Burgraviate of Worms

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Burgraviate of Worms was a medieval rulership of the Bishopric of Worms , which included the city of Worms and the so-called Rhine villages located directly next to the city. The burgraviate was the administrative district of the burgrave (comes civitatis, prefectus urbis), who was responsible for the fortification and defense of the city as the noble liege of the Worms bishop. The castle ban was connected with the office of burgrave, by which the inhabitants of the city and the surrounding area were called upon to build and maintain the fortifications, the so-called castle works. Among the most important skills of the viscount also owned the bar right. Presumably there was a connection between the castle works obligation of the surrounding villages and their exemption from the city gate toll. It is uncertain whether the Allmend rights of the Rhine villages to Bürgerweide and Bürgerfeld go back to belonging to the Burgbann. In Worms, the burgraves had also been the noble upper bailiffs of the bishopric since they were first mentioned in 1106. The connection between the two offices ended between 1166 and 1174 with the transfer of the upper bailiwick to the Count Palatine Konrad . In the city of Worms, the burgraves had to give up their most important rights in the 13th century. In the Worms Rhine villages, the Counts of Zweibrücken were able to retain their rulership rights, which originally came from the burgrave office, until the 14th century.

history

The bishops of Worms had since the Frankish period by royal donations received by and by significant property in the city of Worms and the immediate surrounding area of the city. The cathedral was already in Frankish time immunity District , which the jurisdiction of the counts was withdrawn. Based on manorial rule and immunity, the bishop was able to acquire further sovereign rights in the city in the Ottonian times . The owners of the county with high jurisdiction outside the cathedral immunity remained the Salic dukes residing in Worms . It was not until the bishops Hildibald (979–998) and Burchard I (1000–1025) were able to largely acquire the count's rights in the entire city and its immediate vicinity. The lower and high jurisdiction was now exercised by the episcopal Vogt . Only blood jurisdiction remained with the count. A burgrave of Worms is first mentioned in 1106. The office is likely to be older. The first known burgrave and Obervogt of Worms was Count Werner IV of Grüningen and Maden . When he died in 1121 without male descendants, Count Simon I of Saarbrücken followed him . Between 1166 and 1174 - probably 1168 - Simon von Saarbrücken had to hand over the upper bailiwick of Worms to Count Palatine Konrad von Staufen , Barbarossa's half-brother . The burgraviate was detached from the bailiwick area. When the Saarbrücker Haus was divided in 1182/1190, the burgraviate came to the newly formed County of Zweibrücken . The Zweibrücken counts no longer used the title of Burgrave of Worms, but maintained their rule in most of the villages of the burgraviate. In the 13th century, the Zweibrückers acquired sovereignty in seventeen Rhine villages in the condominium with the Hochstift . By the end of the 14th century, their rule had shrunk to nine Rhine villages. In the city of Worms, defense sovereignty was completely transferred from the episcopal city lord to the municipality by the end of the 13th century. The burgraves claimed rights in the city until the 14th century, but were only able to partially enforce these powers. The pole right was sold to the municipality in 1262. In 1370 Count Eberhard von Zweibrücken finally renounced all rights of the burgrave in the city.

Burgraves of Worms

Burgrave of Worms Term of office comment
Count Werner IV of Grüningen and Maden 1090 (?) - 1121 In personal union Obervogt of the Hochstift Worms
Count Simon I of Saarbrücken 1121 - 1182/1190 Upper Bailiff of the Hochstift Worms until 1166/1174
Count Heinrich I of Zweibrücken 1182/1190-1228 Son of Simon I.
Count Heinrich II of Zweibrücken 1228-1281 Gives up pole rights in 1262 - connects the Worms Rhine villages with his rule of Stauf

area

The city of Worms and its immediate vicinity belonged to the Burgraviate of Worms . Presumably there were 17 villages on the left and right of the Rhine near the city. A certificate of division of the Zweibrücken Counts Eberhard I and Walram I from 1305 shows that at that time 17 Rhine villages (" sibencen dorfer, the ligent ume den Rin ") belonged to the Stauf rule . Not all 17 villages are known by name. Belonging to the Burgraviate of Worms is only guaranteed for the following Rhine villages:

