, due to the lack of descendants entitled to inheritance, violence and coercion could be exercised against the monastery, even though they continued to rule it. (The right of bailiwick and patronage was also in Kuno's hands.) Therefore, in 1092 they transferred the property rights to Count Mangold von Veringen on the condition that he went to the Apostolic See in Rome and the monastery of the Virgin Mary for the protection and rule of the Roman Church suppose.

In 1093 Pope Urban II confirmed this patronage and granted Zwiefalten Abbey various rights. In return, the symbolic annual payment of one gold piece was set.

Count Kuno died in 1092, his brother Liutold on August 18, 1098, who had spent his twilight years as a monk in the monastery. Most of their inheritance went to the monastery. In 1109 the first monastery church was consecrated by Bishop Wido von Chur . Already under Abbot Ulrich I (1095–1139) Zwiefalten was able to send monks to found the Kladrau and Neresheim monasteries . The establishment of a convent in Zwiefalten also dates from around 1100 .

Until the end of the Middle Ages

In the years 1095 to 1139 the monastery experienced its first heyday and developed into a cultural and religious center of the region. Abbot Berthold († 1169) became known as a chronicler and opponent of Emperor Heinrich IV, he also promoted the writing school and library of the monastery. Abbot Ernst (1141–1146), who was later venerated as a martyr in the monastic community, died on the 2nd Crusade . Numerous members of important Swabian noble families followed the example of Count Liutold and joined the monastery community (such as Adalbert von Oberstetten and Otto von Steusslingen from the Alaholfinger family or Berthold von Sperberseck ). During this time, a parallel women's monastery was built, which lasted until the 14th century. In 1293 Zwiefalten took over the Dominican convent of Mariaberg , which later adopted the Benedictine Rule.

Mochental Castle

Through donations (e.g. Mochental Castle in 1192, later as Mochental Castle Propstei of the monastery) or acquisitions ( e.g. Oberstetten acquired on July 19, 1497 for 9,350 guilders), the monastery property continued to grow and gradually expanded in the area of ​​today's Reutlingen district Closed territory that was de facto under the bailiwick of the counts and later dukes of Württemberg from the early 14th century .

From 1303 to 1491 the umbrella bailiwick of the monastery was with the Habsburgs , after which it was transferred to Württemberg . Despite numerous points of contention between the monastery and the sovereigns , who in turn sought to expand and round off their territory, both parties respected their mutual obligations. When, for example, in the context of property disputes between Zwiefalten and the Reich over the village of Kohlberg Friedrich III. sent an army to Reutlingen to enforce his claims (March 1461), Count Ulrich von Württemberg opposed this with his own force to defend the Zwiefalten rights.

After the monastery area was rounded off, the following places belonged to it: Zwiefalten; Baach; Attenhöfen; Mörsingen; Upflamor; Dürrenwaldstetten; Hochberg; Gauingen; Geisingen; Huldstetten; Tiger field; Aichelau; Aichstetten; Pfronstetten; Wilsingen; Harthausen near Feldhausen; Chain field; Ehrenfels; Gutter pulls; Gauingen; Oberwilzingen; Unterwilzingen; Emeringen; Cell; Bechingen; Daugendorf ; Offingen; Unlingen; Oberstetten; Lauterach; Möhringen; Ödenwaldstetten (until 1750); Neuhausen an der Erms (until 1750); Großengstingen (1711 to 1750). The Zwiefalten monastery thus had a closed territory on the Swabian Alb; only Neuhausen an der Erms formed an exclave in the Ermstal, and ownership rights to individual goods were widely scattered. The Zwiefalter cloister courtyard in the imperial city of Reutlingen was significant, both as a monastic site in an important city on the Albrand and as an economic center.

