Worms Concordat
The Concordat of Worms (first used by Leibniz in 1693 so called), also called Pactum Calixtinum immersive Heinricianum called, is in the September 23, 1122 Worms publicly exchanged Concordat between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II. , With to which the investiture dispute was settled. The compromise solution of the Worms Concordat goes back, among others, to Ivo von Chartres , who, however, did not experience the conclusion himself. The original of the imperial copy is still in the Vatican secret archives , only copies of the papal counter-document exist.
Agreements comparable to the Worms Concordat were concluded with Aragon in 1208 , with England in 1213 and with France in 1268 ; also later with Sweden and Norway .
content
Emperor Heinrich V accepted the church's claim to investiture with a ring and staff , symbols of the spiritual marriage with the church and priestly pastoralism. The bishops were elected by the cathedral chapters. In return, Pope Calixt II admitted that the election of the German bishops and abbots should be negotiated in the presence of imperial deputies and that the elected should then be enfeoffed by the emperor through the scepter as a secular symbol of investment with the sovereign rights associated with his spiritual office ( " Scepter Loan ").
While in the German part of the empire the regalia should be awarded by the emperor before the consecration, in Italy and Burgundy the consecration took place first, which practically lost the emperor's influence on the appointment of bishops.
Imperial Certificate (Heinricianum)
Heinrich V accepted the church's claim to the right of investiture and in the Worms Concordat renounced the investiture with ring and staff. Furthermore, he granted every church the freedom to choose the investiture:
“In the name of the holy and undivided Trinity. I, Heinrich, the exalted Roman Emperor by God's grace, - out of love for God, for the holy Roman Church and for the Lord Pope Calixt and for the salvation of my soul - leave all investiture with a ring to God, God's holy apostles Peter and Paul and the holy Catholic Church and staff, and I allow canonical elections and ordinations to take place in all the churches that exist in my kingdom and empire. The possessions and regalia of St. Peter, which have been taken away from the beginning of this dispute to the present day - in my father's time or in my time - will be returned to the Holy Roman Church as far as I have them, but if I do not I will faithfully help to have them refunded. Also the possessions of all other churches and princes and others, clergymen as well as laypeople, which were lost in these turmoil, I will now, according to the advice of the princes and in accordance with justice, return them as far as I own them, as far as I do not have them, I will faithfully help that they are returned. And I give true peace to Pope Calixt, the Holy Roman Church and all who stand and stood on their side. And in what the Holy Roman Church requests help, in this I will faithfully help her, and what she complains about to me I will provide her with due justice. All of this was negotiated with the consent and advice of the princes. Their names are recorded here: [...] I Friedrich, Archbishop of Cologne and Arch Chancellor, certified the copy. "
Papal Document ( Calixtinum )
In return, Pope Calixt II admitted that the election of the German bishops and abbots should be negotiated in the presence of imperial representatives, but that the elected should be enfeoffed by the emperor through the scepter with the regalia associated with his spiritual office :
“I, Bishop Calixt, servant of God's servants, grant you, my beloved son Heinrich, by God's grace, emperor of the Romans, that the elections of the bishops and abbots of the German kingdom, insofar as they belong to the kingdom, take place in your presence, but without simony and any kind of violence: If therefore a dispute arises between the parties, then, after the advice or judgment of the Metropolitan and the co-bishops of this ecclesiastical province, you can give consent and help to the more discreet party. But the chosen one should receive the regalia from you through the scepter, and he should do what he rightfully owes you on the basis of this. In the other regions of the empire, however, the consecrated person is to receive the regalia from you through the scepter within six months and he is to do what he rightfully owes you on the basis of this; everything that is recognized legally belongs to the Roman Church is excluded. Whatever you will complain to me about in the future and ask for help, I will give you help in accordance with the instructions of my office. I give you true peace and all those who are or were on your side at the time of this dispute. "
meaning
Although this settled the investiture dispute, the empire suffered severe losses as a result. The emperor's sacred aura was shattered and the unity of the empire and papacy that had existed until then was broken. This should lead to the reorientation of the idea of the empire under the Hohenstaufen , whereby the problem persisted almost into the late Middle Ages .
Edition
- Ludwig Weiland (Ed.): Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum. Volume 1: inde from a. DCCCCXI usque ad a. MCXCVII. ( MGH Const. 1), Hannover 1893, pp. 159–161 No. 107–108 ( Pax Wormatiensis cum Calixto II. )
- Wolfgang Dietrich Fritz: Sources for the Worms Concordat . Berlin 1968 (Short texts for lectures and exercises, Volume 177.)
- Mathias Herweg: Worms Concordat 1122. Facsimile edition. (German history in documents.) Braunschweig 2005.
literature
- Peter Classen : The Worms Concordat in German Constitutional History . In: Josef Fleckenstein (Hrsg.): Investiture dispute and imperial constitution . Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1973, ISBN 3-7995-6617-1 ( lectures and research 17), pp. 411-460.
- Beate Schilling: Wasn't the Worms Concordat concluded at all? A contribution to the high medieval contract technique . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages 58, 2002, pp. 123–191
- Claudia Zey : The Rome train plan of Heinrich V. 1122/1123. New considerations for the conclusion of the Worms Concordat . In: German Archive for Research into the Middle Ages 56, 2000, pp. 447–504
Web links
- The Worms Concordat in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica digital
- Page of the Vatican Archives on the Worms Concordat ( Memento from May 22, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- Old page of the archive with Latin text and translation partly French, partly Italian ( Memento from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )