Dispute

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As a pre-riding or pilot kick one called in the Middle Ages the first meeting of knights or other weapons carriers in a feud or battle . The king with the imperial storm flag also assigned the fiefdom associated with it, consisting of the county, imperial castle and town of Grüningen (today Markgröningen ), to the leader of the preliminary battle of the imperial army .

background

Decision often in advance

Field battles and disputes within the framework of a feud took place according to a largely fixed ritual ; On the other hand, tactics were only of minor importance on the battlefield , the military commander merely assigned the individual standard-bearers - and thus the "heaps" assigned to them - to their place of deployment before the battle.

It was considered particularly honorable for the knights to be assigned to the preliminary battle or preliminary battle . Since in the field battles of that time the battle was usually decided by the first clash - it made the balance of power clear, whereupon the numerically inferior usually retreated - most of the fame fell on the knights who had participated in this preliminary battle.

Swabian litigation

Section of the Reichssturmfahne with cut off red pennant
Duke Eberhard I of Württemberg with the imperial storm flag (1495) and the four-part ducal coat of arms (Duchy of Teck and the counties of Württemberg, Grüningen and Mömpelgard) in the background

In the Holy Roman Empire , the counts and knights from Swabia claimed the honorable and risky right of pre-litigation and, associated with this, the privilege of being the bearer of the imperial storm flag. According to the "Imperial Chronicle" from the 12th century, Charlemagne (747–814) is said to have granted this right to his brother-in-law and military leader Gerold († 799) and his successors as leaders of the Swabian armed forces for all time. The occasion is Gerold's bravery in Karl's Italian campaign in 773/774 against the Lombards, where he was raised to signifer regis (ensign of the king). Gerold thus served as an identity-creating personality in Swabian history. In the Middle High German poem "Charlemagne" by the knitter , the Swabian count is the declared favorite of the emperor. In the folk tales, Gerold is mainly glorified as the "standard bearer of Charlemagne".

Imperial storm flag

Who the kingdom storm flag was assigned and have the pre-kick had to lead, was awarded to the county with castle and town of Grüningen , where attached to a lance flag was kept in peacetime. Some researchers like Ludwig Friedrich Heyd confirm the tradition that a line of the Württemberg Count House - like two Count Werner a hundred years earlier - renamed itself to von Grüningen when they received the Reichssturmfahnlehen first from the Hohenstaufen and then from their rival kings. After King Rudolf von Habsburg had taken the royal fief from them, which had been interpreted as hereditary, in 1280, they finally had to discard the name and called themselves Count von Landau in the future .

In 1336 the Reichssturmfahne together with the county, castle and town of Grüningen finally went to the Counts of Württemberg as an inheritance , who only initially fulfilled the associated function of precedence . The Wuerttemberg counts now held onto their established names, but adorned themselves with the flag until the 19th century, integrated them into their coats of arms from 1495 and, as dukes and kings, still bore the sub-title Count von Grüningen or Count zu Gröningen .

Preliminary dispute between the Rhine and Weser

The preliminary battle between Rhine and Weser was awarded by Heinrich IV to Count Konrad von Werl-Arnsberg . The right remained with this house until the end of the county. After the transfer of the County of Arnsberg to the Archbishopric of Cologne, the Archbishop of Cologne granted the rights to the House of Nassau .

literature

  • Burr, Wolfgang: The Reichssturmfahne and the dispute over the Hanoverian electoral dignity. In: Journal of Württemberg State History. Vol. 27, 1968, ISSN  0044-3786 , pp. 245-316
  • Heyd, Louis : History of the former top official city Markgröningen with special reference to the general history Württemberg ... . Stuttgart 1829, 268 p., Facsimile edition for the Heyd anniversary, Markgröningen 1992
  • Heyd, Ludwig: History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 pp., Stuttgart 1829
  • Kulpis, Johann Georg von : Thorough deduction that the HochFürstl. House of Würtemberg legally entitled to the Reichs-Pannerer- or Reichs-Fendrich-Ambt, Prædicat and Insigne, already from several Seculis, and therefore without offending the same traditional prærogatives, no other choir or prince could be awarded again. Lorber, Stuttgart 1693 ( digitized version )
  • Miller, Douglas et al. John Richards: Landsknechte. 1486-1560. Illustrated by Gerry Embleton. Siegler, Sankt Augustin 2004, ISBN 3-87748-636-3
  • Pfaff, Karl : The origin and the earliest history of the Wirtenberg Princely House: critically examined and presented. With seven supplements, three family tables and a historical-geographical map . 111 p., Stuttgart 1836
  • Römer, Hermann : Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . 291 S. Markgröningen 1933.
  • Schmid, Karl :  Count Gerold. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 315 ( digitized version ).
  • Stälin, Paul Fr., The Swabians led the way in the Imperial Wars. In: Correspondence sheet of the Association for Art and Antiquity in Ulm and Oberschwaben, Vol. 2, 1877, pp. 43–45 ( digitized version )
  • Weinland, Johann Christoph: De Vexillo Imperii primario, vulgo Reichs-Sturm-Fahne, Commentatio academica. sn, sl 1727, ( digitized version )
  • Weller, Karl : The Swabian Vorstreit and the Reichssturmfahne of the House of Württemberg. In: Württembergische Vierteljahrshefte für Landesgeschichte NF Vol. 15, 1906, p. 263 ff

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Picture in the Markgröningen town hall .
  2. ↑ Sebastian Rosche: Manorial legitimacy in early medieval Bavaria based on Lex Baiuvarium, GRIN Verlag, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-640-57228-1 .
  3. ↑ Meinrad Schaab , Hansmartin Schwarzmaier (ed.) U. a .: Handbook of Baden-Württemberg History . Volume 1: General History. Part 1: From prehistoric times to the end of the Hohenstaufen. Edited on behalf of the Commission for Historical Regional Studies in Baden-Württemberg . Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-608-91465-X , p. 465 f.
  4. ↑ Carl Voretzsch (Ed.): Romanist Works, Volume 1 , Max Niemeyer Verlag, Halle an der Saale 1922, p. 150.
  5. ^ Karl Schmid :  Gerold. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 6, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1964, ISBN 3-428-00187-7 , p. 315 ( digitized version ). and Klaus Graf: Gmünder Chroniken in the 16th century. Texts and studies on the historiography of the imperial city Schwäbisch Gmünd. Einhorn, Schwäbisch Gmünd 1984, p. 20.
  6. ^ Ludwig Heyd: History of the Counts of Gröningen . 106 pp., Stuttgart 1829.
  7. ↑ Other researchers such as Johann Daniel Georg von Memminger or Hermann Römer ( Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages . Markgröningen 1933, p. 83 ff.) Derive the name of the Counts of Grüningen from another one near Riedlingen , despite the renewed name change Grüningen on the Danube.
  8. ^ Paul Leidinger: The Counts of Werl and Werl-Arnsberg (approx. 980–1124). Genealogy and aspects of its political history in the Ottonian and Salic times. In: Harm Klueting (Ed.): The Duchy of Westphalia. Volume I: The Electoral Cologne Duchy of Westphalia from the beginnings of Cologne's rule in southern Westphalia to secularization in 1803. Münster 2009, ISBN 978-3-402-12827-5 , p. 153 f.

Web links

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