Ordelafo Faliero

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Coat of arms of the "Ordilafo Falier" after ideas of the 17th century
Ivory box with zoomorphic motifs, Venice, 1100–1150

Ordelafo Faliero (* in the 1070s, probably in Venice (?); † 1118 with Zara ), also Falier , Faletro , he himself wrote faledro , ruled as Doge of Venice from 1102 to 1118 . According to the historiographical tradition, as the state-controlled historiography of Venice is called, he was the 34th Doge.

His reign was marked by numerous natural disasters and serious conflicts with neighboring cities. The relationship with the Roman-German ruler Heinrich V was good, however, he agreed to the extension of the trade agreements that had been customary for a long time, and in 1116 the emperor visited the city. When a personal union united Hungary and Croatia in 1102 , the Hungarian king occupied several cities in Dalmatia. The Doge was killed at Zara in a battle in which the long-running conflict was to be finally resolved .

Name, origin and family

Ordelafo himself signed a document with the palindrome ordelaf faledro , so you could read the name forwards and backwards, and it immediately appended dodoni .

Ordelafo Falier, one follows the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo and Origo civitatum , the son of Doge Vitale Falier , who held the office from 1084 to 1096 and during his reign the lost bones of St. Markus , the city patron, were supposedly miraculously found again. He was probably born in Venice, around the 1070s. Like his father, he was named Dedoni or Deodoni , possibly a branch of the large Falier family.

The chroniclers complained that Falier brought his relatives into high ecclesiastical and secular offices. A Maria Falier became abbess of San Zaccaria , the most important nunnery in the city, and a Faletro Falier became abbot of the monastery Ss. Trinità e di S. Michele by Brondolo . A Giovanni and a Domenico were raised to iudices by the Doge in 1107 and 1112 . Among the ambassadors at Henry V's court was another Vitale Falier, whom the emperor referred to as the doge's consobrinus .

The doge survived his wife Matelda for at least ten years. According to uncertain sources, it was related to the Estonians , or else it came from the house of Baldwin , king of Jerusalem . The amount of her endowment was 8000 Libra , which indicates an extremely wealthy parentage. She probably had two sons, namely Bonifacio, perhaps that Bonifacio Falier, chaplain of S. Marco, who later became Bishop of Castello, and Vitale, who was an envoy at the Hungarian court.

The Doge's Office

The reigns of the Doges around 1100 can only be calculated from the information provided by the chroniclers about the duration of their respective rule, which results in a certain degree of uncertainty. If one accepts, for example, that Ordelafo's father, the Doge Vitale Falier , died in December 1095 and not 1096, and that his successor Vitale Michiel was chosen accordingly at the end of 1095 or beginning of 1096, it follows that Ordelafo Falier could not have become a Doge until 1110 , not 1102.

Falier's reign, which the sources call “iuvenis”, “young”, was marked by disasters of all kinds. These included extensive city fires, such as in January and April 1105 (or 1106). In 1117, perhaps again in 1118, an earthquake occurred , but the spring tide that destroyed Malamocco in 1110 was much more serious . Malamocco, the old center of the Venice lagoon , had already been hit by severe floods and storms in previous years. In 1108 the Cipriano convent had to move from there to Murano , and the convent of S. Basso e Leone Confessore, also in Malamocco, moved to the island of San Servolo . In the same year the Episcopal Church of S. Felice e Fortunato - and thus the bishopric on April 10, 1110 - was moved from Malamocco to Chioggia . On January 3, 1117, the Verona earthquake damaged numerous houses on Rialto .

There were also serious conflicts with the neighbors of the lagoon. Bishop Gotpul of Treviso had the monastery of S. Ilario on the edge of the lagoon destroyed in 1107, Padua resisted the diversion works on the Brenta , which resulted in a battle on this river which, it seems, was won by Venice. Apparently the battle took place at Torre delle Bebbe on the southern lagoon; the Venetians took 507 prisoners. It is said that Henry V put a stop to these disputes. There were also conflicts with Ravenna . Only with Verona was it possible to conclude a trade agreement and a military alliance. A momentous decision of Falier was the decision to build the arsenal in the Castello district , with which an essential basis for the expansion of Venice into the Mediterranean and for its position as the first sea power in Europe was laid, as well as for a rapidly growing shipbuilding industry. In 1104 the arsenal was surrounded by a wall.

When the Normans under Bohemond, the son of Robert Guiscard , began a new attack against Byzantium in 1108 , they endangered the free navigation in the Adriatic, which was of central importance for Venice, as they did in 1081 to 1085. Despite the enormous problems that piled up, Venice managed to equip a sufficient fleet, which soon afterwards forced Bohemond to surrender.

The depiction of Doge Ordelafo Falier at the Pala d'oro in St. Mark's Church with the inscription “OR . FALE / TRUS ”and“ DEI GRATIA / VENECI / E DUX ”. It was he who commissioned the extension of the altarpiece in the 12th century.
General view of the Pala d'oro: The doge is located in the lower center below the pantocrator . To the right of the doge is Maria , next to her is Empress Irene . Today's picture of Falier, according to one assumption, originally portrayed the emperor Johannes Komnenos to match Irene . Against this, however, is the fact that the attached name shows no signs of revision, and the Doge does not wear the usual imperial red shoes, but black ones. However, on the one hand the head, which is clearly too small, was replaced, on the other hand the nimbus. This revision could have taken place in 1209 to give the Doge an imperial appearance. This would fit into the revision of Venetian history in the wake of Doge Enrico Dandolo and the Fourth Crusade.
Emperor Johannes II. Komnenos, marble round relief (1110–1118) on Campiello del Angaran , diameter: 90 cm. Byzantine Collection, Dumbarton Oaks , Washington

Venice under Falier seems to have been on good terms with the Roman-German Empire , with which the old privileges were renewed on May 20, 1111. This also rejected the claims of some mainland bishops. Emperor Heinrich V came to Venice himself in 1116. The city and the Doge celebrated this visit, during which the emperor granted privileges for the monasteries of San Giorgio Maggiore and San Zaccaria , with great effort.

In terms of foreign policy, Falier also single-mindedly tackled the project of the reconquest of Dalmatia , where the Hungarians had established themselves since 1100. In addition, the Dalmatian ports were important bases for the fleet and could serve as a trading base for the merchants. In one of the battles against the rival Hungarians, Falier fell at the Battle of Zadar.

