Neuhausen an der Erms
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Neuhausen an der Erms
City of Metzingen
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| Height : | 363 m |
| Residents : | 4200 |
| Incorporation : | April 1, 1971 |
| Postal code : | 72555 |
| Area code : | 07123 |
Neuhausen an der Erms has been a district of the Baden-Württemberg medium -sized town of Metzingen in the Reutlingen district since 1971 .
history
In the 7th or 8th century AD , a settlement was built on the Erms at the foot of a mountain, which is believed to have been founded in neighboring Metzingen. During the Middle Ages , this settlement came to the Counts of Achalm . They had a vineyard laid out on the slopes of the mountain.
In 1089, the two brothers Liutold von Achalm and Kuno von Wülflingen brought Niuwinhusin into the foundation of the Zwiefalten monastery . Their ministerials also donated farms and land to the monastery. This property was actually extremely valuable for the monastery, not least because of the favorable climate in the Ermstal. Niuwinhusin did not yet exist as a village. Essentially, they were farms ( Huben ), which were grouped around two Fronhöfe , one of which was not far from the banks of the Erms, the other was on the west side of the Kolberg. The monastery was built on the Fronhof at Kolberg a provost and sent twelve lay brothers there. Agriculture and viticulture quickly flourished under the expert hands of the brothers. Repeated destruction and damage caused by armed events could not slow this upswing.
As a result of the plague epidemics of the 14th century , a village was formed on the banks of the Erms, as in the entire south-west of Germany. In the course of the 15th century, Zwiefalten gradually gave up the self-management of his Neuhausen estates and lent them to the farmers as fiefs . The Fronhof am Kolberg and the hamlet of Steuchen were also given up. In Neuhausen, Zwiefalten owned a mill and a bath room. Under unexplained circumstances, however, church supervision was transferred to the rule of Württemberg during the Middle Ages . In 1431 a chaplain was founded, for which goods and interest had been collected for years. Chaplains from Dettingen an der Erms celebrated the services in Neuhausen. A permanent chaplain resided in Neuhausen during the 16th century.
The year 1431 was significant for Neuhausen for another reason: Zwiefalten bought the local rule from Heinrich von Neuhausen. Now the abbot was master of the Neuhauser subjects. Just a few years later, however, the Count of Württemberg also bought three farms and thus strengthened his position in the village.
The restless mood of the early 16th century also affected the Neuhäuser. Because of the strong increase in population, a division of the fiefs had become inevitable; like many other rulers, Zwiefalten also exercised its authority more strongly. The Neuhausers complained about this to the Württemberg court , because they were of the opinion that the monastery was charging too high a fee. The events of the Peasants' War , in the course of which the monastery was looted, certainly did not leave Neuhausen unscathed.
The introduction of the Reformation in the Duchy of Württemberg brought further shocks . With reference to his ecclesiastical rights, Duke Ulrich appointed the Protestant pastor Jakob Schaller in 1535. At the same time Neuhausen was raised to a parish and the neighboring village of Glems was assigned as a branch. Zwiefalten's resistance to this measure was unsuccessful. After a short time, however, it looked as if the introduction of the Protestant worship service would remain an episode. When Emperor Karl V introduced the interim in Württemberg in 1548 , the monastery took the opportunity and again assigned a Catholic priest to Neuhausen. In the meantime, Duke Christoph von Württemberg succeeded in having the interim repealed after four years, so that the village finally became Protestant.
A phase of relative prosperity and relatively quiet times followed. At the end of the 16th century, building activity began, which lasted until the beginning of the Thirty Years' War . The Bindhof was built next to the church (around 1540, meanwhile renovated and used as a village community center), a new church (1570, no longer preserved), the stately property in the upper Klosterstrasse (1581), the later Gasthof zum "Ochsen" (around 1590, no longer preserved), a beautiful half-timbered house in Uracher Straße (last owned by Sattler Reusch, 1593), the large Zwiefalter Hof in Klosterstraße (1601/02, right building and barn no longer preserved), the "Stabhaltererei" (1604, no longer preserved) and a new rectory (1606, no longer preserved).
