Werner IV. (Maggots)

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Replica of the Reichssturmfahne : a standard with a long pennant
Bempflinger contract in Ortlieb's chronicle

Werner IV. "Von Grüningen" (* around 1060; † February 22, 1121 ) was Count of Maden or Gudensberg , Burgrave of Worms , Count in Neckargau and as Reichssturmfähnrich Graf von Grüningen .

Origin and family

Werner IV. Was the only son of Count Werner III, who was influential at the court of the young King Heinrich IV . von Maden and in Neckargau, who was slain in a scuffle in Ingelheim in 1065 at the age of less than 25 years. He was related to the Salian royal family. Since Werner IV was only about five years old when his father died, his mother Willibirg (or Willebirg) from Achalm from Swabia initially managed his inheritance for him, while a cousin of his grandfather Werner II , Count Eberhard the Blessed of Nellenburg , how once supposed to have taken over the guardianship of his father. Shortly before Werner's father's death, his underage brother-in-law Werner II von Achalm was appointed Bishop of Strasbourg by Heinrich IV . The Pope therefore accused those involved of simony . The fact that the young bishop who was loyal to the king also called for people to ignore celibacy made him an exponent of the investiture controversy, in which his nephew Werner IV should also be involved.

Werner married a Hessian-Thuringian count's daughter named Gisela, whose origin is not certain. The marriage remained without a male heir. A daughter of unknown name married Adalbert von Kislau in 1116 .

Life

Possessions and bailiffs

As Gaugraf and Vogt, Werner IV had extensive ownership, fiefdom and bailiff rights in Hessengau , Lahngau and Worms as well as in Alsace , Thurgau and Lower Swabia , where he was Count of Neckargau , fiefdom holder of the Grüningen estate and part of the heir Achalm Count was wealthy. Among his bailiwicks were those of the Zwiefalten , (Ober) Kaufungen , Breitenau and possibly Hasungen monasteries as well as the Fritzlar (from the Archdiocese of Mainz ), Worms and Weilburg (from the Diocese of Worms ).

Swabian traces

Like his father and forefathers, Werner IV was also mentioned in documents mostly without a cognomen - with the exception of the title "Graf von Grüningen", with which the hereditary claim of his family to the imperial fief of the castle and town of Grüningen (today Markgröningen ) was connected Imperial office as " primicerius et signifer regis" ( precursor and ensign of the king) was underlined. Whether he also took part in Henry IV's second and third expedition to Italy in this capacity can be assumed, but it is not certain. In any case, he left traces in Swabia around 1090 between the two military campaigns.

Bempflinger contract

Since his mother's brothers, Count Kuno von Wülflingen and Liutold von Achalm, no longer had any male heirs, Werner IV had moved to the first place of succession when they wanted to transfer most of their property to the Zwiefalten monastery they had founded in 1089 . The two uncles therefore negotiated the so-called " Bempflinger contract " with the 30-year-old count , in which Werner's necessary consent to the foundation was fixed and his inheritance was regulated in order to protect the monastery from a later challenge by him or his heirs.

Patron of the Hirsau Monastery

Around 1090 Werner appeared as a prominent witness of a Hartmann von “ Ucklingen ” foundation for Hirsau Abbey and donated an estate near Essingen and three Hufen from his Alsatian family estate in the Weilertal (Val de Villé). Unlike King Heinrich IV, who had made enemies of reform monasteries such as Hirsau in the course of the investiture dispute and in 1079 commissioned Werner's uncle, the Strasbourg Bishop Werner II of Achalm , with the destruction of this monastery, Werner turned more to it afterwards. Presumably to make amends, he and his uncles Kuno von Wülflingen and Liutold von Achalm supported the new construction of the Hirsau Monastery, which began around 1082, through his own foundations and through the approval of donations from his ministerials.

Vogt of the Zwiefalten monastery

As the monastery bailiff of Zwiefalten, Werner forced Welf V , the eldest son of the mighty Duke Welf I of Bavaria, to hand over a rich property in " Dietikoven " in 1096 because he had not paid the compensation due to the monastery. Werner had two ministerials taken over by his uncles blinded for gross misconduct and taken to Zwiefalten , so that they could “find a substitute for their eyesight in an inner light”.

Role in investiture dispute

In the conflict between Emperor Heinrich IV and his son Heinrich V , who was elected king in 1099 , Werner held the heir to the throne after the son's rebellion began in 1104, which promised a consensus between Empire and Church in the investiture dispute and was supported by the Pope and many imperial princes . Heinrich V valued Werner as a "friend and cousin", so in 1106 he entrusted him with the responsible task of fetching the imperial insignia from Hammerstein Castle .

Shortly before his coronation as emperor in 1111, Henry V tried in vain to withdraw their regalia from the bishops . In order to at least preserve the previous right to invest , i.e. the appointment of clergymen, he captured Pope Paschal II and forced his coronation as emperor. After 1111, Henry V turned away from joint rule with the princes and returned to earlier autocratic forms of rule by the Salians. In the summer of 1112 there was even a break between the emperor and his chancellor Adalbert I of Saarbrücken , the archbishop of Mainz , who became Heinrich's bitter opponent.