For San Marco, where the relics of the evangelist Mark were already kept, other relics were acquired: in addition to the bones of Saint Stephen, a splinter from the cross of Christ - which made the city of Venice even more attractive as a destination for pilgrimages. Some of the oldest mosaics, such as the figures of saints in the apse , then at least one of the bronze portals of the atrium, were made by Ordelafo Falier. The commission to create the famous Pala d'oro in Byzantium also took place at this time, according to Andrea Dandolo in 1105. However, it may also be a gift from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I to the ally. A portrait can be identified on the work of art, which Falier gives with the aureole , name and title. It is unclear whether it is a contemporary, original work, and if so, whether it has been revised and changed, or whether it was only made in 1209, when the Doge Pietro Ziani and Angelo Falier, procurator of S. Marco and descendants des Ordelafo Falier, who enlarged and redesigned the Pala.

In 1112, on the initiative of the Doge, public land was sold to the Basilio family (Baseggio) for 2000 libra . This property was located near the church of San Bartolomeo , where the Zecca was temporarily located. With the said sum, the city paid off its debts to a citizen and with the rest enabled the Patriarch of Grado to equip a legation to Constantinople . A fleet was also launched, presumably for the reconquest of Dalmatia.

Dalmatia represented one of the most important problem areas of the Dogat. Since the personal union between Hungary and Croatia , that is since 1102, the Hungarian king intervened there. He subordinated the cities between Spalato and Zara and the islands there to his rule . Due to the aforementioned mass of enormous problems, Venice was unable to react to them. Ordelafo Falier renounced the title of Dux Chroatiae , at least this title does not appear in any of his documents. It was not until 1115 that an offensive could begin after the major conflicts had been overcome. The Doge led this personally and with success, so that Venice again dominated the Adriatic without restrictions . But under his successors, Venice once again slipped control of Dalmatia. The doge died near Zara in one of the battles there. The year of his death cannot be determined with certainty due to the various information about the period of reign offered by the closest sources. Thus, according to the Origo civitatum , he ruled for 15 years, while Marino Sanudo assigned him 15 years, 6 months and 13 days. He should have died in 1117 or 1118 at the latest. First his body was brought to Zara, then to Venice in the atrium of San Marco. There was no trace of his grave.

reception

From the late Middle Ages

The Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo from the late 14th century, the oldest vernacular chronicle of Venice, depicts the events as well as the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo on a level that has long been familiar at this time and largely dominated by the Doges - they even form the temporal framework for the entire chronicle. This also applies to “Ordellapho Falier, homo di gramdissima nobillitade et grandeça”, who was raised to the rank of Doge (“elevato”). Emperor "Alexio de Gretia" supported Venice on request with many ships ("cum molti navilii"). Emperor Heinrich IV confirmed the privileges of the Falier's predecessors. Ambassadors for these negotiations were “Vidal Falier”, “cuxim” of the Doge, and “Stephano Moresim”, his chaplain and chancellor (“capellam et canceller”), as well as “Orso Iustiniam”. However, the emperor demanded 50 pounds of pepper from the Doge annually as a 'sign of rule' (“segno de dominio”), which he was promised every March. For 1110 the chronicle reports the translation of the relics of St. "Felixe" and "Fortunal" by Malamocco or Chioggia. In October 1115, according to the chronicler, a war broke out between the Venetians and the Paduans, in the course of which the latter advanced with a large army as far as Torre delle Bebbe, but this bulwark was already sufficiently fortified and manned with capable men. On this occasion, the Venetians captured numerous Paduans. This forced a peace agreement. - Zara in Dalmatia rebelled for the second time when in 1089 “Ziovane Moresim” was there “conte”. As the chronicler emphasizes, the doge "personaliter" appeared at the head of a strong army after the region had submitted to the King of Hungary. After a victory over the Hungarians, Zara submitted, then the Doge moved on to "Sibinico, Spalato et Trahu et Belgrado", where he had all the walls torn down. In the victorious fight against Croatia he was given the title “atque Crovatie Dux” (p. 56). This happened at the time, as the chronicler adds, when Sebenico rebelled, under the Conte "Stephano Iustinian". The Doge returned on the day of St. Paul returns to Venice. In addition to many prisoners, he brought along numerous Hungarians 'of value', i.e. men who could be released for a ransom. But the Hungarian king returned and fought under the walls of Zara for the Venetians, who fought under the leadership of the Doge, in the course of which Ordelafo Falier was killed - after 18 years of reign, like the author, as he did with every Doge , noted. But the Venetians entrenched themselves in the cities, so that the Hungarians could not do anything for a long time ("gli Ungari steteno un gram tempo non possando far alguna cossa"). The Venetians negotiated for peace, and the embassy was led by Vidal Falier (“fiol del dicto Duxe morto”), Orso Iustinian and “Marim Morsini, Canceller de Venesia”, now known as the “son of a dog”. There was a five-year armistice ("trieva", as opposed to peace, so "paxe"). Then the body of the Doge was buried in St. Mark's Church. The Paduans tried to take the opportunity and marched on the Brenta. But there were numerous guard boats, row boats, whose crews fought against the Paduans. The invaders were defeated and "Rollando dicto Graso, capetaneo et confalonero del comun de Padua, et V c VII Paduani et menadi in prexon a Venesia" it came so 707 Paduan and Roland called the thickness, Capitano and Gonfaloniere the community of Padua 'into Venetian captivity. A peace agreement was reached on October 11, 1115, a statement that was corrected in 1119 by another hand.

In 1502, in his work later translated into Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia , Pietro Marcello meant the Doge “Ordelafo Faliero Doge XXXIII.” “Prese il Prencipato” ('seized' or 'took over' the princely rule) in the year " MCXI ". In the first year of his rule, as Marcello writes explicitly and in contrast to the Cronica di Venexia , he supported "Baldouino" with a large fleet in order to conquer the city of "Tolemaida". Then the fleet went to Sidon, which was conquered within a few days together with Baldwin's forces. In contrast, the conquest of “Barutti” was very bloody (“con grande uccisione”). Impressed by the achievements of the Venetians, Baldwin conceded the Venetians a church, a place and further rights in the first conquered city, in addition numerous privileges in the whole "Regno di Gierusalem". Venice received confirmation of its privileges from the Roman-German emperor "Arrigo" - the author names the same envoys - but does not mention the annual pepper tribute. During this time the Paduans started a war with the help of the Trevisans and "Ravignani", whereby according to Marcello, as already several times, it was a border dispute. The Venetians met the allies at Torre delle Bebbe, where the Venetians won after a few "scaramuccie". After Marcello, 600 'enemies' fell into Venetian hands. The defeated turned to Heinrich for help, who managed to get the Venetian negotiators there in Verona to settle their differences and define the border. - 'It is said' that at that time a large fire destroyed considerable parts (“buona parte”) of the city. A little later there was an even bigger fire in the city, with 16 islands between San Lorenzo and San Basso burning down, as well as part of the Doge's Palace. Malamocco also burned, so that many stones and columns were brought to Chioggia for the construction of public buildings. Many monks went from “Sant'Ilario di Malamocco” to San Servolo . The Gradenigo built ("edificarono") a very beautiful church in San Cipriano on Murano as a convent, and the nuns had also been to Sant'Ilario. The Badoer had the church and monastery of Santa Croce built 'at their own expense' (“fabricarono”). - After they had driven out the “magistrato”, the tsarese rebelled and submitted to King “Calomano” of Hungary, who, in breach of the treaty, marched there and promised freedom to the cities through public proclamation. But as soon as he returned to Hungary he fell ill with a fever and died. Zara was conquered by the Venetians, then "Sabenico", which had also rebelled in the "tumulto", and so the other cities also returned under the "Signoria di Vinegia". After subjugating Croatian territory, the force returned under the Doge. Without suggesting the ransom for the Hungarians, as the Cronica di Venexia did, he names the numerous "de 'primi huomini di Schiavonia" that were carried along in the triumphal procession. But the joy of victory only lasted for a short time, as Marcello notes, because the Hungarians returned to Dalmatia. Thereupon the Doge led an even larger army up to Zara, where it came to a battle that had been undecided until then. 'Fighting bravely in the front rows where the danger was greatest, the Doge died struck by an arrow'. As a result, the Venetians fled and many died and more were taken prisoner. Venice sent envoys to try to negotiate a peace, or at least an armistice. The ambassadors "Vital Faliero, Orsatto Giustiniano, & Marino Moresini" managed to achieve such a standstill for five years. The 'body of Ordelafo' was brought to Venice in the 19th year of his reign and buried with honor ('honoratamente') 'in San Marco'.

The church of Santa Maria Assunta was built in the 11th century after the destruction of the old lagoon capital Malamocco, which was the residence of the early Doges until 810/11. The city was rebuilt on the better protected west side of the island. Today's Church of Santa Maria Assunta was built in the 15th century as a successor to an 11th century church.

According to the chronicle of Gian Giacomo Caroldo , which he completed in 1532, “Ordelafo Falier” followed the “Eccelso Duce Vital Micchiel”. Caroldo believes that the new doge was "molto eloquente, ingegnoso, prudente et nell'armi valoroso, d'eta giovane, ma di maturo consiglio". He was married to "Matilde" from a royal family. According to the author, it was Ordelafo Falier who, in the third year of his reign, had the Pala d'Oro in Constantinople made 'as you can see it today', while Angelo Faledro was the procurator of San Marco (p. 122). - The beginning and end of the Dogat were marked by catastrophes, first devastating city fires, then a huge sea and earthquake that completely destroyed Malamocco, and finally an earthquake shortly before his death. According to Caroldo, the first devastating fire started in the house of the "Messer Henrico Zen Cavalier nella parochia di Santi Apostoli", whereby the wind even spread the fire across the Grand Canal, where "San Cassàn, Santa Maria Mater D [ omi] ni [sic!], Santa Agatha, San Agostino et San Stephano Confessore ”burned. After two months, according to Caroldo, a new fire broke out. This even bigger fire broke out in the "casa di Cancanni", with almost all houses on the islets "San Lorenzo, San Severo, San Zacharia, Santa Scolastica, San Zacharia" (called twice), then on "Santa Maria Formosa, San Giuliano, San Basso ”, in addition part of San Marco and the Doge's Palace, then“ San Geminiano, San Moisè, Santa Maria Giubenico, San Mauritio, San Angelo, San Paternian, San Vidal, San Samuel ”were destroyed. Then the fire jumped over the Grand Canal and destroyed "San Gregorio, San Agnese, San Gervasio, San Bernaba, San Basilio, San Raphael et San Nicolo et la maggior parte delle case di quel Sestier di Dorso Duro", i.e. the parishes in question and most of Dorsoduro . This is almost unbelievable, but all houses were made of wood at that time, as Caroldo explains. The author explains the destruction of Old Malamocco differently, because after him it wasn't a city fire there, but there it was the sea, plus an earthquake . After the death of the bishop of Olivolo / Castello "Henrico Contarini", he was 'replaced' by "Vital Michele". During this time the Prior of San Cipriano, of the Benedictine order , with the Doge's permission, transferred his monastery to Murano on the Gradenigo land. For the same reason, the nuns of San Leon left the ruined island and received the monastery of San Servolo. In the 3rd or 7th year of his rule, the Cluniacians received the church of Santa Croce in Luprio to build a monastery there. In the 8th year the Doge, full of grief over the destruction of Malamocco, allowed the bishop of the city "Dominico Zancharuol" to move his seat to Chioggia , as well as the said relics, ie "il corpo di San Felice et capo di San Fortunato". This, the author admits, was taken from the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo. Caroldo makes it clear that without the Doge's approval, neither clerical elections nor the administration of the sacraments were possible, and even then the transfer and alienation of mobile goods was forbidden. In the same year the relics of the "beatissimo Steffano Prothomartire" came to San Giorgio by Abbot Tribuno of Constantinople. From then on the doge was to visit these relics once a year. - This is followed by Caroldo the fight against Paduans, Trevisans and Ravennates on the Brenta, where on October 4th a battle took place in which Padua lost 507 men and numerous men were captured. Through a letter from the recently crowned emperor, to whom the Paduans had turned, to the Doge, the said ambassadors visited Verona . With Caroldo, the territories that Venice occupied at least 30 years ago were recognized, but in addition to the aforementioned 50 pounds of pepper, "libre L di moneta Venetiana" and an altar cloth that had to be delivered to the emperor every year were also published. Then the Paduan prisoners were released (p. 125). - As an "emulatione del suo precessore" - Caroldo recalled the operations of the Venetian fleet under Ordelafo's predecessor - the Doge supported Baldwin, the new king of Jerusalem, with the conquest of "Saittò" with a fleet of '100 sails'. Contrary to what they promised, the Venetians wanted to take a stand against the attempts to ruin the Christians there, and therefore killed many of the prisoners. The Venetians received privileges throughout the kingdom from the king in order to “dimostrar la gratitudine et obligo”, a quarter in the conquered city. - After "Calomano" of Hungary had defeated his internal enemies, the next war, this time against "Pietro Re di Dalmatia", ended fatally for the latter. No sooner had the Hungarian king conquered the mountainous areas (“le terre et luoghi situati nellemontagnedella Dalmatia”) than he also occupied Spalato. But Zara, sworn to Venice, fought violently under Gioanni Moresini. But he succeeded with every kind of promise “contaminar gl'animi di quelli Cittadini”. After Zara had also fallen into his hand, the other cities submitted out of fear (“poste in timore, mandorono a far deditione”). In gratitude, the churches of Spalato, Zara and Arbe received crosses made of pure silver. But the king, who had returned to Hungary, had a headache. He was given an “empiastro nell'orecchie, dalle quali a poco a poco gli uscì il cerebro”, so the brain gradually escaped through his ears, so that he soon died. Now the Doge sent an embassy to Constantinople to get help in the fight against the Hungarians, because the Venetians were "divotissimi cultori del Sacro Imperio di Constantinopoli". The emperor replied that he would like to help the "Duce Veneto suo buon amico", his 'good friend', but that he himself needs help against his enemies. Immediately after this promise, Caroldo adds that Henry IV visited Venice on his way back from Rome (p. 127). He lived in the Doge's Palace, visited churches and monasteries, wanted to see the city and understand the system of rule (“intender il modo del governo”). And he had to say that the "Ducal Provincia di Venetia" was a kingdom. Without thinking about costs and effort ("senza sparagno di denari, ne di cosa") the doge did everything to honor the emperor. This emperor also promised him help against the Hungarians, so that the doge started the war. It was first possible to defeat the Ban of Dalmatia, which King Stephen had sent before Zara. Sebenico was also conquered, as was the fortress, which was considered impregnable and has now been demolished. Now Spalato and Traù also submitted. After the successful reconquest of Dalmatia, the Doge returned to Venice with numerous hostages. But in the 15th year of his rule, on January 25th, Venice suffered a tremendous earthquake ("terremotto universale"). The earth opened and sulphurous water oozed from the earth. The "Chiesa di San Hermacora" ( San Marcuola ) burned down together with the neighboring houses, only the hand of John the Baptist survived through a miracle. The King of Hungary returned, the Doge advanced to defend Zara. There he was fatally hit by “una saetta”, even if Zara could be held. The deceased was buried in San Marco.