For the first time, precise information about viticulture can be collected for that time. Over 80 hectares of vineyards, a good four times as much as today, were under cultivation. In autumn, the grapes were pressed in three of the monastery's own presses . The heavy winepress trees, of which there were seven, ran for days; one of them is still in working order in the middle wine press. How valuable viticulture was for the monastery is shown by the fact that the vineyards received dung from the rulership and a contribution towards the cost of the vineyard walls. In addition, they not only had to pay taxes to Zwiefalten, but also received peas or beans. However, the vineyards were very heavily polluted; From the best locations, the fourth part of the yield had to be diverted to Zwiefalten. The tenth part went to the church, so that the owners of the vineyards only had a little over half of their income.
The Thirty Years War put an end to prosperity. Even the tipper and luffing times of the twenties had a significant impact on economic life. The Protestant denomination was in danger when Emperor Ferdinand II issued the edict of restitution in March 1629, which ordered the reintroduction of the mass in Neuhausen. The Neuhausers desperately turned to the Württemberg rulers, but all attempts to prevent the implementation of the edict failed. In October 1630 the Protestant pastor was deposed. But now the Protestant denomination had become so consolidated that the attempt at re-Catholicization was only successful for a short time. The relief lasted only for a short time, since after the battle of Nördlingen in August 1634 a disaster struck the village. Hunger and epidemics took away many people, as well as looting and extortion. The administration collapsed. Furthermore, the Archduchess Claudia of Tyrol ( Claudia de 'Medici ) succeeded in July 1637 in taking possession of large parts of the Urach office as imperial booty. In Metzingen in particular, the archducal officials tried to enforce their claims by force. In Neuhausen the Austrian government moved in the Vogtwein, which the rule Württemberg had to deliver annually to the Zwiefalten monastery.
With the Peace of Westphalia , the war and Austrian rule came to an end. Slowly things stabilized and life got going again. For Zwiefalten it was necessary to have his rights re-registered in Neuhausen. The stately regulations were rewritten in a Vogtbuch. However, nothing could hide the fact that the influence of the monastery in Ermstal waned more and more. Increasingly, the Neuhäuser tended to the rule of Württemberg, which owned all the surrounding towns. The monastery subjects must have felt particularly oppressive about serfdom , which often made it impossible for them to marry a Württemberg serf. Although the monastery officials punished every statement in favor of Württemberg, they could no longer stop the turn to this great state. Even when Zwiefalten set up a senior nursing home in Neuhausen in 1729 and sent a monk to the monastery courtyard as governor, that didn't help much.
So it is no wonder that the monastery sold its village to Württemberg at the first opportunity. This opportunity arose in 1749, when Duke Carl Eugen , who was always in need of money, offered to buy Zwiefalten from all his obligations to Württemberg for horrendous sums. Neuhausen was one of the first objects that the monastery ceded to Württemberg. On May 3, 1750, Württemberg officials took possession of this village in a solemn ceremony. Their promise that the subjects would now come under a gentle and gracious rule quickly turned out to be deceptive. Perhaps the Neuhausers had been too naive in their assumption that, in addition to the special rights of the monastery, they also received the Württemberg perks.
The disappointed hopes led to strong tensions in the village. For decades, the new rule could not hold a Vogtgericht that was supposed to take place at regular intervals. In addition to the old taxes, Württemberg levied new ones, for example the hated excise . The restrictions on marriage and departure from the monastery also remained in place, so that even Württemberg officials testified to the extremely high burdens on the residents.
In the ecclesiastical field, the change of rulership clearly brought about an improvement because the annoying competition between the two rulers of different denominations was eliminated. The Neuhausers were not at all pleased about the establishment of a church convention ; this moral court negotiated all offenses against the Ten Commandments and imposed penalties for them.