It is not known which side Werner took in this conflict, but as a patron of the reformed monastery Hirsau and the way he founded his own monastery, it can be assumed that there was also a break between him and Heinrich V.

Founding of the Breitenau monastery and death

Former Breitenau monastery at the confluence of the Eder and Fulda rivers

The monastery grounds at the confluence of the Eder and Fulda rivers are said to have been donated to Werner by Heinrich V. The abbot of Hirsau supported him in the construction of the Benedictine monastery , founded around 1113, and Bruno von Beutelsbach , who was also related to him , and sent him the designated first abbot for Breitenau, Drutwin, and twelve other Hirsau monks.

Werner IV died on February 22, 1121 and was buried in the choir of the Breitenau monastery church, which was still under construction at the time. On July 7, 1123, after the settlement of the investiture dispute in September 1122, his widow Gisela and his vassal Engelbold subordinated the monastery to the Archbishop of Mainz, Adalbert, who granted the monastery significant privileges and added further lands to the already rich possessions of the monastery.

estate

Hessian heritage

Shortly before his death Werner had his county maggots , the nucleus of Landgraviate Hesse , the Archbishopric of Mainz to feudal applied and they will recover as such. After his death, it fell as a Mainz fief to Giso IV. From the Hessian count family of the Gisonen , but after the death of his son Giso V in 1137 it came to Landgrave Ludwig I von, through the heiress Gisos IV, Hedwig Thuringia . The transfer of feudal sovereignty to the Archbishopric of Mainz was to lead to considerable complications in the relationship between the archbishops and the landgraves of Thuringia and later of Hesse.

Werner's county of Ruchesloh , however, fell partly to the Lords of Merenberg at Gleiberg Castle and partly to the Bilsteiners , both of whom are said to have been related to Werner's wife Gisela. The share of the Bilsteiners finally came to Ludwig von Thuringia through inheritance. The Merenbergs largely sold their rights to Archbishop Siegfried III in 1237 . of Mainz, which was also contested in the protracted dispute between the Archbishopric and the Landgraviate of Hesse.

Werner's only child, a daughter of unknown name who married Adalbert von Kislau in 1116 , was not taken into account in the estate settlement. Therefore it is believed that she died childless before her father. With the exception of Wittum, Werner bequeathed his private fortune in Hesse to his wife Gisela, who only died in 1155, to the Breitenau monastery he founded in 1113. After Werner's death, his noble follower Engelbold von Grüningen had completed the foundation of the monastery and transferred the monastery "with all property to St. Martin" or the Archdiocese of Mainz . Archbishop Adalbert I granted the monastery the right to baptize and bury, the free election of abbots and exemption from all taxes. In his confirmation of 1123 he also placed the monastery under the sole episcopal jurisdiction and assured it of its protection.

Swabian heritage

There is no documentary record of anyone who benefited from Werner's Swabian-Alsatian heritage, apart from Hirsau Monastery and the Counts of Calw . It is assumed, however, that the gentlemen of Württemberg , who are said to have been related to Werner's mother as well as to Werner's paternal ancestors, could assert certain claims. In the year after Werner's death , Konrad II von Württemberg was first listed under Count and possibly succeeded him as Count in Neckargau . In the case of the Grüninger Reichslehens, they did not get a chance at first, but the Wuerttemberg counts enforced their claim to Werner's legal succession as Reichssturmfähnriche in the 13th century, when they also called themselves "von Grüningen", and finally from 1336 onwards.

At least shortly after Werner's death, his wife is still documented as fiefdom for the eponymous Grüningen, where Werner's follower Marquard von Grüningen bequeathed an estate in neighboring Nussdorf to the Hirsau monastery with the permission of "his mistress Gisela".

Then it gets confusing:

  • Werner's functions as Count von Grüningen and Vogt of Zwiefalten Monastery went to the related Count Palatine Gottfried von Calw († 1131), whose heir, Uta von Schauenburg Grüningen, married Duke Welf VI as a marriage property . brought in. This lost Grüningen, if he could ever take possession of it, apparently in the conflict with the Staufers over the Salian succession and Uta's cousin Adalbert V. von Calw over the Calw inheritance. Because in 1129 Duke Friedrich II. Of Swabia is said to have holed up here after a failed campaign to relieve Speyer .
  • After 1135, the former rival king Konrad III. von Staufen the imperial storm flag linked to the Grüninger imperial fiefdom on King Lothar's Italian campaign . In 1138 he finally became king in the Roman-German Empire and held a court day in Grüningen in 1139, at which the brothers Ludwig and Emicho von Württemberg were present in addition to some bishops and princes . Here Ludwig was first called Graf and possibly entrusted with a Staufer governor function or bailiwick.
  • In 1148, Bishop Günther von Speyer listed a domina "Bertha de Gruningen", widow of Werner's follower Engelbold von Grüningen, with her sons Walther, Konrad and Ruggero among the founding donors of Maulbronn Monastery .