The conquest of Tire did not take place until 1124, oil on canvas, Antonio Vassilacchi (1556–1629), around 1590, Doge's Palace, Sala dello Scrutinio

The Frankfurt lawyer and judge Heinrich Kellner , who saw in the new doge the "thirteenth and thirtieth duke", said in his Chronica published in 1574 that this is true and short description that everyone who moved to Venice lives , "Ordelafus Falier" has " the Hertzothumb accepted / in jar 1101 “. According to Kellner, “Ordelafus” sent in the first year of reign “another large armada in Syria / with whose aid Balduin… Tolemaiden won.” Within a few days, Sidon was also conquered, just as “Barutta or Bereith” was conquered, “but with many Bloodshed". Baldwin, "moved by such splendid deeds by the Venetians", granted them the concessions mentioned. The author adds how “von Keyser Heinrichen” had conceded “a lot and great privileges and freedoms”. The above-mentioned northern Italian cities waged a war against Venice “because of the Grentz”, but the “Venedigians drew inen bey dem Thurn / delle Bebbe called / under eyes”. After "several skirmishes", the Venetians won a battle and took 600 prisoners. The defeated Paduans then called “Keyser Heinrichen umb hülff”, who turned to the negotiators who were with him in “Verona or Bern in Welschland”. It was achieved "that the Venedians and the Paduans dropped their mistake against each other / compared the border / and was reluctantly laid down." Kellner mentions, if only summarily, the two major fires, as well as the Malamocco fire. In this context he mentions the procession of the monks from “S. Hilarii Monastery "after S. Servolo, but also the construction of the monastery and church of S. Cipriano by the" Gradenigi "" to Muran (because they make the Venetian glasses) ", as a replacement for the building of the same name in Malamocco, as well as the construction of the "Badoeri", who had "the monastery of St. Creutz" built. Kellner begins the fight for Zara with “Calomanno / King in Ungern”, who broke the peace and who “through an open edict” promised the “Dalmatians” that they should be “free of their servitude”. But the Hungarian king "fell into a fever / and died". The crews he left behind fled "out of fear", Zara was "stormed" by the Venetians. It was the same for Sebenico, who "had fallen away in the tumult and noise". The Venetians had succeeded in enlarging their area because "they had drawn the Crabati Mountains". The Doge "carries with him a lot from the Fürnemest from Dalmatia and Slavonia / as in a triumph". But this joy, according to Kellner, did not last long because the Hungarians returned, so that a battle broke out in front of Zara. "Ordelafus right in the first link / because the greatest danger was / bravely arguing / was shot with an arrow from a flitz bow" (p. 25r). Many of the fleeing Venetians died or were captured. The “newspaper such Niderlag” forced the Venetians to negotiate, whereby the three said ambassadors only managed to “come to a standstill with the king for five years”. "Ordelafi's dead corpse was taken to Venice / and honestly buried in Venice in S. Marx churches / in the nineteenth year of his Hertzogthumbs." If one disregards the border dispute with Padua, wars, on which the author is largely focused, ensued from natural disasters and the building of churches as a result - no thought about the causes.

In the translation of Alessandro Maria Vianoli's Historia Veneta , which appeared in Nuremberg in 1686 under the title Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, und Absterben / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bis on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , the author counts, deviating by Pietro Marcello, "Ordelafus Falier, The 34th Hertzog". According to Vianoli, Venice “had almost a long time to endure” under him. As the first evidence, he mentions water and wind, by which “all of Malamocco was flooded and drowned in it”. Then he mentions the two city fires, of which the second "started almost ten months later in the St. Lorentzen area / and reached out to S. Baffo" and devastated the Doge's Palace. But the wars were even worse. In addition, he lists the known facts of the border war with Padua, the intervention of the emperor after his defeat, and finally the conclusion of peace. “Not long afterwards, the city of Zara also showed its unfaithfulness to the Republic for the second time” by chasing away its “chief warrior” “Johann Morosin” and surrendering to “Coloman”. Doge and "Senate" were "so indignant about it" that 14 galleys were equipped in a very short time. Another 30 ships should follow the fleet "zum Succurs". Before Zara the fleet had to wait until these ships had "conjugiret" with those of the Doge. The Hungarians finally had to flee on the land side (p. 197). The Tsarese, who saw the annihilation before their eyes, so Vianoli, took refuge in the last resort by appealing to "meekness and goodness". So they went "with great weeping and weeping, together with the whole clergy to meet the heart", threw themselves at his feet and asked "submissively for mercy". The city had to swear allegiance again. As soon as the Doge was back in Venice, the Hungarians “invaded Dalmatia again with a huge army” (p. 198). Vianoli believes that the doge died before Zara, "because he himself ventured too much into his own person / surrounded by a troop of Hungarian Reuters / and was shot with an arrow after quite a bit of resistance". Thereupon the Venetians fled with heavy losses; many of them were captured. The "Senate" had tried to protect the country and sent envoys, whose name Vianoli does not mention, to the Hungarian king who reached a five-year armistice. The fleet brought “the dead body”, as Vianoli writes in the following paragraph, to Venice. Ordelafo was said to have been "buried in Vital Faliero" in his father's grave. The author also adds that in the 15th year of his reign two earthquakes shocked the city, "by the earth spitting out a large sulfur-containing material / which the church of H. Hermacorae set on fire / and bit the ground." Ordelafo's successor took office after Vianoli in 1117.