Only at the end of the century did the burden that threatened to ruin the community diminish. Duke Friedrich von Württemberg allowed the levies to be redeemed from the most heavily polluted vineyards on the south side of the Hofbühl. However, war times ruled for almost twenty years, which also affected Württemberg. Under the rule of the French Emperor Napoleon , the duchy was elevated to an electorate (1803) and finally a kingdom (1806), but it was also drawn into the vortex of the Napoleonic wars. Hardly had these come to an end when, in the year without the summer of 1816/17, a severe famine struck the country, which caused many people to emigrate.
These bad times brought a long overdue reform of the entire agriculture in motion, which began with the liberation from serfdom and the replacement of the first taxes ( peasant liberation ). Now that a long period of peace followed, the country was able to recover economically. A textile factory had existed in the village since the early thirties; began the industrialization , which permanently altered the rural structure of the village in this century. This factory was taken over by the Braun family of manufacturers around the middle of the century. Countless people found work and bread here and in the factories in the area. However, between 1845 and 1855, the Kingdom of Württemberg ran into another serious crisis. Famine occurred due to bad harvests and bad autumns. Countless people emigrated, especially to the United States of America . The revolutionary events of 1848 were also reflected in the village. Even if the revolution failed, it marked the beginning of the last, important replacement of the tithe levies, which came to an end in 1875. Now finally fields and vineyards were free from all taxes, so that a fundamental improvement in agriculture was possible. A lifting of the flood obligation and the creation of dirt roads created important prerequisites for this. Every vineyard owner could sell his own wine. The old feudal society with its structures rooted in the Middle Ages was finally a thing of the past.
After the end of the terrible years of emergency with the greatest wave of emigration of the last century, the community was able to realize long-overdue projects and pay off its high debts. A new town hall had already been built in 1845, now followed by schoolhouses, a stable bridge over the Erms and other public facilities, for example two bakeries in the 1880s. The victorious war against France in 1870/71 fueled national pride and tempted people to play down modern warfare. At the beginning of the eighties there was another wave of emigration, which of course was no longer as strong as the last one. At the turn of the 20th century a new school building was built; Gas lamps lit the street at night. Finally, in 1909, the first houses were connected to the power grid . In the vineyards, the spray came up to counter a destruction of the grape yield by mildew .
The outbreak of World War I in August 1914 put an end to this upward trend. 415 men in the village had to go to war, which was believed to be victorious in a short time. But when the war ended after four years, 80 men had lost their lives. As a result of this war there was also devaluation of all money during the inflationary period . In October 1923, at the height of inflation , people earned billions and trillions a day, which of course were barely enough to make a living. Once again, around 70 residents emigrated to Brazil between 1924 and 1926, some of whom returned later.
With the overcoming of inflation, a six-year quieter period began until the global economic crisis began to have an impact on the German Reich. Numerous new houses became unemployed, even if the widespread part-time farming prevented a serious famine. In the frequent elections, more and more people turned to the radical parties. As early as November 1932, the NSDAP won over half of the votes; on January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler seized power.
You quickly felt this in Neuhausen, too, where the National Socialists quickly secured a majority in the local council. All council members of the other parties were gradually ousted from their offices. Two men who publicly criticized Adolf Hitler and his party were serving prison terms in the Heuberg concentration camp . With its subdivisions, the NSDAP covered all age groups; about 6% of the population belonged to it as a member. The National Socialists tried to make themselves popular with the population with prescribed festivals. However, anyone who expressed himself critically about them had bad things to fear. Favorable economic development masked some of the true character of the party. Numerous glove factories sprang up in Neuhausen, the larger ones mostly founded by two owners; the woman often worked as a seamstress, the man as a glove maker. Nevertheless, Adolf Hitler was heading more and more towards a war that began in September 1939 with the attack on Poland . Now the true face of the NSDAP began to show itself in the village. Instead of deaconesses, NSV sisters took over the kindergarten. Black buses with covered windows drove through the town to bring disabled people to Grafeneck , where they were gassed as part of the “Life unworthy of life” campaign . Three men and women from Neuhausen were also killed in Grafeneck. In the Second World War , many men from Neuhausen again had to serve as soldiers. Over a hundred of them lost their lives and others were imprisoned for years . French prisoners of war worked with the farmers in the village. In 1944, concentration camp inmates and forced laborers dug up the main road for a gas pipeline.