From the Reformation to secularization

Former Zwiefalten Abbey

The abbey experienced an economic and disciplinary boom during the term of office of Abbot Georg II. Fischer (1474–1513), who was keen to observe strict rules and promoted the influence of humanism. Afterwards, however, Ulrich von Württemberg , the first Protestant duke, put the monastery in dire straits and was plundered in 1525. However, Zwiefalten was able to prevent the new faith from spreading to its territory. In 1570, the Treaty of Speyer confirmed the special status of the Zwiefalten Abbey in the Protestant Duchy of Württemberg. In the period that followed, however, there was always friction between Zwiefalten and Württemberg. In 1603 the Zwiefalten Abbey was one of the founding members of the Upper Swabian Benedictine Congregation . In 1653 the monastery joined the confederation of the University of Salzburg .

During the Thirty Years' War, the monastery experienced a changeful fate. In the first decade the war made itself felt only indirectly. Through the edict of restitution of 1629, the church rights in the two Protestant monastery villages of Neuhausen an der Erms and Ödenwaldstetten fell to Zwiefalten. While a monk was installed as a priest in Neuhausen, there seems to have been no change of denomination in Ödenwaldstetten. After the Swedish-Württemberg campaign of conquest, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden gave the conquered Zwiefalten monastery, along with other properties, to the Duke administrator Julius Friedrich von Württemberg in 1632. Thus, the Württemberg territory extended to the Danube in the south. After the Battle of Nördlingen in autumn 1634, monks again moved into Zwiefalten, but both the monastery itself and the territory, like all the rulers in the area, were badly affected.

From 1686 to 1803 Zwiefalten maintained a lyceum in Ehingen an der Donau with the first German Sacred Heart Church , built under the abbots Wolfgang Schmidt (1699-1715) and Beda Summerberger (1715-1725). The Zwiefalten monk Magnoald Ziegelbauer (1698–1750) is considered the most important historiographer of the Benedictine order.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, the people of Württemberg increased the pressure on Zwiefalten, which was still developing. In 1717 the village of Großengstingen came into monastery ownership.

In 1750 the abbey finally succeeded in buying itself free of all obligations towards the Württemberg people and in acquiring imperial immediacy . As a result, it became an imperial abbey, from now on the Zwiefalten abbots were imperial-free rulers and since 1751 represented on the Swabian prelate bank in the Reichstag. In this context, smaller parts of the monastery property were ceded to Württemberg, such as the Protestant towns of Neuhausen an der Erms and Ödenwaldstetten, which were previously disputed between the parties, and various possessions in Großengstingen and Derendingen .

As part of the secularization , the monastery was one of the first to be dissolved on November 25, 1802. The property fell to Württemberg, which was elevated to a kingdom in 1806 . From 1812 the building was used as a “royal state mental institution”, later as a state psychiatric hospital . Today's "Center for Psychiatry - Münsterklinik Zwiefalten" has been supplemented by the Württemberg Psychiatry Museum since 2003 .

Building history

High altar

In the 15th century, the originally Romanesque abbey church was redesigned in the late Gothic style - an indication of the economic boom of the monastery community during this period. The new construction of the Zwiefaltener Minster from 1741 to 1753 by the master builder Johann Michael Fischer , who created a major work of the late baroque from Gauing travertine , is significant in terms of art history . The wall pillar church in the tradition of the Au guild encloses one of the largest church rooms in Germany. Until 1765, the interior was designed by Johann Joseph Christian from Riedlingen (decorative figures), Franz Josef Spiegler from Wangen (ceiling painting) and Johann Michael Feuchtmayr from Wessobrunn (stucco). The church is considered a total work of art of the southern German Rococo .

Today's Center for Psychiatry

The monastery building in its current form was built next to the old minster from 1668 according to plans by Tommaso Comacio (executed by Michael Thumb and Franz Beer ). The entire complex was extensively restored from 1974 to 1984.

  • Nebuchadnezzar fighting the Jewish king Zedekiah (with the plan of Jerusalem) in the Zwiefalten monastery

  • The interior of the minster, frescoes by Franz Joseph Spiegler, stucco by Johann Michael Feuchtmayer the Elder. J.