In 1687 Jacob von Sandrart in his Opus Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / territories / and government of the world-famous republic of Venice was little more than half a page to report on "Ordelaphus or Orlafus Faledrus". The 33rd Doge was elected after him in 1102. With the help of the Doge, the King of Jerusalem conquered “Ptolomais”, which is why the Venetians in his kingdom received “their own churches / stock exchanges / places / and courts”. Venice was "miserably devastated twice by conflagrations". The Doge was “in a war against the Hungarians”, “to which the Dalmatians who had reneged from Venice took refuge / stabbed with a lantze”. The author deviates even more from the tradition when it comes to the times, because he believes that "some 15 years are added to him, others only 5."

After-effects of the Venetian historiographical tradition, modern historiography

Johann Friedrich LeBret published his four-volume State History of the Republic of Venice from 1769 to 1777 , in which he stated in the first volume, published in 1769, that with “Ordelafo Falier” “a son of Vital Falier, who had previously excelled in the naval wars, took the princely throne was raised ". He was, according to LeBret, “a regent whose lofty spirit promised great things. He was eloquent, thought quickly and thoroughly, made great drafts and knew how to carry them out with care. ”His wife“ thought so loftily as her husband ”, as LeBret explicitly knows about“ Dandulus ”, from the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo. Accordingly, Ordelafus was raised to doge in the middle of the year. "His taste for the arts, his love for his people, his compassion for those who have had an accident, his great undertakings, mark him out as a hero in the history of his people", the author sums up. Then he turns to the destruction of Malamocco by a “tremendous movement” of the sea, after which a first “conflagration” consumed six houses, a second even twenty houses “together with part of the ducal chapel and the palace”. A fire also raged in Malamocco. The violence of the water also destroyed everything "this side of Poveggia" that forced the said resettlements. "Some historians" saw the cause as an earthquake. "Chioggia, which had hitherto low and unsightly huts, was given permission to use the remaining stones for the cultivation of their city." The city owes the destruction of Malamocco "not only its size, but also the episcopal seat," according to LeBret 1110 was transferred to Chioggia. A new Malamocco was created, but it was "only the stay for seafarers who are employed in the service of the harbor" (p. 289). - LeBret goes into the foreign policy constellation in much more detail than other historians, initially with a view to the Normans. Boemund resented the Byzantine emperor "Alexius" for having repulsed him "with the help of the Turks" before " Larissa ", and so he planned to conquer Constantinople. When he besieged Durazzo, “Alexius called his loyal friends, the Venetians, to help, who also set out with a mighty fleet and united with the Greek fleet”. Against the promise not to hinder the pilgrims on their way through the Byzantine Empire, the Norman retired to Apulia, where he died a little later. Then the author turns to the conflict with Padua (p. 290). "We find a decree from Bernhard Trevisanus, which was drafted under Doge Michieli in 1100, asking the Paduans to change the course of the Brenta." Padua refused this and, on the contrary, searched "in the middle of this century Drainage of the canals to hurt the Venetians ”. For their part, the Venetians had already built fortresses, such as Brondolo, Loredo or the "Thurm Bebe". According to LeBret, the Paduans claimed that their jurisdiction had been violated and that the “entrenchments” were “built on their land”. They believed the Venetians were too busy with their "oriental conquests" in the battle for S. Ilario, but on the contrary, the army that Venice sent out to them was "trained enough through the warlike undertakings so far". On the Brenta there was "a battle" "in which the best troops were cut down on the enemy and five hundred seven men were made prisoners". The Paduans turned to "Emperor Heinrich the Fifth", but he also heard the Venetians. Their ambassadors proved that S. Ilario had always "belonged to the territory of Rialto and to the parish of Olivolo". The mother city of Padua should behave less enviously towards Venice and accept the borders. Heinrich tried to “guard” the “Imperial Highness” against the Venetians, “by stipulating that every year on March 1st the Venetians should give him fifty Venetian horses, just as many pounds of pepper, and a coat.” LeBret again invokes “Dandulus”, as he notes in a footnote. “With regard to their estates” the Venetians were ready to agree with the emperor, who was ready to stop all attacks from northern Italy. The author expressly states that the 50 pounds of pepper were new, and the emperor's main concern was his honor. In Venice it was believed that this arrangement would only last for a short time (p. 291 f.). In addition to Italy, the Holy Land was extremely suitable for the Doge's ambition to imitate his predecessor, "he now wanted to earn honor on the path on which his predecessor had already incarnated so much fame". While a number of cities there fell to the Kingdom of Jerusalem - " Ptolemais or Akka were also taken in 1103 " - it was not possible to conquer Tire. The Venetian fleet, consisting of "a hundred sails", reached the city, which had been besieged since 1111, and helped to cut it off from the sea. When the Sultan of Egypt, who had previously fought the Seljuks, turned away from the Crusaders, the fleet sailed to the mouth of the Nile and "conquered the Feramina Castle there, of which the remains can still be seen at Damiette"; the inhabitants were behaved in a barbaric manner. In "Akka", the Venetians were given their own quarters, where their own church was built, its dimensions and weight should be valid, and they were also given high and low jurisdiction. The same was true for the Genoese in "Akre" and the Pisans in "Antioch" (p. 292). Meanwhile, the Venetian rule in Dalmatia wavered, where as early as 1105, LeBret believes to be able to prove with "stone inscriptions and secure documents", Kolomann came into possession of Zara through siege. In his opinion, the Doge was too busy elsewhere, and so he had to agree to a five-year truce. But the Hungarian king continued his conquests. In 1111 he held court in Arbe , with all the Dalmatian bishops appearing. Like his predecessors, LeBret reports how the Doge sought allies and therefore sent the Patriarch of Venice to Constantinople with 14 galleys. But the imperial help was delayed and in 1114 died "Kolomann or Karlomann, as the Foscarinian manuscript of Dandulus calls him". In August the doge sailed to Zara to besiege it. He cared about their property "because the preservation of the nearby islands directly depended on it" (p. 294). The Hungarian occupation withdrew to the “Citadelle”, Zara again submitted to Venice. Other cities followed this example, such as "the inhabitants of Spalatro ", who "cut down the Hungarians themselves", or Trau , then Venice even conquered "part of maritime Croatia and the cities in it, Belgrade, Sebenigo , Nona, Citta nuova" . The doge was received triumphantly in Venice. "Through this war Falier had obtained the right to call himself not only a duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians, but also the Croatians". As LeBret adds, the Doge “really used a still existing letter of freedom which he gave to the monastery of Saints Cosmas and Damian”. - Henry V was received in Venice in March, although he had been “put under the spell” by the Pope and the Archbishop of Milan. On March 12, Heinrich held court in the hall of the Grand Council in the Doge's Palace, and the Emperor took the monastery of San Zaccaria under his protection. “The Venetian territory was given the flattering and brilliant name of a kingdom. Whether we should ascribe this name to the courtesy of the notary or the emperor himself is more difficult to determine. ”As LeBret notes in a footnote,“ the original document ”is“ available ”in the archive of San Zaccaria (p. 295). - Now the Doge began, for the first time with German, but also Byzantine support, the conquest of the citadel of Zara, which succeeded after defending against a relief army. But the following year 1117 “was a terrible year for all of Italy”. On January 13th, "one of the most violent earthquakes" began and lasted over 40 days. In Milan, too, “the churches and the largest palaces and towers collapsed”. In Venice the earth opened in some places and “sulphurous water” came out. The author states that the six “sestieri or headquarters” did not yet exist, but one could “boldly say that under Ordelaffo five of these headquarters burned down”. Now the Hungarians forced a third campaign on the Doge by invading Dalmatia. Before Zara, the doge, who, as in the second campaign, immediately opened the fight, was fatally injured. The defeated army threw itself into the city, which this time remained "loyal to the Venetians". The decimated force brought the Doge's body to Venice, which was buried in San Marco. The Venetian negotiators managed to negotiate another five-year armistice with King Stephen. This means that LeBret's portrayal differs considerably from that of his predecessors.

