Burchard of Worms

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Burchard von Worms, statue by Ernemann Sander in front of the Worms Cathedral

Burchard von Worms (* around 965; † August 20, 1025 ) was Bishop of Worms and a leading canon lawyer of his time. During his tenure, he initiated the construction of the new Worms Cathedral .

Origin and education

Burchard von Worms came from a north Hessian aristocratic family, according to Wormatia Sacra, the counts of Reichenbach-Ziegenhain . His spiritual education took place in Koblenz , probably in the Benedictine monastery of St. Florin , and in the Abbey of Laubach (Belgium). His sister Mechthildis is mentioned in a document in 1016 as the abbess and re-founder of the Worms monastery Maria Münster .

Mainz time

In 993 Burchard von Worms entered the service of Archbishop Willigis of Mainz , who ordained him as a deacon . Around 995 Willigis made him provost of the Viktorstift in Mainz. A short time later, Burchard was appointed head of the chamber and head of the citizenship of the city of Mainz . In this position he got to know the undivided rule of the city, which later became important for his work in Worms.

Bishop of Worms

St. Peter cathedral in Worms , view of the east end, crossing tower and north arm of the transept

In 999 the bishop's chair in Worms became vacant, since 998 Bishop Franko stayed with the emperor in Italy, his two successors Erpo and Razo never entered their diocese. Although a potential candidate as a member of the administrative institution Hofkapelle , Burchard was initially not appointed to the office of bishop. It was only after the three predecessors, including his older brother Franko, who had recently ruled, died within two years that Emperor Otto III sat down . for the inauguration of Burchard. According to his vita, his brother Franko had dying asked the ruler for it. In Heiligenstadt (Eichsfeld), today's Heilbad Heiligenstadt , an exclave of the diocese of Mainz at the time , he was ordained bishop (possibly on March 10, 1000) by Willigis. The reason for Burchard's repeated disregard for the investiture is likely a crisis in the relationship between Willigis and Otto III. have been.

The relatively long phase without a bishop as city lord and supreme local authority had caused a state of lawlessness, devastation and ultimately also depopulation in Worms. The first measure that Burchard took after his return was the rebuilding of the protective city ​​wall to enable the emigrated citizens to return to the city. After about five years, the previous population was reached again.

Burchard strove to strengthen the diocese by gaining territory. In the year 1000 he accompanied Otto III. during an Italian train , on which the emperor notarized several donations to the diocese of Worms . In 1001 Burchard moved to Italy again with the Bishop of Würzburg and the Abbot of Fulda to support Otto with a military contingent . Without with Otto III. Having met, the news of the Emperor's death reached him.

After his return, Burchard and Willigis von Mainz supported the Duke of Bavaria , Heinrich , in his candidacy for the office of king . Previously, he had him promise him the ownership rights for the Salian family castle in Worms , whose owners are said to have exercised their power to the detriment of the city. After his election as German king in 1002, Heinrich kept his promise. The withdrawal of the Salians was perceived by the citizens as the “liberation of the city of Worms”. Burchard achieved a considerable gain in territory and power for his diocese.

Burchard had the Salierburg demolished and the Pauluskirche built in its place . The Paulsstift should be a symbol for the freedom of the city and for the new, more powerful position of the episcopal authority. The second building project, which was started on Burchard's initiative, was even more impressive. He had the old cathedral from Merovingian times demolished with the exception of a few elements and a new, much larger building erected on the old foundations. Part of this new cathedral in Worms collapsed two years later, but was quickly rebuilt so that the cathedral could be consecrated in 1018 in the presence of the emperor and while Burchard was still alive. The material basis for the extensive building projects in the urban and sacred area was a solid economic upswing, which was promoted by donations from the king on the one hand and by increasing taxes by the censors and ministers on the other.

The construction of St. Peter's Church, which dates back to the early 11th century and was demolished in 1809 due to dilapidation, at the episcopal summer residence Dirmstein is also attributed to Burchard.

In addition to the representation of the new church power with large building projects, embedded in a comprehensive urbanization concept , Burchard tried to structurally strengthen the church by streamlining the organization and professionalization . The cathedral monastery and the monasteries of St. Andreas , St. Martin and St. Paul formed new parish districts in Worms. In addition, Burchard improved canon training.

