Pietro Tribuno

The coat of arms of the "Pietro Tribun" as it was imagined in the 17th century. The coats of arms of the early medieval doges are mere rear projections of younger family coats of arms. The Heraldry began only in the third quarter of one of the 12th century. Later coats of arms were also given to the early Doges who never had a coat of arms (“fanta-araldica”); this served to relate the families of this epoch to the earliest possible doges, which gave them prestige as well as political and social influence. So the coats of arms of the much later descendants of these Doges were projected back onto the alleged or actual members of the families that had ruled Venice (allegedly) since 697.

The Loggetta in a photograph taken between 1891 and 1894. The text claims that the bell tower (campanile) was built under Pietro Tribuno.

Pietro Tribuno , in the chronologically closest sources Petrus († 911 ), was the 17th Doge according to the historiographical tradition of the Republic of Venice , as the state-controlled historiography there is called . His reign lasted from 887/888 to 911.

In 888 and 891 it was possible to conclude treaties with Frankish kings in contested Italy, which served the trade and legal security of the Venetians working there.

Petrus Tribunus is credited with defending against a raid by the Magyars who moved to Italy around 898–900. They settled in what is now Hungary in 896 and plundered large areas of Europe for several decades. During their journey to Italy, they destroyed the places around the Venice lagoon , but were defeated by Venice's navy, which was the first time they were defeated. The Doge received one of the highest honorary titles from the Byzantine Emperor. The construction of an extensive city fortification to ward off future attacks took place in this context, as well as the expansion of Rialto ; a chain also blocked the access to the Grand Canal . Heinrich Kretschmayr considered this doge to be the "actual city founder".

Under Petrus Tribunus, the influence of those members of the people's assembly who did not belong to the highest circles in society, be they clerics or lay people, was weakened in the doge election . Nothing is known of the second half of his reign.

family

Pietro was the son of Domenico Tribuno and Agnella, and at the same time nephew of Doge Pietro Tradonico , who died in the fight against the Narentans on the east coast of the Adriatic , who, from the point of view of the Venetians, disrupted trade as pirates. He was chosen from the ranks of those families who had become wealthy through this trade and who were beginning to differ from the rest of the population. These families in turn formed the core of the noble families ( nobili ) from which the Venetian oligarchy emerged.

Descent, dominion

Pietro Tribuno followed his predecessor a few months behind in office at the end of 887 or in the spring of 888. He was the first doge to be used directly by the people's assembly, the arengo , as an extension of a dogal permit ('placitum'). He was the successor to John II Particiaco and his brother Ursus , who both ceded in his favor. John II had only returned to office (after he had resigned once before due to serious illness) because the chosen person , Petrus Candianus, had died on September 18, 887 in a battle against pirates on the Dalmatian coast.

In the sources that are closer to the time, Tribuno appears only as "Petrus dux", while its nickname Tribuno , also Trundomenico , is probably derived from Tribun . This position was possibly held by his father, or perhaps it was his nickname. Since the chronicler Johannes Diaconus, who calls him "filium Dominici Tribuni" , he has been equated with Domenico tribuno , the husband of Agnella, who in turn was the niece ("neptia") of Doge Pietro Tradonico (Johannes Diaconus, ed. Monticolo, 1890, p. 129). Tribuno was therefore his great-nephew. Only the name of the mother has come down to us. The surname or family name "Trundomenico", which appeared as early as the 12th century, cannot be explained by relationship to the corresponding family.

Under Petrus Tribunus a new electoral system arose in which the circle of those entitled to vote was limited to the highest dignities, namely to the highest clergy, namely patriarchs, bishops and abbots on the one hand, and lay people on the other, namely iudices and primati . The rest of the population participated according to social rank, but now in appropriate groups.

In contrast to its predecessor, Tribuno avoided external conflicts, especially with its neighbors on the mainland. As early as May 7, 888, Berengar von Ivrea successfully confirmed earlier privileges in the territory of the empire, but this could only affect his territory. The only innovation compared to previous contracts was an annual donation of 25 Paveser Lire by the residents of the ducat in return for benefits and freedom to travel within the kingdom. With Guido von Spoleto , the so-called praeceptum was completed on June 20, 891, with which Venice created a balance between the empires. Likewise, nobody was allowed to hinder the travel of the Venetians.

Relations were also maintained with Byzantium , especially since the lagoon was formally still part of the empire. Perhaps convinced by regular tributes, there were no major conflicts with the Slavs on the eastern shore of the Adriatic. According to Johannes Diaconus (ed. Monticolo, p. 131) this was a time of peace and splendor.