Ceiling of the Sala dello Scrutinio in the Doge's Palace

In his Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia from 1861, Francesco Zanotto also reports on the earthquake of March 9, 1102, from the "cronaca Erizzo" he knows of "esalazione sulfuree" that set the church of SS. Ermagora e Fortunato on fire. He also adds that the plague has returned and the Barignan and Gioliva families have died out. The author also mentions the earthquake of 1105 with the subsequent city fire, then the much worse fire that only went out after 68 days, others after 40 days (p. 85). According to him, a hundred nuns suffocated in San Zaccaria, and he also lists the numerous churches that were destroyed. In the same year, after another 1106 or 1107, Malamocco finally went under, whose bishop "Enrico II Grancavolo" had received the Doge's permission to move his official residence to Chioggia. In addition to the information given by his predecessors, he also adds a famine that was alleviated by Giovanni and Giulio Bonaldi, men from Ferrara who were then accepted into the Venetian "patriziato". - At Zanotto, King Baldwin of Jerusalem asked Venice for help. The Venetians, who wanted to protect their economic advantages, but also recognized the competition of the Genoese and Pisans, sent 100 ships. This fleet achieved the well-known conquests, but the reason for the attack on Egypt was that the Saracen pirates were used to retreating there in order to cause serious damage to traders and pilgrims. The destroyed fort can still be seen next to Damiette today. Zanotto does not leave out the privileges and the quarters in Tolemaide either. Possibly, according to the author, the destruction of the ship's loins , the Squeri , by the conflagration was the reason to concentrate shipbuilding in the arsenal - whereby he expressly complains about the extremely desolate condition of the arsenal in 1861. The Hungarian king, who was allied with Venice, conquered Dalmatia for no reason. Thereupon, continues Zanotto, asked an embassy led by the patriarch "Giovanni III Gradenigo" for help from Constantinople, whereby this fleet supported the emperor against the Normans under Bohemond. For Zanotto, the fight against the Paduans was only now taking place, whereby the returning force made it easy to defeat the attackers. With a diploma dated May 20, 1111, a peace was made which the emperor had brokered at the request of the Paduan people. This happened with "Vitale Faliero, fratel germano del doge, Orsato Giustiniano e Marino Morosini", the ambassadors of Venice. This is followed by the description of the recent battles for Zara, especially by Stephan II, which ended in a triumph of 'ours'. When the emperor came to Venice at the end of February 1116, the heavily destroyed city had already been rebuilt. Heinrich was able to spend the night in the Doge's Palace. On the occasion, according to Zanotto, the emperor granted many monasteries privileges for their territories in the empire. Finally, there was another war in Hungary, and the Doge obtained Arbe's subordination in return for recognition of the old customs, statutes and privileges. The doge, fighting in the dress of a common soldier, died before Zara. Despite the defeat, the Venetians who fled to the city did not forget to take with them the body of the Doge, which they buried in San Marco. Zanotto explicitly mentions the painting by Aliense (originally Antonio Vassilacchi , 1556–1629), in which Ordelafo's 'glorious death' is depicted on the ceiling of the Sala dello Scrutinio in the Doge's Palace. Finally he explains the order of the Pala d'oro in Constantinople and its later fate.