In a very late record from 1490 about exemptions from the Worms gate toll, 17 villages are also mentioned. Possibly this is an " echo of the old mutual ties between the city and the surrounding area "

literature

  • Siegfried Rietschel : The burgrave office and the high level of jurisdiction in the German episcopal cities during the early Middle Ages . Leipzig 1905 ( [8] - still today the relevant investigation into the character of the burgrave office in the episcopal cities).
  • Meinrad Schaab : The Diocese of Worms in the Middle Ages . In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive . tape 86 , 1966, pp. 94–219 ( [9] [PDF] On the importance of the Burgraviate of Worms or "city prefecture" for the formation of sovereignty in the area around Worms).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Heinrich Boos (Ed.): Document book of the city of Worms . tape 1 . Berlin 1886 (documents nos. 59, 68, 69, 70, 71 and 82).
  2. ^ Siegfried Rietschel : The burgrave office and the high level of jurisdiction in the German episcopal cities during the early Middle Ages . Leipzig 1905, p. 122-134, 318-334 ( [1] [accessed February 8, 2016]).
  3. ^ Franz Beyerle : To the military constitution of the high Middle Ages . In: Festschrift Ernst Mayer (Würzburg) for his 70th birthday . Weimar 1932, p. 31-91 .
  4. ^ Hermann Conrad : German legal history . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Karlsruhe 1962, p. 265 f .
  5. ↑ Rietschel, Burggrafenamt , p. 130 and p. 332.
  6. ↑ Thomas Zotz : Art. Burggraf . In: Albrecht Cordes u. a. (Ed.): Concise dictionary on German legal history . 2nd Edition. tape 1 . Berlin 2008, Sp. 766-768 .
  7. ↑ Gerold Bönnen : City topography, relations to the surrounding area and defense constitution: Notes on medieval wall building regulations . In: Michael Matheus (Hrsg.): City and defense construction in the Middle Rhine region . Stuttgart 2003, p. 21-45 . In it pp. 31-35, especially p. 34.
  8. ↑ a b Stadtarchiv Worms 001B No. 1796: Salbuch of the Stein and Worms cellars, 1490. Retrieved on February 8, 2016 . Therein fol. 60–61 Speyerer, Andreas, Martins and Rheinpforte; List of places exempt from gate duty (17 villages in the surrounding area).
  9. ^ Heinrich Boos : History of the Rhenish urban culture from its beginnings to the present with esp. Berücks. of the city of Worms . tape 1 . Berlin 1897. p. 248.
  10. ^ Heinrich Boos : History of the Rhenish urban culture from its beginnings to the present with esp. Berücks. of the city of Worms . 2nd Edition. tape 3 . Berlin 1899. pp. 72-77.
  11. ^ Bönnen, Stadttopographie , p. 31.
  12. ^ Johann Lechner : The older royal documents for the diocese of Worms and the establishment of the episcopal princely power . In: Communications from the Institute for Austrian Historical Research . tape 22 , 1901, pp. 361-419, 529-574 ( [2] and [3] ). In particular p. 550 ff.
  13. ↑ Hans Hirsch : The high jurisdiction in the German Middle Ages . 2nd Edition. Weimar 1958. In it pp. 114–121 on Heinrich II's diploma no. 319 (1014).
  14. ↑ Alois Seiler : The Worms Monastery in the Middle Ages . Worms 1936. Therein pp. 17-27 and pp. 31-36.
  15. ↑ Rietschel, Burggrafenamt , pp. 122 f., 321, 326 f.
  16. ↑ A document (Urkundenbuch Worms vol. 1 no. 43) which names a Burgrave of Worms as early as 1016 is a forgery from the 12th century, cf. Rietschel, Burggrafenamt , p. 122.
