Hofheim (Lampertheim)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hofheim
City of Lampertheim
Coat of arms of the former municipality of Hofheim
Coordinates: 49 ° 39 ′ 31 ″  N , 8 ° 24 ′ 42 ″  E
Height : 91 m above sea level NHN
Area : 13.94 km²
Residents : 5228  (June 30, 2012)
Population density : 375 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : 1st October 1971
Postal code : 68623
Area code : 06241

Hofheim is the largest district of Lampertheim and, like the core city about eight kilometers away, is located in Ried in southern Hesse . As numerous finds suggest, the place was probably founded by the Franks in the 5th to 6th centuries . Surrounded by agriculturally used areas, which are only interrupted by a few field wood islands, Hofheim is now a quiet residential community.

Its outstanding attraction is the Catholic parish church of St. Michael from the 18th century, built by Balthasar Neumann .

geography

Hofheim is located in the Upper Rhine Plain on the right bank of the Rhine in the Bergstrasse district in southern Hesse . The closest larger city is Worms, about four kilometers to the southwest . Neighboring towns are Nordheim , Wattenheim (both in the north), Biblis (north-east), Bobstadt (east), Bürstadt (south-east), Rosengarten and Worms (both in the south-west). Mannheim , the closest major city, is around 20 kilometers away, and Frankfurt am Main is 55 kilometers away. It is worth mentioning the peripheral location of Hofheim to the core city of Lampertheim, which is why numerous central services are more likely to be used by the population in Worms or Bürstadt.

history

Overview

Hofheim probably arose from a Franconian foundation. There is much evidence of a manorial court at this point. The first documentary mention dates from the year 991, when the village with the name Hovenheim appears in the records of the Weißenburg monastery . The Hofheim property comprised 4 Hufen (Huben) Salland , i. H. the area of ​​the manor in Hofheim, a church with a tithe, a forest and 24 Hörigenhufen. From the early 11th century, the Bishop of Worms can be assumed as the landlord. With the Steiner pledge, Hofheim came to the Counts of Sponheim in 1354 and to Electoral Palatinate in 1387 .

In the early days of the Reformation , the Palatinate rulers openly sympathized with the Lutheran faith, but it was not until Ottheinrich (Elector from 1556 to 1559) that the official transition to Lutheran teaching took place. Like the entire region, Hofheim is likely to have suffered greatly from the aftermath of the Thirty Years War (1618 to 1648). On the Bergstrasse and in the Hessian Ried , large areas outside the fortified cities were completely depopulated. Fifty years after the end of the Thirty Years' War, the region was again hit hard by the aftermath of the war when France tried to move its borders to the east. It was not until the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697 that the French withdrew behind the Rhine.

In 1705, the castle and office of Stein , and with them Hofheim, came from the Electoral Palatinate to the Worms monastery in exchange with the Hemsbach winery . There it is in the office Lampertheim incorporated.

Between 1747 and 1749 the Catholic parish church of St. Michael was built according to the plans of the baroque master builder Balthasar Neumann .

With the “ Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ” of February 25, 1803, the territorial relationships in the Old Reich were reorganized. The occasion was the conquests of Napoleon , who had extended the French state border to the Rhine. This last work of law of the Old Kingdom implemented the provisions of the Peace of Luneville . The Hochstift Worms was dissolved and the Office Lampertheim and thus Hofheim came to the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt . During the Napoleonic Wars , under pressure from Napoleon in 1806, the Grand Duchy of Hesse was created , into which the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was merged. The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . After the end of the Second World War in 1945, the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and the state of Hesse was established within its current boundaries following instructions from the military government .

As part of the Hessian regional reform , Hofheim was incorporated into the city of Lampertheim on October 1, 1971.