Scholarly activity

Page from Burchard's Decretum

Between 1008 and 1012 Burchard published the Decretorum Libri XX , the most important canon law collection before the Decretum Gratiani was published . The Burchardi Decretum brought together council resolutions , books of penance and other canonical sources. Because of its clear structure and practicality as well as the theological range, it found widespread use within the ecclesiastical world of the European Middle Ages and was included in numerous libraries in Western Europe. The decree should apply primarily to the diocese of Worms, but it was designed in such a way that it was possible to reach beyond the diocese's borders; presumably it was also wanted. Over 80 decree manuscripts have survived to this day. Manuscripts from Book XIX are even more common. Liber Corrector . Passages from this work were often cited in contemporary canonical studies , often with reference to the author as "Brocarda" (abbreviation in modern editions "Bur"). Even today, in English and French brocard , in Portuguese, Italian and Spanish brocardo , a legal principle brought to a Latin formulaic phrase like do ut des is said (Latin brocardicum ).

The second significant collection of laws that goes back to Burchard von Worms is the court law of the "Worms familia" ( Lex familiae Wormatiensis ecclesiae ), which arose after the so-called " Lorsch monastery dispute" between 1023 and 1025. In disputes about the controversial forest law in the Odenwald , " [...] which happened almost every day in the house cooperative of St. Peter like with wild animals [...] ", namely 35 people died. After the dispute was settled by Henry II in 1023, Burchard had the court rights recorded. Draconian punishments were threatened to prevent murder and manslaughter. In the 30th provision it says: "[...] his skin and hair should be taken away, he should be burned in both cheeks with a specially made iron [...]"

On Lex Familiae the former social structures of Worms can familia partially traced. The lowest level of the unfree was formed by the group of the Manzipien (servants and maidservants), followed by the Dagewarden, the day laborers. A prominent position was taken by the fiscal authorities , former royal people who either held the “typical court offices ” chamberlain , cupbearer , head sess or marshal or were employed in higher administrative service. Several articles also show the approaches of the episcopal city rule, which manifested itself in lower sentences for city citizens and in their better legal position in property matters.

Last years and death

The drafting of the court law fell in the last phase of Burchard's life. In 1024 Emperor Heinrich II died. He was followed by Burchard's former adoptive child, Salier Konrad , grandson of Otto von Worms . A short time after Konrad's visit to Burchard (1025), the bishop fell ill with dysentery and died. After being laid out in the cathedral, he was buried in the west choir of Worms Cathedral.

Remembrance and veneration

Worms Cathedral, west choir, former burial place of Burchard
Bishop Burchard and the Worms Cathedral, book illustration, 1896

Because of his energetic work as well as his piety and kindness, Burchard was venerated in the city of Worms for a long time. However, there was no beatification or canonization , presumably because the miracles required could not be proven; Such are not mentioned in the vita that was written around 1030.

The Kirschgarten chronicle of Johannes Heydekyn von Sonsbeck describes Bishop Burchard as a saint around 1500 . His relics were also raised from the grave in the west choir of Worms Cathedral and kept in a painted shrine behind the main altar in the east choir. The Mainz historian Georg Helwich visited them there on October 27, 1614, as he himself wrote. There was a document that said that Burchard had not yet been canonized, although he deserved it. A lamp was always lit in front of his grave and relics, and every year on the day of his death, August 20, the believers were shown the bones for worship. They were destroyed in the cathedral fire of 1689.

The traditional Burchard cult without existed canonization, led in 1570 to the Protestant school principal Friedrich Zorn (1538-1610) in his Wormser Chronicle to the somewhat pejorative remark: "This Burchardum they have made the saints and genennet him Sankt Burchardum." To his 900 On the day of his death in 1925 the commemorative publication Wormatia Sacra was published.

Works

  • Burchardi episcopi Wormatiensis Decretorum Libri Viginti , ed. v. JP Migne, PL 140, sp. 537-1066. ( Digitized ; digitized )
  • Decretorum Libri XX , ed. v. Gérard Fransen and Theo Kölzer, Burchard von Worms, Decretorum Libri XX, supplemented reprint of the Editio Princeps Cologne 1548 (1992).
  • Lex familiae Wormatiensis ecclesiae , Monumenta Germaniae Historica Const. 1 (ed. Ludwig Weiland, 1893), 438, pp. 639-644 ( digitized version ); Lorenz Weinrich (Ed.): Sources for constitutional, economic and social history (Freiherr vom-Stein-Gedächtnisausgabe 32, 1977) 23, pp. 88 / 89-104 / 105 (Latin text with German translation).
  • Opera omnia . Brepols, Turnholt 1970 (reprint of the Paris 1853 edition).