Samuele Romanin , the historian embedded in the broader historical context and who portrayed this epoch in 1854 in the second of ten volumes of his Storia documentata di Venezia , was less educative and moralizing . After him, the doge was elected by the popular assembly directly at the grave of his predecessor. With Romanin, too, the impulse comes from the Holy Land. There the Norman crusaders were not only defeated against the Saracens, they were also at war with Byzantium. On the occasion they attacked the islands of Kos , Samos and “ Nio ” together with Pisans , but Greek fire destroyed many of their ships, which the author takes from the work of Anna Komnena (p. 21). Bohemond managed to get to Rome, where he threw himself at the Pope's feet. With his permission he recruited men for his crusade, whom he threw against the Byzantine Durazzo. Illness and the duration of the siege, the resistance of the Venetians and Byzantines, the beginning of the dissolution of his army forced him to make peace with Alexios. In 1112 he died in the middle of preparations for a new crusade in Taranto . At the request of King Baldwin, however, the Venetians sent "1104" a 'fleet of 100 sails', which fought victoriously off Jaffa and won Sidon. But 'while the arms of the republic triumphed in Palestine' and gained ever greater economic advantages, great calamities occurred in the lagoon. A Scirocco was so sultry (“afa”) that humans and animals became powerless, they reacted as if in expectation of a kind of “grande fenomeno elettrico”, as Romanin writes. A smell rose from the sea, as if from strong ' electrophores ', under the waves one heard a 'dull mooing' ('cupo muggito'), the birds shrieked and buzzed in circles, the eels jumped out of the water, all signs according to Romanin of an impending storm. In further, highly poetic words, the author describes the booming lightning, the rain, the flood: 'The imagination is hardly sufficient to imagine this horror', so much destruction, hunger, destruction of prosperity. The old Malamocco and its island went under. With a decree of the Doge of April 10, 1110, his diocese was moved to Chioggia. But the love of the inhabitants ensured that a new, better protected Malamocco was built (p. 23 f.). But that's not all, starting from the house of the "Zen a 'Santi Apostolo", the town, consisting of wooden houses, burned down in a few hours. Then the author makes a list of the destroyed churches. Only the Doge's Palace and San Marco proved to be 'immune to the flames'. The Hungarian king had taken advantage of this catastrophe and the absence of the fleet. Protected by 14 galleys, the Patriarch of Grado came to Constantinople as envoy, and at the same time the fleet that was supposed to protect the emperor against Bohemond was ordered back. She brought the relics of St. Stephanus, the Doge himself, brought them from the ship to his boat, around which all the churches in the city were torn - Romanin cites an inscription in Cicognas Delle Inscrizioni Veneziane as evidence , but with incorrect information. Finally they got to San Giorgio Maggiore . Another factor that prevented the 'punishment' of the Hungarian king was the fighting on the northern Italian mainland, where the municipalities became more and more independent, especially Milan. At least Emperor Heinrich V was able to settle the border dispute between Padua and Venice (May 20, 1111). When Heinrich wanted to move in the property of Mathilde von Tuszien in 1116, he also planned a visit to Venice. He lived in the Doge's Palace and visited numerous churches, many of which he endowed with privileges. This happened "IV idus Martii in regno Veneciarum in palacio ducis anno ab incarnatione Domini MCXVI, indictione VIII presenti Ordelaphus Dei gratia Venetiae Dux et Henricus Welphonis Ducis frater", as Romanin quotes from Muratori (p. 28 and note 1). The successor of the Hungarian king, who had died in the meantime, had to cede the Dalmatian cities again. But Venice soon had to send out a second fleet under the leadership of the Doge, who accepted the submission ("sommissione") of Arbe. In a battle near Zara, the Doge threw himself into action, cheered on the others and 'died as a hero' (“cadde da eroe”). The army withdrew in a disorderly manner to Zara, where the doge was mourned, "che al paro di Pietro Candiano I era morto combattendo per la patria". Like Pietro I Candiano in 887 , he died 'fighting for the fatherland'. Romanin regards the Pala d'oro , which Ordelafo Falier ordered in Constantinople in his opinion, and the arsenal (pp. 31–34), the construction of which he had begun, as the most important remnants of his rule . The Pala was also attributed to Pietro Orseolo , but the author rejects this (p. 29 f.).

Heinrich Kretschmayr argued differently in many ways in the first volume of his three-volume History of Venice in 1905 . He already counted the time of Doge Vitale Michiel as part of the phase that he called the "position of great power". After him, "Ordelafo Falieri (Ordelaf Faledro, December? 1101 - Spring? 1118") was elected Doge. Kretschmayr sees three trouble spots on the mainland. On the one hand, the monastery of S. Ilario was "devastated" by Bishop Gotpul of Treviso, on the other hand Padua felt "not unjustly affected by Venetian regulation work on the Brenta", after all, both Ravenna and Ferrara came into conflict with Venice. Verona, on the other hand, concluded “an aid and trade treaty with Venice.” In October there was an open conflict with Padua, which led to “a real river battle on the lower Brenta - allegedly at Bebbe in the southern lagoon -”, “with the Venetians remained victorious and are said to have made 507 prisoners. ”Whether this conflict was ended by a“ word of power ”by the emperor,“ cannot be proven ”, as Kretschmayr qualifies (p. 221). In any case, on May 20, 1111, the pact was renewed, including the provision that it should remain at the limit that had existed for 30 years. - In a separate paragraph Kretschmayr devotes himself to natural disasters, whereby Malamocco may have been destroyed by "a great spring tide" in 1110, S. Cipriano was moved to Murano in 1108, the diocese on April 11, 1110 to Chioggia. Malamocco was moved to the lagoon side of the island, while Alt Malamocco was abandoned on the Adriatic side. In "January and April 1105 or 1106" devastating city fires destroyed considerable parts of the city, on January 3, 1117 a new earthquake. “It becomes understandable when Venice had to allow the Hungarian advance into Dalmatia to take place almost without resistance” (p. 222). “His predecessor had the port entrance of S. Nicolò fortified again (1101); Ordelafo is the founder of the Venetian Arsenal (1104). ”Meanwhile, Enrico Dandolo assured after Kretschmayr, the Doge had been thinking about Dalmatia for ten years. In 1112 Patriarch Johannes Gradenigo went to Emperor Alexios, but he postponed the alliance question for the reconquest of Dalmatia, as Kretschmayr says: "It looks like him". It was also believed that Emperor Heinrich was also on Venice's side, although Kretschmayr did not mention any of the emperor's troops. In February 1114 "Kolomann" died in Hungary. He was succeeded by three-year-old Stephan II on the throne. The fleet in Constantinople was recalled and took, "as is the trend of the times," "the relics of the arch-martyr Stephen with them." In August 1115 the first of the numerous wars between Hungary and Venice began. In the same month Zara fell, in June 1116 "the castle there, plus Belgrado (Zara vecchia)", followed by Spalato , Traù and " Sebenico, which was considered impregnable ". Alexios did not support Venice militarily, and neither did Heinrich, but the latter appeared in Venice in March 1116, "probably to work from there to counter the efforts of the Roman Church in Byzantium to unite". Perhaps, according to the author, he also promoted the following military expedition to Dalmatia, which began in the spring of 1118. After Arbe's subordination, the Venetians were defeated before Zara and the Doge died, but with Kretschmayr without a description of the circumstances. Nothing was left of his grave any more than that of his predecessor. Although his successor was able to reach a quick peace agreement, only Zara and perhaps the islands of Quarnero near Venice soon remained (1124 at the latest).

The Doge Marino Falier lived in the Palazzo Falier in Cannaregio and was executed in 1355.