  17. ↑ Hans Werle : Studies on the Worms and Speyer Hochstiftsvogtei in the 12th century. In: Leaves for Palatine church history and religious folklore . Vol. 21, 1954, pp. 80-89 . Therein p. 82.
  18. ↑ Winfried Dotzauer : The historical area of ​​the federal state Rhineland-Palatinate . Frankfurt am Main 1992. p. 195.
  19. ↑ Werle, Studies on the Worms and Speyer Hochstiftsvogtei , pp. 80, 82 f.
  20. ↑ Meinrad Schaab : The Diocese of Worms in the Middle Ages . In: Freiburg Diocesan Archive . tape 86 , 1966, pp. 94-219 ( [4] [PDF]). In it p. 143 f., Pp. 148-151, especially p. 149 f.
  21. ↑ Friedhelm Jürgensmeier (Ed.): The Diocese of Worms from Roman times to its dissolution in 1801 . Würzburg 1997. p. 39.
  22. ↑ Rietschel, Burggrafenamt , pp. 124, 128.
  23. ↑ Schaab, Diözese Worms , pp. 149–151.
  24. ^ Meinrad Schaab : Territorial development of the Hochstifte Speyer and Worms . In: Willi Alter (ed.): Pfalzatlas . Text volume 2. Speyer 1971, p. 760-780 . In it pp. 773, 775 f.
  25. ^ Adolph Köllner : History of the rule Kirchheim-Boland and Stauf . Wiesbaden 1854 ( [5] [accessed on February 12, 2016]). In it pp. 144, 148 ff., 308 f.
  26. ↑ Gerold Bönnen (ed.): History of the city of Worms . Stuttgart 2005. p. 198 f.
  27. ↑ Sabine Happ: City development on the Middle Rhine . Cologne 2002. p. 118 f.
  28. ↑ Boos, History of the Rhine. City culture , Vol. 2, pp. 23, 140, 166 f.
  29. ^ Rietschel, Burggrafenamt , pp. 124, 128, 130-134.
  30. ↑ Werle, Studies on the Worms and Speyer Hochstiftsvogtei , pp. 80–82.
  31. ↑ Schaab, Diözese Worms , p. 149.
  32. ↑ Andreas Urban Friedmann: The relations of the dioceses of Worms and Speyer to the Ottonian and Salian kings . Mainz 1994. Therein pp. 140f.
  33. ^ Werle, Studies on the Worms and Speyer Hochstiftsvogtei , p. 82 f.
  34. ↑ J [ohann] G [eorg] Lehmann : Short documented history of the Count's house in Zweybrück . Munich 1867 ( [6] [accessed February 8, 2016]). P. 17.
  35. ↑ a b Schaab, Territorialeentwicklung p. 775 f.
  36. ↑ Hermann Schreibmüller : Castle and rule of Stauf in the Palatinate . Part 2: until 1393. Kaiserslautern 1914 ( [7] [accessed on February 12, 2016]). Document enclosures No. 2, p. 23 f. (Quote p. 23).
  37. ↑ a b Schaab, Diözese Worms , p. 150 f.
  38. ↑ Köllner, Kirchheim-Boland and Stauf , p. 144.
  39. ↑ Today at this point the Littersheimerhof (northeast of Bobenheim). Georg Biundo : Bobenheim-Roxheim. From the history of a large community . o. O. [Bobenheim-Roxheim] 1973. In it on Littersheim p. 433 ff.
  40. ↑ Köllner, Kirchheim-Boland and Stauf , p. 308 ff.
  41. ↑ Kriegsheim is referred to in 1137 (Worms Document Book, Vol. 1, No. 64) as " in comitatu praefecturae civitatis nostrae sitam ". But it is unclear how this is to be understood and whether Kriegsheim actually belonged to the burgraviate, cf. Rietschel, Burggrafenamt p. 126 f. Schaab, Territorialeentwicklung , p. 776 counts Kriegsheim to the villages of the burgraviate.
  42. ↑ Schaab, Territorial Development , p. 777.
  43. ↑ Neckarau was a fiefdom of Burgrave Werner IV of Grüningen and Maden (cf. Werle, Studien zur Wormser und Speyer Hochstiftsvogtei , p. 81 f.), But it did not belong to the Rhine villages or the burgraviate.
  44. ^ Bönnen, Stadttopographie , p. 34.