The Hungarians' main raids

This changed in 899 at the latest. Tribuno organized the defense of Venice and the surrounding lagoon settlements against an invasion by Hungarian ships. Venice was only one target of the invaders who settled in what is now Hungary from 896 and who carried out raids in large parts of Europe . After Gina Fasoli , the raid against northern Italy, which is the focus here, took place in the years 898 to 900. The Doge had a wall built to protect against the "Ungrorum pagana et crudelissima gens", which reached from Santa Maria Zobenigo to Castello (Olivolo), and made it the Grand Canal is impassable for ships by a chain. The Hungarians, who had already depopulated Northern Italy with fire and robbery, penetrated everything along the western edge of the lagoon to Chioggia, destroying everything. Then they pillaged Malamocco and Pellestrina on the Lido; as Johannes Diaconus (ed. Monticolo, p. 130) writes: "primo Civitatem novam fugiente populo igne concremaverunt, deinde Equilum, Finem, Cloiam, Caputargelem incenderunt litoraque maris depopolaverunt". The population therefore fled from the invaders, who were only stopped and repulsed by the Venetian fleet under the leadership of "Petrus dux" near Albiola in June 900 . King Berengar of Friuli was able to persuade them to withdraw from Italy with "obsidibus ac donis", taking all their booty with them. The Byzantine Emperor Leo the Wise honored Tribuno because of this success in the following year with the title of Protospathario (Johannes Diaconus, ed. Monticolo, p. 131). In February 900, the Tribuno called a placitum , during which the monastery of S. Stefano di Altino received exemptions , with reference to damage by the Hungarians.

We learn nothing from the years after. The structural measures within the city can hardly be classified in terms of time. This included the aforementioned wall between the old Byzantine fort in Olivolo, which extended to the church "sancte Marie, qui de Iubianico dicitur", i.e. to Santa Maria Zobenigo near the confluence of the Grand Canal. This building of the wall was explicitly dated by Johannes Diaconus in the "anno sui ducatus nono", in the 9th year of his reign (ed. Monticolo, p. 131). A chain reached from said west end over the Grand Canal, with which this access could be blocked. In addition, islands were linked together to create the island of Rialto, the civitas Rivoalti .

Whether the Doge 910 or 911 died of natural causes or fell victim to an attack because of tyrannical airs, the chroniclers are divided. Johannes Diaconus only writes laconically (p. 131): “vixit autem iam dictus Petrus dux in ducatu annis .xx. et tribus, et mortuus est sepultusque in sancti Zacharie monasterio “- he ruled for 23 years and was buried in the monastery of San Zaccaria . After his death, the post of Doge remained vacant, namely for eight months until his successor " Ursus cognomento Particiacus " was elected.

The Doge left two sons, Domenico and Pietro, but neither were directly involved in the father's sphere of power. Instead, Domenico became Patriarch of Grado , Pietro died early, but he left behind a son of the same name who became Bishop of Olivolo.

In Pietro Tribuno's time, following Francesco Sansovino , the construction of a campanile began on today's St. Mark's Square , which was in turn replaced by a new tower around 1152.

reception

Depiction of a Frankish rider chasing a Hungarian rider. The latter aims at the persecutor with an arch backwards, crypt of the Basilica of Aquileia, 12th century?

For Venice at the time of Doge Andrea Dandolo , the interpretation given to Piero Tribuno's long reign was symbolic in several ways. The focus of the political leadership bodies, long established in the middle of the 14th century, which have steered historiography especially since the Doge Andrea Dandolo, focused on the development of the constitution (in this case the derivation of the rulership rights of the oldest families), but also the shifts in power within the Adriatic, if not all of Europe (here the defense of the Hungarians). The focus was always on the questions of the political independence between the disintegrating empires, of law from its own roots, and therefore of the derivation and legitimation of their claim to territorial and maritime domination, because Venice was at this time forced to be completely independent at the highest risk to act in a politically fragmented environment. Against the Hungarians, it was even the only state that succeeded in military defense, more than 50 years before the battle on the Lechfeld . In addition, Venice prepared for further attacks by building a wall and creating a barrier chain for the Grand Canal , which was in sharp contrast to Dandolo's 14th century Venice, which managed without a city wall. After all, according to Johannes Diaconus, the attack by the Hungarians failed at the same point as the attack by Pippin, the son of Charlemagne, almost a century ago. This represented not only a parallelization of the two attacks, but an increase in the sense of the defense of Christianity against the pagans from the east. This success was also a further confirmation of the relocation of the Doge's residence from Malamocco, which was destroyed in both attacks, to Rialto after Pippin's attack. Only there, in the middle of the lagoon, was Venice guaranteed.