  • Ceiling painting in the nave by Franz Joseph Spiegler from 1751

Bells

The monastery church has an eleven-part bell that was cast by Alfred Bachert in Heilbronn on June 29, 1979 and July 6, 1979 .

Surname volume Weight diameter
Trinity Bell a ° 4170 kg 1910 mm
Christ bell h ° 2810 kg 1700 mm
Bell Mary, Mother of the Church d ' 1690 kg 1415 mm
St. Michael's Bell e ' 1056 kg 1240 mm
St. Benedictus Bell fis' 770 kg 1120 mm
St. Stephen's Bell G' 640 kg 1045 mm
St. Ernestus Bell a ' 443 kg 915 mm
Bell St. Nicolaus von der Flüe H' 391 kg 815 mm
St. Aurelius Bell c " 360 kg 814 mm
St. Martinus Gocke d " 300 kg 760 mm
Adolf Kolping Bell e " 195 kg 650 mm

Abbots of the Zwiefalten monastery

  • 1091-1095 Noker
  • 1095–1139 Ulrich I. von Hirzbühl
  • Year 1139 Pilgrin (Peregrin)
  • 1139–1141 Berthold I, Edler von Grüningen (first term of office)
  • 1141–1146 Ernst Edler von Steißlingen
  • 1146–1152 Berthold I, Edler von Grüningen (second term of office)
  • 1152–1156 Werner I.
  • 1156–1158 Gottfried, Count of Calw
  • 1158–1169 Berthold I, Edler von Grüningen (third term of office)
  • 1169–1193 Konrad von Gammertingen
  • 1193–1196 Werner II.
  • 1196–1208 Hermann (from the Bossonen family)
  • 1208–1209 Konrad II (brother of Hermann from the Bossons family) as illegitimate abbot
  • 1209-1217 Conrad III. (lawfully the II.)
  • 1217–1218 Heinrich von Hausen
  • 1219–1232 Luithold I.
  • 1232–1234 Reinhard (first term of office)
  • 1234–1239 Friedrich (from the Bossonen family)
  • 1239-1244 Luithold II. Arnold
  • 1244-1250 Werner III.
  • 1250–1251 Conrad IV (legally III), Count of Montfort and Gamertingen
  • 1251–1253 Reinhard (second term of office)
  • 1253–1259 Berthold II., Edler von Wildeck
  • 1260–1267 Peter, nobleman of ploughters
  • 1267–1282 Ulrich II.
  • 1282–1327 Eberhard von Stein
  • 1327–1336 Ulrich III., Edler von Hasenweiler
  • 1336–1346 Walter Knebel
  • 1346–1366 Johannes I, nobleman of Dischingen
  • 1366–1383 Anselm, Baron von Ehrenfels
  • 1383–1393 Konrad V (rightfully IV.), Herr von Stein
  • 1393–1398 John II Ruperti
  • 1398–1421 Wolfhard, Herr von Stein
  • 1421–1436 Georg I Eger
  • 1436–1474 John III, Herr von Stein
  • 1474–1515 Georg II. Fischer (Piscatoris)
  • 1515–1538 Sebastian Müller (Molitor) (first term of office)
  • 1538–1549 Nikolaus I. Buchner (first term of office)
  • 1549–1555 Sebastian Müller (Molitor) (second term of office)
  • 1555–1567 Nikolaus I. Buchner (second term of office)
  • 1567–1577 John IV camp
  • 1578–1598 George III. smoke
  • 1598–1628 Michael Müller (Molitor)
  • 1628–1635 Balthasar Mader
  • 1636–1658 Ulrich IV. Gleuz
  • 1658–1675 Christoph Raßler
  • 1675–1692 Johann Martin Gleuz
  • 1692–1699 Ulrich V. Rothhäusler
  • 1699–1715 Wolfgang Schmid
  • 1715–1725 Beda Sommerberger
  • 1725–1744 Augustin Stegmüller
  • 1744–1765 Benedikt Mauz (1st Reich Abbot)
  • 1765–1787 Nikolaus II. Schmidler
  • 1787–1803 Gregor Weinemer