Historical descriptions

The historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch, or church history of the Upper Rhinegau, reports on Hofheim (near Worms) in 1812 under the section Das Bensheimer Landkapitel :

»Hofheim (near Worms) and not far from Biblis is no less an old parish, which in older times and still in the 16th century belonged to the Mainz diocese and the Bensheim regional chapter, and is expressly mentioned in the synodal register at Würdtwein. As a result of this synodal register, the collegiate monastery in Neuhausen near Worms owned this parish, which had it administered through a plebanum . That ancient collegiate monastery was founded in 1562 by the Elector Friedrich III. drafted from the Palatinate and transformed into an illustrious grammar school , which resulted in the patronage right from Hofheim to the Electoral Palatinate. But when the village of Neuhausen itself was ceded by the Electoral Palatinate to the Worms Monastery in 1706 , the parish of Hofheim was also given the right of patronage to the abbey. Whether at that time or before the parish of Hofheim was transferred from the ore monastery of Mainz to the Worms diocese, I cannot say, it probably happened when the Stein winery, which Hofheim also belonged to, moved from the Palatinate to the Worms monastery, against the Hemsbach winery, was left entirely (namely in 1705). The parish Hofheim now counts as branches Nordheim and Bobstadt. The winery or the Veste Stein ( Zullestein ) was also part of it previously . […] Around 1555 the Reformation seems to have been introduced in these places, and in 1632 there was still a referring pastor in Wattenheim who also looked after Nordheim. When Wattenheim soon returned to Catholic doctrine, the Reformed pastor came to live in Nordheim and had Hofheim and Bobstadt as branches. On the other hand, the Catholic pastor in Hofheim received the Catholics in Nordheim and Bobstadt as chain stores, although it remained until izt. In the recession of 1705 it is precisely determined how it is to be carried out with the religious exercise in the Stein cellar as well as in the Hemsbach cellar. "

The statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse reports on Hofheim in 1829:

»Hofheim (L. Bez. Heppenheim) cath. Pfarrdorf, is 4 St, from Heppenheim and has 182 houses and 1,197 inhabitants, among these are 814 Evangelists. Protest., 372 Cath., And 11 Jews. A lot of tobacco is grown here. Hofheim is an old place. The parish owned the collegiate monastery in Neuhausen near Worms. When this monastery was abolished in 1565, the patronage rights of Hofheim came to Churpfalz. But after Churpfalz had ceded the village of Neuhausen to the Hochstift (Worms) in 1706, the patronage came to this monastery. Finally in 1802 Hofheim came from the diocese of Worms to Hesse. "

and

»Rinnenwörth (L. Bez. Heppenheim) Rheinau, belongs to Hofheim, consists of meadows and a willow complex and is stately. «

such as

"Carlsau (L. Bez. Heppenheim) Rheinau, belongs to Hofheim, consists of a willow complex and is stately."

The latest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states from 1845 states:

“Hofheim near Heppenheim. - Village with a Catholic parish church, regarding the Evangel. belonging to the parish of Nordheim. - 182 H. 1197 E. (including 11 Jews). - Grand Duke. Hesse. - Prov. Starkenburg. - Bensheim district. - Lorsch District Court. - Darmstadt Court of Justice. - The village of Hofheim, an old town, was ceded to Hesse by the Bishopric of Worms in 1802. "

Time of world wars

On August 1, 1914, the First World War broke out and put an end to the positive economic development throughout the German Empire . When the armistice was signed after the German defeat on November 11, 1918, Hofheim also had casualties to mourn, while the war cost a total of around 17 million human lives. The end of the German Empire was thus sealed, and the troubled times of the Weimar Republic followed. In the period from 1921 to 1930, there were 566,500 emigrants in Germany who tried to escape the difficult conditions in Germany.