Translations

  • Bragança Júnior, Álvaro & Birro, Renan M .: O Corrector sive Medicus (ou Corrector Burchardi, ou Da poenitentia, c. 1000-1025) por Burcardo de Worms (c. 965-1025) : apresentação e tradução latim-português dos capítulção 1–4, além das “instruções” de penitência 001 a 095, Revista Signum 17 (1), 2016, pp. 266-309 (pt-br).
  • Gagnon, François: Le Corrector sive Medicus de Burchard de Worms (1000-1025): presentation, traduction et commentaire ethno-historique . Dissertação. Université de Montréal, Montréal 2010 (fr).
  • Shiners, John: Burchard of Worms's Corrector and Doctor (c. 1008-12) . In: Shiners, John (ed.): Medieval Popular Religion, 1000-1500 : A reader. 2. ed. University of Toronto Press, Toronto 2009, pp. 459-470 (en).
  • Picasso, Giorgio; Piana, Giannino; Motta, Giuseppe: A pane e acqua : peccati e penitenze nel Medioevo - Il "Penitenziale" di Bucardo di Worms. Europia, Novara 1998 (it).
  • McNeill, John & Garner, Helena: Medieval Handbooks of Penance . Octagon Books, New York 1965, pp. 321-345 (en).

literature

  • Vita Burchardi episcopi Wormatiensis . In: Georg Heinrich Pertz u. a. (Ed.): Scriptores (in Folio) 4: Annales, chronica et historiae aevi Carolini et Saxonici. Hannover 1841, pp. 829-846 ( Monumenta Germaniae Historica , digitized version ); Vita Burchardi , ed. v. Heinrich Boos , Sources for the History of the City of Worms , Berlin 1893, Vol. 3, 99–126.
  • Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz :  Burchard, Bishop of Worms. In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1 , Sp. 815-816.  ( Article / beginning of article in the Internet archive  on May 17, 2016)
  • Gerold Bönnen: Bishop, Stifts, City, Population - Burchard von Worms and his Civitas at the beginning of the 11th century . In: Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard von Worms , pp. 310-348.
  • Karl Börschinger: Wormatia Sacra, contributions to the history of the former diocese of Worms , commemorative publication on the 900th anniversary of the death of Bishop Burchard, Worms 1925, pp. 8–42 (German translation).
  • Walther Bulst:  Burchard I .. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1957, ISBN 3-428-00184-2 , p. 28 f. ( Digitized version ).
  • Patrick Corbet: Autour de Burchard de Worms. Klostermann, Frankfurt am Main 2001, ISBN 3-465-03138-5 .
  • Gerhard Dilcher : The canonist as legislator . In: Richard H. Helmholz (Ed.): Fundamentals of the law. Festschrift for Peter Landau on his 65th birthday . Schöningh, Paderborn u. a. 2000, ISBN 3-506-73392-3 , pp. 105-129.
  • Stephanie Haarländer : The Vita Burchardi as part of the bishopric of his time . In: Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard von Worms , pp. 128–160.
  • Wilfried Hartmann (ed.): Bishop Burchard von Worms 1000-1025 (= sources and treatises on the Middle Rhine church history. Vol. 100). Self-published by the Society for Middle Rhine Church History, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-929135-33-7 .
  • Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard's decree: state of research and open questions . In: Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard von Worms , pp. 161–166.
  • Ernst-Dieter Hehl, Willigis of Mainz. Papal vicar, metropolitan and imperial politician . In: Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard von Worms , pp. 51–77.
  • Ludolf Kuchenbuch : Farewell to the manor . In: Journal of the Savigny Foundation for Legal History . German Department, Vol. 121 (2004), pp. 1–99, here: pp. 40 ff.
  • Wolfgang Metz: On the origin and relationship of Bishop Burchard I of Worms . In: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte (1976), pp. 27–42.
  • Thomas T. Müller: Bishop Burchard I. in his time . Proceedings of the Biographical and Regional Studies Colloquium from October 13th to 15th, 2000 in Heilbad Heiligenstadt. Cordier, Heiligenstadt 2001, ISBN 3-929413-55-8 .