literature

  • Pirmin Lindner: Profession book of the Benedictine abbey Zwiefalten . Kösel, Kempten et al. 1910.
  • Josef Hehle: Two great abbots of the Zwiefalten monastery on the borderline of the 17th and 18th centuries . Ulm, 1911.
  • Erich König, KO Müller (ed.): The Zwiefaltener Chronicles Ortliebs and Berthold . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1941.
  • Luitpold Wallach (ed. And transl.): The Zwiefalter chronicles Ortliebs and Bertholds . (= Swabian Chronicles of the Staufer Period; Vol. 2). 2nd edition, unchanged. Reprinted by Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1978, ISBN 3-7995-6041-6
  • Wilfried Setzler: Zwiefalten Monastery. A Swabian Benedictine abbey between imperial freedom and country residency. Studies on their legal and constitutional history . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1979, ISBN 3-7995-4027-X (plus dissertation, University of Tübingen, 1977).
  • Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen under the rule of the Zwiefalten monastery (Metzinger Heimatblätter 2). Metzingen 1984. - Second, revised and expanded edition. Metzingen 2014.
  • Hermann Josef Pretsch: Zwiefalten Monastery . Published by the Association of Friends of the History of Zwiefalten, His Minster and Monastery. Süddeutsche Verlags-Gesellschaft, Ulm 1986, ISBN 3-88294-090-5
  • Hermann Josef Pretsch (Ed.): 900 years of the Benedictine Abbey of Zwiefalten . Süddeutsche Verlags-Gesellschaft, Ulm 1989, ISBN 3-88294-119-7
  • Eberhard Fritz: “Because they are so poor Leuth” - Five Albdörfer between religion and politics, 1530-1750 sources and research on the Württemberg church history Volume 9. Calwer Verlag Stuttgart 1989. ISBN 3-7668-0799-4 . [concerns: rule of the Zwiefalten monastery over Ödenwaldstetten].
  • Irmtraud Betz-Wischnath, Hermann Pretsch (ed.): The end of the imperial abbey and Zwiefalten monastery. Reports, letters, records and documents . Süddeutsche Verlags-Gesellschaft, Ulm 2001, ISBN 3-88294-317-3
  • Karl Heinz Schömig: Münster Zwiefalten. Church of the former imperial abbey. Schnell & Steiner, Munich et al. 1988. ISBN 3-7954-0841-5
  • Hans Dieter Ingenhoff: The Zwiefalter Münster - New Research Results . In: Preservation of monuments in Baden-Württemberg , 7th year 1978, issue 1, p. 42f. ( PDF )
  • Hendrik Weingarten: Dominion and Land Use. On the medieval economic history of Zwiefalten Monastery (Writings on Southwest German Regional Studies, Volume 57). Ostfildern 2006.

See also

Web links

Commons : Zwiefalten Monastery  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hohenzollerische Heimat 1961, page 14.
  2. ^ Hermann Josef Pretsch: The women's monastery in Zwiefalten. In: Reutlinger Geschichtsblätter NF 47 (2008). Pp. 169-195.
  3. ↑ Eberhard Fritz: Zwiefalten and Württemberg in competition for the denomination of the subjects. In: Hermann Josef Pretsch (ed.): 900 years of the Benedictine monastery in Zwiefalten. Ulm 1989. pp. 123-140.
  4. ^ Richard Zürcher, Zwiefalten. The church of the former Benedictine abbey. A total work of art of the South German Rococo, Konstanz-Stuttgart 1967.

Coordinates: 48 ° 13 '55.2 "  N , 9 ° 27' 40.9"  E