The oldest vernacular chronicle, the Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo, from the late 14th century, like Andrea Dandolo, presents the events on a level that has long been familiar and dominated by individuals, which once again gave the Doges greater power. However, the decision-making processes are largely unknown. According to this chronicle, “Piero” was the son of the “Demenego Tribun”. He received the "regimento" "a clamor de tuto il povolo", ie by acclamation . While Berengar "volse le spalle" in view of the Hungarian power, he watched the invasion indifferently, and the invaders destroyed the area of Treviso and Istria, as well as Eracliana - here the chronicle expressly notes that the city was named "Citanova" after its reconstruction received - then conquered Chioggia . Before the Venetian fleet, however, they evaded and moved on to Lombardy , where they destroyed all "contrade". Only with a lot of money - "grande moneda" - was Berengar able to persuade them to leave Italy. The chronicle also reports on the wall and the chain that blocked the Grand Canal . After 23 years of reign, the Doge died and was buried in San Zaccaria .

Pietro Marcello reports with a few deviations . In 1502, in his work, later translated into Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia, he lists the Doge in the section “Pietro Tribuno Doge XVI.” Marcello also reports on the wall and the chain to ward off invaders. He describes the Hungarians as "Gli Vnni popoli di Scitia". These invaded Italy, "huomini tanto crudeli, che mangiavano anche carne humana", "men so cruel that they also ate human flesh." After him they conquered numerous cities and their successes made them arrogant, so that they now also wanted to destroy the state of the Venetians. For him, "Vinegia" was no longer the whole lagoon, but Rialto, which the Hungarians now wanted to attack. The Venetians, on the other hand, fought for their bare life, there was a battle lasting several days in different places, and the Hungarians finally withdrew. After they had received some presents from Berengar "alcuni doni", they left Italy. Tribuno, who happily ruled Venice both internally and externally, died - here the author skips a number of years - in the 19th year of his “Prencipato”.

The resigned Doge John II , as Gian Giacomo Caroldo reports, took office again at the request of the people, despite his illness, and only after six months and thirteen days were the "pubblici rumori" so calm that he could persuade the people to do so to elect a new Doge in 888. Caroldo's history venete dal principio della città fino all'anno 1382 tell of the new doge "Pietro Tribuno", "il quale fù figliuolo di messer Dominico Tribuno et di Madonna Angela nepote dell'Eccelso Duce Messer Pietro Candiano, che fù morto da Schiavoni", So he was the son of Domenico and Angela, and at the same time the nephew of his predecessor, who had been killed by Slavs. In the ninth year of his reign, therefore in the year 897, he had a wall built that reached from the "Rio di Castello sin'alla Chiesa di Santa Maria Giubanico", in addition he had "fine del muro una grossa catena che traversava il canale alla Chiesa" di San Gregorio, acciò non potesse penetrar nella Città alcuno navilio ”- so he had a heavy chain attached from the end of the wall over the canal at the church of San Gregorio so that no ship could penetrate the city. The Doge's son, Domenico Tribuno, was elected or elected patriarch ("eletto"). Chioggia received a privilege that defined its limits, but also the obligations and services ("obligationi et servitij") towards the doge. The Hungarian invasion took place on horses and in leather boats ("barche di cuoio"), as Caroldo reports. The invaders burned "Citta Nova", then "Equilio, Chioza et Cavarzere" followed. Finally they tried to get to Rialto via Albiola and Malamocco. However, under the leadership of the Doge, the Venetians attacked the invaders with numerous ships and boats (“navilij et barche”), so that they 'on the day of St. Peter's fled and dispersed. 'Some', according to Caroldo, had written a lot of bad things about the Doge, claiming that it was why he died, but they had fallen into a great error. Because old documents would show that he had ruled “prudently” and “peacefully”, and to the general “satisfaction”. So he was "secondo il corso di natura" - a natural death - died after 24 years and 22 days of rule. He was buried “non senza lamentatione del Popolo” in San Zaccaria.