For John Julius Norwich in his simplistic History of Venice , which largely ignores the historiographical discourse , Ordelafo is “a faintly mysterious figure”. Nobody had successfully taken the trouble to explain how his baptismal name, which was unique in Venice, came about, and practically nothing else was known about the time before his election. After all, a portrait of him in imperial regalia survived, namely as part of the Pala d'oro in St. Mark's Basilica. In January 1106, all of the natural phenomena that were only recently understood in their interaction combined to form the said catastrophe, even if Norwich separates out the other phenomena described by the chroniclers - including a very extraordinary heat that struck down humans and animals, noises from the bottom of the Lagoon, fish that jumped out of the water in a panic, also meteorites. Nevertheless: No house of Malamocco, the old capital and defender against the invasion of King Pippin , survived , and in the 18th century the remains of churches and houses could be seen on the bottom of the lagoon. A new malamocco was built on the west side of this island. The author also names the fires that devoured 24 churches in the city. The violence of these fires can be seen in the fact that at least one of them jumped the Grand Canal, fired on by strong winds. Therefore, the use of wood in house construction has been “discouraged”. The churches were rebuilt with the bricks known as altinelle and the so-called Istrian marble. These catastrophes did not allow a renewed participation in the crusade until 1109. If Venice wanted to prevent Pisa, which had apparently shelved its promise ten years ago, not to interfere in the Levant trade, but also from Genoa entirely, it would have to hurry. Therefore, a fleet of 100 ships set out in the summer to arrive in October in the Holy Land, where Baldwin was besieging Sidon. This siege ended with the conquest of the city on October 4th, thanks to the Venetian support. “Surprisingly”, however, did not receive privileges in Venice, but in “Acre”, in whose conquest six years earlier Venice had played no role at all. On his return to Venice, the Doge carried the said relics on his own shoulders, "after heated argument beween several rival churches all well aware of its potential value in terms of pilgrim traffic, deposited it in the monastery church of S. Giorgio Maggiore". From then on, the Doge led a torchlight procession for the next seven centuries. The Doge's most enduring contribution, however, was the arsenal. Norwich assumes that both emperors assisted in retaking Dalmatia. In the end Ordelafo died 'under the walls of Zara'.

swell

Narrative sources

Legislative sources

  • Gottlieb Lukas Friedrich Tafel , Georg Martin Thomas (ed.): Documents on the earlier commercial and state history of the Republic of Venice , Vienna 1856, in: Fontes Rerum Austriacarum , Dept. II. Diplomataria et Acta , 3 vol., Vol. 1: 814 -1205 , Vienna 1856, n. XXXII-XXXV, pp. 67-76.
  • Flaminio Corner: Ecclesiae venetae antiquis monumentis nunc etiam primum editis illustratae ac in decades distributae , vol. V, Venice 1749, p. 107 f.
  • Luigi Lanfranchi (Ed.): S. Giorgio Maggiore , Vol. II, Venice 1968, n.110 f.
  • Andrea Gloria (Ed.): Codice diplomatico padovano dal secolo sesto a tutto l'undicesimo , vol. I, Padua 1877, n. 78.
  • Ludwig Weiland (Ed.): MGH, Legum sectio IV, Constitutiones, I, Hannover 1893, pp. 152–156.
  • Luigi Lanfranchi , Bianca Strina (Ed.): Ss. Ilario e Benedetto e S. Gregorio , Venice 1965, p. XXII f.

literature

  • Irmgard Fees : Falier, Ordelaffo , in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 44 (1994) 447-449 (forms the basis for the performing part).
  • Andrea Da Mosto : I Dogi di Venezia , Milan 1960, pp. 55, 57 f.
  • Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , Vol. I, Gotha 1905, p. 203 (Pala d'oro), 221–223, 242, 457 f. (Remarks).
  • Otto Demus : Two doge graves in S. Marco, Venice , in: Yearbook of the Austrian Byzantine Society V (1956) 42–59.
  • Roberto Cessi : Politica, economia, religione , in: Storia di Venezia , Vol. II, Venice 1958, pp. 28, 34, 56, 350, 356, 359 f., 426, 429.
  • Roberto Cessi: Venezia ducale , Vol. II, 1, Venice 1965, pp. 136, 154 f., 173, 186, 190ff, 203–206, 210, 212 f., 216.

Web links

Commons : Ordelafo Faliero  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Irmgard Fees : The signatures of the Doges of Venice in the 12th and 13th centuries , in: Christian Lackner , Claudia Feller (ed.): Manu propria. From the personal writing of the mighty , Böhlau, 2016, pp. 149–169, here: p. 155.
  2. ↑ It is obvious that these floods, which did not appear in the chronicles before, are related to the increasing deforestation of the Po Valley ( Vito Fumagalli : Mensch und Umwelt im Mittelalter , Wagenbach, Berlin 1992, pp. 46–48).
  3. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , Vol. I, Gotha 1905, p. 221.
  4. ↑ David Buckton, John Osborne: The Enamel of Doge Ordelaffo Falier on the Pala d'Oro in Venice , in: Gesta 39 (2000) 43-49.
  5. ↑ On the Pala d'oro cf. Wolfgang Fritz Volbach: Gli smalti della pala d'oro , in: Hans Robert Hahnloser (Ed.): Il tesoro di S. Marco , Vol. I: La pala d'oro , Sansoni, Florenz 1965, pp. 254, 258, 268, 271, 273-276, 279, plate 58; Josef Deér : The Pala d'Oro in a new perspective , in: Byzantinische Zeitschrift LXII (1969) 308–344; Sergio Bettini: Le opere d'arte importate a Venezia durante le crociate , in: Steven Runciman et al. (Ed.): Venezia dalla prima crociata alla conquista di Costantinopoli nel 1204 , Fondazione Giorgio Cini, Storia della civiltà veneziana, Vol. I, Florence 1979, pp. 157-190.
  6. ^ Vittorio Lazzarini : I titoli dei dogi di Venezia , in: Vittorio Lazzarini: Scritti di paleografia e diplomatica , Padua 1969, pp. 195-226, first in: Nuovo Archivio Veneto 2 (1903) 271-313.
  7. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali “Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna”, Venice 2010, pp. 55–58.
  8. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation of Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, p 58 ( digitized ).
  9. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , Vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, pp. 122–128. ( online ).
  10. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all heart drawn to Venice Leben , Frankfurt 1574, p. 24r – 25r ( digitized, p. 24r ).
  11. ↑ Alessandro Maria Vianoli : Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, and withering / From the first Paulutio Anafesto to / bit on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , Nuremberg 1686, pp. 193-200 ( digitized ).
  12. ↑ Jacob von Sandrart : Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous Republick Venice , Nuremberg 1687, p. 33 ( digitized, p. 33 ).
  13. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret : State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origins to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws, and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to another , 4 vol., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 288–298 ( digitized version ).
  14. ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia , Vol. 4, Venice 1861, pp. 85-88 ( digitized version ).
  15. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 2, Venice 1854, pp. 21–34 ( digitized version ).
  16. ↑ "Cicogna, Iscriz. IV, p. 248 ”says Romanin on p. 26, note 2; however, there is no such page in the corresponding volume.
  17. ↑ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, pp. 221–223 ( digitized , pages 48 to 186 are missing!).
  18. ^ John Julius Norwich : A History of Venice , Penguin, London 2003, 1st ed. 1982.
predecessor Office successor
Vitale Michiel I. Doge of Venice
1102–1118 		Domenico Michiel
personal data
SURNAME Faliero, Ordelafo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Falier, Ordelafo; Faletro, Ordelafo; Faledro, Ordelafo; Faledro, Ordelaf
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Doge of Venice (1102–1118)
DATE OF BIRTH 11th century
DATE OF DEATH 1118
Place of death near Zadar