On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler became Chancellor, which sealed the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of the National Socialist dictatorship . In the spring of 1933, Adolf Hitler made May 1 a public holiday called “ German Labor Day ”. In this way, a union demand was met by the government of all people, which the unions strictly opposed. The unions called for participation in the May events, as they felt they were the initiators of the May idea. The official program was already heavily influenced by the National Socialists: “6 o'clock wake up by the SA bands. 8 a.m. flag hoisting in the factories, march to the parade ground, 9 a.m. transmission of the rally from the pleasure garden in Berlin to the public squares of the cities. 10.45 am State act of the Hessian government (...), reception of a workers delegation from the three Hessian provinces. (...) Common singing of the 'Song of the Workers'. (...) 7.30 a.m. Transmission from Tempelhofer Feld, Berlin: Manifesto of Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler, 'The first year of the four-year plan'. Then light music and German dance. 12 noon: Broadcast of the speech by Prime Minister Hermann Göring. (...) Former Marxist singing, gymnastics and sports clubs can take part in the parades, but carry Marxist flags or symbols with you. ”The rude awakening for the unions came a day later when the“ NSDAP led the red unions took over ”:“ The since then Marxist leaders in protective custody - A 3 million account of the former Reichstag President Löbe blocked - The rights of the workers secured - The buildings of the free trade unions occupied ”, headlined the newspapers, which had already been harmonized throughout the Reich.

In Hesse, on July 3, 1933, the "Law for the implementation of field clearing for the purpose of creating jobs in the course of the redevelopment" was passed. In 13 municipalities in the Starkenburg province, including Hofheim, the field clearing procedure was ordered over an area of ​​200,000 ha. In the course of this amelioration and settlement program, the two places Riedrode and Worms-Rosengarten were created .

On September 1, 1939, when German troops marched into Poland, the Second World War began , the effects of which were even more dramatic than the First World War and the number of victims estimated at 60 to 70 million people. From 1944 onwards, the increased air war against Germany was felt in Hofheim as well. Large aviation associations flew over Hofheim when they attacked the surrounding industrial cities of Ludwigshafen, Mannheim or Worms. Hofheim was largely spared. In that year, work in the fields became life-threatening due to the continued low-flying attacks. Nobody was safe on the train or on the streets either. In the final phase of the Second World War in Europe, the American units reached the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim in mid-March 1945. The bridgeheads on the left bank of the Rhine could not be held by the weak German forces, which led to the demolition of the Rhine bridges at Worms, Nordheim and Gernsheim on March 20. The remnants of the German 7th Army, which had withdrawn to the right bank of the Rhine, had to leave almost all of their heavy equipment such as tanks and artillery behind, which made a continuation of the fighting with the absolute air dominance of the Americans and the lack of any German reserves actually completely pointless. On the American side, the primary goal was now to avoid further losses, which led to the massive use of artillery, tanks and aircraft, even without precise knowledge of a possible counter-defense, on all cities and villages to be captured. If the advancing forces encountered resistance, there was an immediate retreat and massive use of the air force and artillery. On March 22nd, the 3rd US Army crossed the Rhine near Oppenheim and occupied Darmstadt on March 25th. From the American point of view, this made it necessary for the neighboring US 7th Army to move up quickly to secure its flanks. In preparation for their crossing of the Rhine, most of the Ried communities were shelled by American artillery on March 25th and on the night of March 26th. In all affected communities, people were killed and property was damaged. In the first hours of March 26, 1945, American troops crossed the Rhine near Hamm and south of Worms. The forces transferred at Worms took possession of the village of Rosengarten that night and advanced in three directions. In the north they occupied Hofheim in the morning and destroyed a nearby anti-aircraft train . On March 27, the American units were in Lorsch, Bensheim and Heppenheim, and a day later Aschaffenburg am Main and the western and northern parts of the Odenwald were occupied. The war in Europe ended with the unconditional surrender of all German troops, which came into effect on May 8, 1945 at 11:01 p.m. Central European Time.

Administration and courts

Under Worms sovereignty, administration and jurisdiction over the place were exercised by the “Amt Lampertheim” and the “Amtskellerei Stein” of the Principality of Worms .

After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803 dissolved the Principality of Worms and assigned us the "Office Lampertheim" of the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt , it was initially continued there as the Hessian office . In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hessen-Darmstadt became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen , which came into being under Napoléon's pressure . The superordinate administrative authority was the "Administrative Region Darmstadt" which from 1803 was also referred to as the "Principality of Starkenburg".