When the Allied troops crossed the borders of the Reich in the spring of 1945 , an end to the war was in sight. On April 23, American units marched into Neuhausen after a brief skirmish. Local councilor Daniel Fritz met them as a member of parliament , accompanied by some prisoners of war. After a short time the village came under the French occupation zone . The black market flourished. Inflation occurred again, which ended with the introduction of the Deutsche Mark in June 1948.
But now millions of displaced people were looking for a new home. Neuhausen had to absorb a quarter of its population. The residents resisted the instruction of strangers into their homes, so that ultimately commissions from other places had to take on this difficult task. The situation only eased with the construction of apartments. The situation gradually stabilized, not least thanks to an economic upturn . The place finally lost its agricultural character, as most of the residents worked in industry. However, part-time farming is still very common today.
The land consolidation in the sixties meant a fundamental restructuring for viticulture . Instead of the old, small-parceled, difficult-to-manage vineyards, larger parcels with modern wire systems were created. Many vineyard owners no longer sold their wine themselves, but instead joined the Metzingen-Neuhausen wine growers' cooperative.
Large building areas were developed in the town itself in order to provide sufficient living space for the growing population. Over the years, numerous historical buildings fell victim to the demolition, such as the Gasthaus zum "Ochsen" (built between 1580 and 1610), the "Stabhalterei" (1604), the Gasthaus zum "Lamm", the mill, the "Stundenhaus" in Uracher Strasse, the large barn in the former Zwiefalter cloister courtyard and a few more. The old church in the Protestant Baroque style gave way in 1969 to a new community center (inaugurated in 1972). A wide town passage replaced the narrow, winding main road. In the course of the general administrative reform efforts were made to incorporate the community of Neuhausen into Metzingen. After long discussions, at a public hearing, the majority of the Neuhausers voted for incorporation, which was carried out on April 1, 1971. As a financial incentive for the association with Metzingen, the state of Baden-Württemberg paid a subsidy with which the new Hofbühlhalle at the Uhlandschule could be financed.
mayor
(or earlier baton holder and mayor)
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Sons and daughters
- Johannes Rebmann (around 1467–1517), Herrenberger Provost
literature
- Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen under the rule of the Zwiefalten monastery. (= Metzinger Heimatblätter , issue 2). Metzingen 1984. - Second, revised and expanded edition. Metzingen 2014.
- Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen in the 18th and 19th centuries (= Metzinger Heimatblätter , issue 5). Metzingen 1990.
- Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen in the Third Reich. In: Rolf Bidlingmaier (Hrsg.): Metzingen in the time of National Socialism. Metzingen 2000. pp. 252-267.
- Eberhard Fritz: Short prosperity between crises. The time of the "Weimar Republic" in Neuhausen . In: traces 13/2010. Pp. 56-72.
- Patricia Stasch: Neuhausen in Transition - a photographic walk . Metzingen 2015.
- Patricia Stasch: The Neuhausen Church from 1754 . In: Tracks 18/2015. Pp. 93-100.
Web links
- Neuhausen an der Erms. In: LEO-BW .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Neuhausen an der Erms. In: LEO-BW .
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 531 .
- ↑ Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen under the rule of the Zwiefalten monastery. (= Metzinger Heimatblätter , No. 2.) 2nd edition, Metzingen 2014, pp. 263–265.
- ^ Eberhard Fritz: Neuhausen in the 18th and 19th centuries. (= Metzinger Heimatblätter , issue 5). Metzingen 1990, pp. 172-173.