  • Bernhard Sacrificial Man : Designing the Eichsfeld. 2nd expanded and revised edition. FW Cordier, Heiligenstadt 1999, ISBN 3-929413-37-X , p. 58.
  • Johann Friedrich von Schulte, Wilhelm Wiegand (philologist):  Burchard I. (Bishop of Worms) . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 3, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1876, p. 563 f.
  • Rudolf Schieffer: Burchard von Worms. An imperial bishop and royalty . In: Wilfried Hartmann: Burchard von Worms , pp. 29–49.
  • Hermann Schmitt: Bishop Burchard's admiration . In: Wormatia Sacra, contributions to the history of the former diocese of Worms . Festschrift for the 900th anniversary of the death of Bishop Burchard. Worms 1925, pp. 45-51.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Wormatia Sacra , commemorative publication on the 900th anniversary of the death of Bishop Burchard. Dompfarrei Worms, 1925, p. 13.
  2. ↑ Metz: Origin , p. 37.
  3. ^ R. Kaiser: Lexikon des Mittelalters , Vol. 2, Sp. 946.
  4. ^ Margit Rinker-Olbrisch: Data on the history of the city of Worms .
  5. ^ Hehl: Willigis , p. 52.
  6. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 2, p. 833.
  7. ↑ a b Hehl: Willigis , p. 57 ff.
  8. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 6, p. 835.
  9. ^ Bönnen: Bischof, Stifte, Stadt , p. 323.
  10. ↑ Haarländer: Vita Burchardi , p. 142 ff.
  11. ^ MGH DO III 369 still in Trebur , MGH DO III 373 in Chur , MGH DO III 386 in Rome ; see. Schieffer, Reichsbischof , p. 35.
  12. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 9, p. 836; Hehl, Willigis , p. 56 f.
  13. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 7, p. 835.
  14. ↑ MGH DH II 20; see. Schieffer, Reichsbischof , p. 38.
  15. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 9, p. 836.
  16. ↑ a b Bönnen: Bischof, Stifte, Stadt , p. 326
  17. ^ Berthold Schnabel : Contributions to church history . In: Michael Martin (ed.): Dirmstein - nobility, farmers and citizens . 2005, p. 267-268 .
  18. ↑ 20 books and 1785 chapters. Cf. Karl-Georg Schon: Burchard von Worms. In: www.pseudoisidor.de. July 6, 2005, archived from the original on January 18, 2006 ; accessed on March 1, 2019 .
  19. ↑ Hartmann, Decree: State of Research , p. 161.
  20. ↑ Brocardi del giorno. In: www.brocardi.it. Retrieved March 4, 2019 (Italian).
  21. ↑ broccardo. Vocabolario on line. In: www.treccani.it. Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana , accessed on March 1, 2019 (Italian): “dal lat. Mediev. brocardum , prob. alterazione del nome di Burchardus , Burcardo di Worms "
  22. ^ Aquilina Sánchez Rubio: La interpretación en el derecho: In claris non fit interpretatio . In: Anuario de la Facultad de Derecho . tape XXII . Universidad de Extremadura , 2004, ISSN  0213-988X , p. 417–435 (Spanish, full text [PDF; 188 kB ]): «La expresión in claris non fit interpretatio , es citada por la literatura jurídica como aforismo, axioma, brocardo o máxima […] Por último, si indagamos sobre brocardo , este se define como‹ veredicto, axioma legal o máxima jurídica ›.»
  23. ↑ brocardicum. In: ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ. University of Chicago , accessed March 1, 2019 .
  24. ↑ Heinrich Gottfried Philipp Gengler (ed.): The court rights of Bishop Burchard von Worms . Erlangen 1859.
  25. ↑ MGH Const. 1, pp. 639-644; Weinrich, Sources , c. 30th
  26. ^ Weinrich, Sources , c. 30th
  27. ↑ Schieffer, Reichsbischof , p. 45.
  28. ^ Vita Burchardi , c. 21-23, pp. 844 ff.
  29. ↑ Website for the Kirschgarten Chronicle .
  30. ^ Hermann Schmitt : Burchards adoration . In: Wormatia Sacra (memorial to the 900th anniversary of the death of Bishop Burchard), Dompfarrei Worms, 1925, pp. 43–51.
predecessor Office successor
Razo Bishop of Worms
1000-1025 		Echo
personal data
SURNAME Burchard of Worms
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Worms bishop and canon lawyer
DATE OF BIRTH around 965
DATE OF DEATH August 20, 1025