After Napoléon's final defeat, the Congress of Vienna in 1814/15 also regulated the territorial situation for Hesse, and in 1816 provinces were formed in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. The area previously known as the “Principality of Starkenburg”, which consisted of the old Hessian territories south of the Main and the territories on the right bank of the Rhine that were added from 1803, was renamed “Province of Starkenburg” .

In 1821, as part of a comprehensive administrative reform, the district bailiffs in the provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse of the Grand Duchy were dissolved and district councils were introduced, making Hofheim part of the Heppenheim district . As part of this reform, regional courts were also created, which were now independent of the administration. The district court districts corresponded in scope to the district council districts and the district court of Lorsch was responsible as the court of first instance for the district of Heppenheim . This reform also regulated the administrative administration at the municipal level. The mayor's office in Hofheim was also responsible for Bobstadt . According to the municipal ordinance of June 30, 1821, there were no longer appointments of mayors , but an elected local council, which was composed of a mayor, aldermen and council.

In 1832 the units were further enlarged and circles were created. After the reorganization announced on August 20, 1832, there should only be the districts of Bensheim and Lindenfels in the future in Süd-Starkenburg; the district of Heppenheim was to fall into the Bensheim district. Even before the ordinance came into force on October 15, 1832, it was revised to the effect that instead of the Lindenfels district, the Heppenheim district was formed as a second district alongside the Bensheim district, with Hofheim being assigned to the Bensheim district . In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

As a result of the March Revolution of 1848, with the "Law on the Relationships of the Classes and Noble Court Lords" of April 15, 1848, the special rights of the class were finally repealed. In addition, in the provinces, the districts and the district administration districts of the Grand Duchy were abolished on July 31, 1848 and replaced by "administrative districts", whereby the previous districts of Bensheim and Heppenheim were combined to form the administrative district of Heppenheim . Just four years later, in the course of the reaction era, they returned to the division into circles. Hofheim has now been assigned to the Heppenheim district . In 1842 the tax system in the Grand Duchy was reformed and the tithe and the basic pensions (income from property) were replaced by a tax system of the kind that still exists today.

The population and cadastral lists recorded in December 1852 showed for Hofheim: Catholic parish village with 1484 inhabitants. The district consists of 4960 acres , of which 3790 acres of arable land, 921 acres of meadows and 62 acres of forest.

In the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, referring to December 1867, for Hofheim with its own mayor's office, 225 houses, 1284 inhabitants, the district of Heppenheim, the Lorsch district court, the Protestant parish Hofheim of the dean's office in Zwingenberg and the Catholic parish of Hofheim of the dean's office in Bensheim were given .

After the Grand Duchy of Hesse had been part of the German Empire from 1871, a series of administrative reforms were decided in 1874. The state-specific rules of procedure as well as the administration of the districts and provinces were regulated by district and provincial assemblies. The new regulation came into force on July 12, 1874 and also decreed the dissolution of the Lindenfels and Wimpfen districts and the incorporation of Hofheim into the Bensheim district.

The Hessian provinces of Starkenburg, Rheinhessen and Upper Hesse were abolished in 1937 after the provincial and district assemblies were dissolved in 1936. On November 1, 1938, a comprehensive regional reform came into force at the district level. In the former province of Starkenburg, the Bensheim district was particularly affected, as it was dissolved and most of it was added to the Heppenheim district. The district of Heppenheim also took over the legal successor to the district of Bensheim and was given the new name Landkreis Bergstrasse .

The Grand Duchy of Hesse was a member state of the German Confederation from 1815 to 1866 and then a federal state of the German Empire . It existed until 1919, after the First World War, the Grand Duchy for was republican written People's State of Hesse . In 1945 after the end of the Second World War , the area of ​​today's Hesse was in the American zone of occupation and by order of the military government, Greater Hesse was created , from which the state of Hesse emerged in its current borders.

In 1961 the size of the district was given as 1394  ha .