swell

literature

  • Wilhelm Martin Becker: Werner von Grüningen (1121) . In: Mitteilungen des Oberhessischen Geschichtsverein Gießen , NF 9, 1900, pp. 94–97.
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829.
  • Paul Kläui : The Swabian origin of Count Werner . In: Journal of the Association for Hessian History and Regional Studies Vol. 69, 1958, pp. 9-18.
  • Erich König u. KO Müller (Ed.): The Zwiefaltener Chronicles Ortliebs and Bertholds . Stuttgart 1941.
  • Wilhelm Christian Lange:  Werner IV . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 42, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1897, pp. 22-27.
  • Karl Hermann May: Reichsbanneramt and right of litigation from a Hessian perspective . Münster / Cologne 1952.
  • Stefan Schipperges: The Bempflinger contract of 1089/90 . Esslingen am Neckar 1990.
  • Eugen Schneider : Codex Hirsaugiensis . In: Württembergische Vierteljahreshefte für Landesgeschichte 10, 1887 (appendix). Stuttgart 1887.
  • Gustav Schenk zu Schweinsberg : The Wernerische Grafenhaus in Neckargau, Hessengau, Lahngau and Worms. In: Correspondence sheet of the Gesamtverein der deutschen Geschichts- und Alterthumsvereine 23/7 (1875), pp. 49–52.

Notes and individual references

  1. ^ Document from 1059 for the deputy administration of the Neckargau by Eberhard, "den Seligen", in Regesta Imperii III, 2,3 n. 179 online .
  2. ↑ Parts of the Hessengau were, however, in the possession of other counts, for example the counts of Ziegenhain , Bilstein , Schauenburg and Waldeck .
  3. ↑ Example: Comes "Wernerus de Grueninche [n]" or "Werinher de Gruoninge" as a witness in a certificate issued on August 3, 1101 by Emperor Heinrich IV for the Prüm Abbey . Source: Heinrich Beyer (ed.), Document book on the history of the Middle Rhine territories , volume 1, Koblenz 1860, p. 459f, no. 403 Google digitized .
  4. ^ Stefan Schipperges: The Bempflinger contract of 1089/90 , Esslingen 1990, p. 58.
  5. ^ Stefan Schipperges: The Bempflinger contract of 1089/90 , Esslingen 1990, p. 32 ff.
  6. ↑ Eugen Schneider : Codex Hirsaugiensis , Stuttgart 1887, p. 35 [in the original Fol. 39a].
  7. ↑ Eugen Schneider: Codex Hirsaugiensis , Stuttgart 1887, p. 54 [in the original Fol. 65a].
  8. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829, p. 5.
  9. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829, p. 5 f.
  10. ^ Karl Hermann May: Reichsbanneramt and Vorstreitrecht in Hessian perspective , Münster / Cologne 1952, p. 314, note 5.
  11. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829, pp. 5-14; as well as HStAM inventory document 16 No. 1  In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen).
  12. ↑ Document for Countess Gisela's death in 1155: HStAM inventory document 16 no. 428  In: Archivinformationssystem Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen).
  13. ↑ Confirmation of the founding of the monastery by Archbishop Adalbert I of Mainz (1123): HStAM inventory document 16 No. 1  In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen).
  14. ↑ Stefan Schipperges: The Bempflinger contract of 1089/90 , Esslingen 1990, pp. 98-105; as well as: Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . Stuttgart 1829, p. 4ff.
  15. ↑ WUB Volume I., No. 280, pages 356-357 WUB online .
  16. ↑ After the House of Württemberg received Grüningen and Reichssturmfahne as inheritance in 1336 , the Württemberg counts, dukes and even King Friedrich carried the secondary title “Count of Grüningen ” in the 19th century . See quotation from Baden-Württemberg State Bibliography (BSZ) .
  17. ^ A Marquard von Grüningen can be found together with his neighbor Sigeboto von " Remmincheim " as a witness of Werner in the Bempflingen contract . See Stefan Schipperges: The Bempflinger contract of 1089/90 , Esslingen 1990, p. 111 u. 113.
  18. ↑ Eugen Schneider: Codex Hirsaugiensis , Stuttgart 1887, p. 38 [in the original Fol. 42b].
  19. ↑ As the sons of Duke Friedrich I of Swabia and Heinrich IV's daughter Agnes von Waiblingen, Friedrich and Konrad von Staufen were the legitimate heirs of their sonless cousin Heinrich V, but were initially unable to assert their claim to the royal succession and ended up in a protracted manner Inheritance dispute over Salian imperial property, which they interpreted as hereditary household property.
  20. ^ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Counts of Gröningen , Stuttgart 1829, p. 19f.
  21. ↑ WUB Volume II., No. 312, pages 13-14. WUB online . From then on, the Counts of Württemberg found themselves in the retinue of the Hohenstaufen kings for around 100 years.
  22. ↑ WUB Volume II., No. 327, Pages 43-45, WUB online .

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personal data
SURNAME Werner IV.
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Werner IV of Grüningen
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Reichssturmfähnrich and Count von Grüningen, in Neckargau, from Maden and Worms
DATE OF BIRTH around 1060
DATE OF DEATH February 22, 1121