As part of the regional reform in Hesse on October 1, 1971, the previously independent municipalities of Hofheim and Rosengarten were incorporated into Lampertheim on a voluntary basis. Local districts with local advisory councils and local councilors were formed for both districts according to the Hessian municipal code.

The following list gives an overview of the territories in which Hofheim was located and the administrative units to which it was subordinate:

Courts in Hessen

With the formation of the regional courts in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, the Lorsch regional court in the Heppenheim district was the court of first instance from 1821 . On the occasion of the introduction of the Courts Constitution Act with effect from October 1, 1879, the previous grand-ducal Hessian regional courts were replaced by local courts in the same place, while the newly created regional courts now functioned as higher courts. This led to the renaming of the Lorsch District Court and allocation to the district of the Darmstadt District Court .

On October 1, 1934, the Lorsch district court was dissolved and the district of Hofheim was assigned to the district court of Worms , the town of Bobstadt and the city of Bürstadt to the district court of Lampertheim, and the remaining places with Hofheim to the district court of Bensheim .

Population development

• 1806: 962 inhabitants, 151 houses
• 1829: 1197 inhabitants, 182 houses
• 1867: 1297 inhabitants, 227 houses
Hofheim: Population from 1806 to 2011
year     Residents
1806
  
 962
1829
  
 1,197
1834
  
 1,205
1840
  
 1,326
1846
  
 1,468
1852
  
 1,484
1858
  
 1,514
1864
  
 1,358
1871
  
 1,403
1875
  
 1,345
1885
  
 1,447
1895
  
 1,582
1905
  
 1,955
1910
  
 2,106
1925
  
 2,661
1939
  
 2,841
1946
  
 3,629
1950
  
 4,075
1956
  
 4,203
1961
  
 4,479
1967
  
 4,882
1970
  
 5,023
1980
  
 ?
1990
  
 ?
2000
  
 ?
2011
  
 4,929
Data source: Historical municipality register for Hesse: The population of the municipalities from 1834 to 1967. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, 1968.
Further sources:; 2011 census

Religious affiliation

• 1829: 814 Evangelical Protestant (= 68.00%), 11 Jewish (= 0.92%) and 372 Catholic (= 31.08%) residents
• 1961: 2610 Protestant (= 58.27%), 1758 Catholic (= 39.25%) residents

politics

There is a local district for Hofheim (areas of the former community Hofheim with the former community-free area Wehrzollhaus) with a local advisory board and mayor according to the Hessian municipal code . The local advisory board consists of nine members. Since the local elections in 2016, it has had four members of the SPD and five members of the CDU . The mayor is Alexander Scholl (CDU).

Partnerships

There are partnership agreements with the following municipalities:

Culture and sights

The old town hall of Hofheim

Buildings

The old City Hall

The so-called old town hall in Hofheim was built at the beginning of the 18th century. The keystone above the large archway bears the year 1711. Since then, the building has housed, among other things, the seat of the municipal administration, the registry office, the cattle scale and the municipal bath. In 1968 it lost its last tasks to the newly built Hofheimer Bürgerhaus. Extensive renovation work began in 2006. After completion, the rooms could be used for exhibitions, festivals and clubs. From August 2015 it then became, temporarily, the home of the kindergarten. In February 2018, the city administration moved in again, with a wedding room and the library branch.

Parish Church of St. Michael

It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that art historians were able to deduce from building files that the baroque parish church consecrated to Saint Michael was built by Balthasar Neumann. The builder was the Archbishop of Trier, Elector Franz Georg von Schönborn , from 1747 to 1754. A previous Gothic building was demolished.

It is a single-nave church interior with a 5/10 choir apse. The three-part west facade in white plaster, from the protruding middle section of which the three-storey tower with oculus, arched windows and onion dome grows, structured with pilaster strips and a large volute made of red sandstone, is typical of Balthasar Neumann's style.

Above the entrance is the richly decorated coat of arms of the builder, held by two lions, with an inscription.

The masters of the interior furnishings, also largely from the 18th century, in the Baroque and Rococo styles are only partially known.

  • The high altar in the choir and the two side altars in the nave form a harmonious ensemble. All three altars have the same basic architectural form, typical of the style: the middle section is flanked by pairs of marble columns, which in turn are flanked by sculptures of saints; There are putti on the fighter plates , and the crown is the eye of God in a halo. The middle part of the high altar is a painting depicting the Archangel Michael with the slain dragon by Johann Conrad Seekatz (heavily restored), the side altars are home to the central stone sculptures: on the right Joseph with the Christ child on his arm and on the left as a counterpart to this Maria with child ( Attributed to Georg Rieger). The stone flank figures are Anna with Mary on the left side altar, the apostles Peter and Paul on the high altar and Saint Sebastian on the right side altar . Comparative studies of the robes and heads of the Rococo statues brought them into connection with the Paul Egel school.
  • On the wooden pulpit from the 18th century, an inlay work depicts John the Baptist .
  • The “Baptism of Christ” on the baroque baptismal font comes from the local wood carver Rudolf Bergner .
  • The Holy Family on a console at the south side entrance is a Franconian Baroque carving by an unknown master.
  • The Way of the Cross (14 oil paintings) on the nave walls is assigned to the South German Baroque.
  • The oil painting on the north wall ( awarding the rosary ) is dated around 1750. It is a painting of the Rosary Brotherhood .

Next to the church is a life-size rococo sandstone crucifix as a copy; the original, as well as its former flank figures Maria and Johannes, is located in Mainz Cathedral .

  • St. Michael in Hofheim (Balthasar Neumann)

  • Baroque interior with three coordinated altars

  • Holy Family, South German Baroque

theatre

Since 1991 the Hofheim theater group “Die Krautstorze” has been playing pieces ranging from classic to modern comedy in Hofheim dialect . The Krautstorze see themselves as an amateur theater that belongs to the Bund Deutscher Amateurtheater and the Landesverband Hessischer Amateurbühnen.

In the literature

Hofheim is the setting for Leonie Ossowski's novel Espenlaub .

Sports

  • The local football club FV Hofheim 1911 e. V. plays in the Bergstraße regional league in the 2017/18 season.

traffic

The train station of Hofheim im Ried

The Hofheim (Ried) Bahnhof has connections to Frankfurt-Worms ( Riedbahn ) and Worms-Bensheim ( Nibelungen Railway ). There are regular bus connections to Lampertheim and Biblis. The closest motorway junctions are Lorsch with the A 67 twelve kilometers away, Worms with the connection to the A 61 about twelve kilometers away and Mannheim-Sandhofen with the A 6 fifteen kilometers away. The Frankfurt airport is about 58 kilometers away, the commercial port in Worms on the Rhine can be reached in about six kilometers.

Sons and daughters

literature

Web links

Commons : Hofheim  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f Hofheim, Bergstrasse district. Historical local lexicon for Hesse (as of April 17, 2018). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS). Hessian State Office for Historical Cultural Studies (HLGL), accessed on May 21, 2018 .
  2. ↑ Hofheim district. In: website. City of Lampertheim, accessed December 2018 .
  3. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes for municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 348 .
  4. ^ Johann Konrad Dahl: Historical-topographical-statistical description of the principality of Lorsch or church history of the Upper Rhinegau . Darmstadt 1812, OCLC 162251605 , p. 44 ( online at google books ).
  5. ^ A b c Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner : Statistical-topographical-historical description of the Grand Duchy of Hesse: Province of Starkenburg . tape 1 . Carl Wilhelm Leske, Darmstadt October 1829, OCLC 312528080 , p. 115 ( online at google books ).
  6. ^ Johann Friedrich Kratzsch : The newest and most thorough alphabetical lexicon of all localities in the German federal states . Part 2nd volume 1 . Zimmermann, Naumburg 1845, OCLC 162810696 , p. 639–640 ( online at google books ).
  7. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger" 2007. (PDF; 8.61 MB) Fresh birch green, waving flags. (No longer available online.) P. 66 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; accessed on December 28, 2014 .
  8. ↑ Timeline of the community of Biblis. (1900-1944). Biblis parish, accessed December 15, 2014 .
  9. ↑ Series of articles in the Bergstrasse Gazette from 2005 about the end of the war on Bergstrasse. Mountain road. Bergsträßer Anzeiger, accessed on December 20, 2014 .
  10. ^ Heinrich Karl Wilhelm Berghaus : Germany for a hundred years: Abth. Germany fifty years ago . tape 3 . Voigt & Günther, Leipzig 1862, OCLC 311428620 , p. 358 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  11. ^ M. Borchmann, D. Breithaupt, G. Kaiser: Kommunalrecht in Hessen . W. Kohlhammer Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-555-01352-1 , p. 20 ( partial view on google books ).
  12. ↑ Law on the Conditions of the Class Lords and Noble Court Lords of August 7, 1848 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1848 no. 40 , p. 237–241 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 42,9 MB ]).
  13. ^ Ordinance on the division of the Grand Duchy into circles of May 12, 1852 . In: Grand Ducal Hessian Ministry of the Interior (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette 1852 No. 30 . S. 224–229 ( online at the Bavarian State Library digital [PDF]).
  14. ↑ Wolfgang Torge : History of geodesy in Germany . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 2007, ISBN 3-11-019056-7 , pp. 172 ( partial view on google books ).
  15. ^ Ph. AF Walther : The Grand Duchy of Hessen: according to history, country, people, state and locality . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1854, DNB  730150224 , OCLC 866461332 , p. 335 ( online at google books ).
  16. ↑ a b Ph. AF Walther : Alphabetical index of residential places in the Grand Duchy of Hesse . G. Jonghaus, Darmstadt 1869, OCLC 162355422 , p. 42 ( online at google books ).
  17. ↑ Martin Kukowski: Hessisches Staatsarchiv Darmstadt: Tradition from the former Grand Duchy and the People's State of Hesse. Volume 3. KG Saur, 1998, ISBN 3-598-23252-7 , p. 23.
  18. ↑ Headlines from Bensheim on the 175th anniversary of the "Bergsträßer Anzeiger". (PDF; 9.0 MB) The creation of the Bergstrasse district. (No longer available online.) 2007, p. 109 , archived from the original on October 5, 2016 ; Retrieved February 9, 2015 .
  19. ↑ a b main statute. (PDF; 14 kB) § 3. In: Website. City of Lampertheim, accessed September 2019 .
  20. ^ Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. State of Hesse. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  21. ^ Grand Ducal Central Office for State Statistics (ed.): Contributions to the statistics of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . tape 1 . Großherzoglicher Staatsverlag, Darmstadt 1862, DNB  013163434 , OCLC 894925483 , p. 43 ff . ( Online at google books ).
  22. ↑ a b List of offices, places, houses, population. (1806) HStAD inventory E 8 A No. 352/4. In: Archive Information System Hessen (Arcinsys Hessen), as of February 6, 1806.
  23. ^ Ordinance on the implementation of the German Courts Constitution Act and the Introductory Act to the Courts Constitution Act of May 14, 1879 . In: Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine (ed.): Grand Ducal Hessian Government Gazette. 1879 no. 15 , p. 197–211 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 17.8 MB ]).
  24. ↑ Ordinance on the reorganization of district courts (Section 2, Paragraph 6) of April 11, 1934 . In: The Hessian Minister of State Jung (Hrsg.): Hessisches Regierungsblatt. 1934 No. 10 , p. 63 ( Online at the information system of the Hessian State Parliament [PDF; 13.6 MB ]).
  25. ↑ Selected data on population and households on May 9, 2011 in the Hessian municipalities and parts of the municipality. (PDF; 1.8 MB) In: 2011 Census . Hessian State Statistical Office;
  26. ↑ Local Advisory Board Hofheim. In: website. City of Lampertheim, accessed November 2019 .