In the Chronica published in 1574 that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all the lives of the Frankfurt lawyer Heinrich Kellner in Venice , who based on Marcello made the Venetian chronicle known in the German-speaking area, is "Peter Tribun der Sechtzehende Hertzog". Kellner briefly notes that the new doge was “chosen / in the 888th jar.” Because of the “pirates or pirates”, “he had a mauwer carried out / to fortify the place / from Canal Castle, bit to S.Maria Giubenico / and the advance Unintentional attacks by the enemy a chain was drawn / from the previously reported Mauwren bit to S.Georg. "Then Kellner continues that" several people from Scitia / Hunni called / cruel tyrannical people / who also ate human flesh / attacked Italy with great impetuousness. “They made their battle victories“ proud and blown up ”, they plundered Friuli and also wanted to“ destroy ”Venice. Because of this, they "had collected quite a few ships / ir Volck / and attacked the Neuwstatt / which was previously called Heraclea." They burned this city down, as did "Equilo and Jesolo" and "also turned Chiogia and Capo d argere to ash" . Then they prepared for the attack on Venice. In the face of such "raw wild people", the Venetians knew that their survival was at stake. They went against the 'barbarians' on “very light little ships” when they wanted to attack Rialto, and there were “several days of fighting”. When the attackers got “tired and lassz”, they had to flee and “gave the Venetians a laudable great victory and victory.” Berengar was finally able to persuade them to leave Italy with “gifts”. Similar to the earlier chroniclers, Kellner reports, apart from the death of the Doge, who ruled “happily / in times of peace and war”, only that he died “in the nineteenth year of his Hertzogthumbs”. In terms of arithmetic, the author can only have meant the year 907, but according to the chronicle, his successor was not chosen until 909.

In the translation by Alessandro Maria Vianolis Historia Veneta , which appeared in Nuremberg in 1686 under the title Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, und Die Die / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bis on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , the doge “Petrus Tribunus, called the Seventeen Hertzog ”. When the sick Doge Johannes "felt / that he could no longer rule the community / because of a decrease in strength" he handed over his office to Petrus Candianus, who was killed in the fight against the Narentans. Johannes accepted his office again at the request of the people, but after six months when he saw “that the Vatterland had landed in a secure port”, he resigned again, “whereupon the government wagons approached with great rejoicing lead / in the year eight hundred and eight and eighty / was named Petrus Tribunus ”. “Under his government another great fear and horror was instilled in the city; when the Huns came to Italy for the second time ”. At Vianoli, too, the Hungarians, whom he also called the “Huns”, became “cocky” so that they “dared to destroy and corrupt the Venedian region”. They burned down Eraclea and Jesolo, “Chiozza and Capo d'Argere” “and already tractir the Insul Rialto in the same way in which thoughts were decided”. In contrast to other authors, the construction of the wall and the suspension of a chain over the Grand Canal happened only now, and other canals also received such a chain. In addition, the Venetians attacked with "very small and light ships". The fighting lasted for two days until the Hungarians withdrew and took gifts from Berengar. After that, according to Vianoli, income increased and numerous churches were built, all of which he lists. Even this author knows nothing about the time after the Hungarian victory, only that the Doge ruled for 23 years when he was followed by "Ursus II. Badoarius" (four years longer than with Marcello and Kellner).

In 1687 Jacob von Sandrart wrote laconically in his work Kurtze and an enlarged description of the origin / recording / territories / and government of the world-famous republic of Venice : “... was elected Petrus Tribunus in the year 888 to (XVI.) Hertzog, who chose the city Venice fortified with Moors / where it seemed necessary. ”It“ not only Berengarius and Guido in Italy fell away from the Franks; but the Hungarians also did great damage in the country / continued to bit on Meyland ”(p. 21 f.). "So they got over Venice / quickly equipped ships in need / broke in there / and plundered a small part of the city". Apart from the fact that the Doge ruled for 21 years, we learn nothing more about this - the author may have been skeptical of the defensive success that Venetian historiography knew.

According to Johann Friedrich LeBret , who published his four-volume State History of the Republic of Venice from 1769 , it was the initiative of his seriously ill predecessor that brought the Tribunus to the Dogensitz. “The people followed his (meaning John II.) Ideas and chose the Peter Tribunus”, who in turn “ensured the inner security of the city and its fortification against the raids of the pirates”. "Because the Greek Empire was too powerless", the protection of the Adriatic became the task of the Venetian Doges, to whom "the Greek emperors commonly conferred the dignity of protospatharians." For LeBret, the disagreement of the Franks was the cause of the incursions "of the foreign peoples" . "Peter Tribun had Olivolo fortified, which is why it was given the name Castello", according to LeBret, traces of the wall were "occasionally found". And some authors, according to LeBret, place the birth of Venice at this time, as the city previously consisted of scattered settlements. In the east the Narentans were Christianized, but they continued their robbery voyages, and they demanded "a certain toll" from many ships. During the fighting in the Carolingian Empire, the Venetians declared themselves for Guido. "After he had come back from Rome to Pavia, the Doge Peter Tribunus sent his Capellan Driokus, and two of the nobility, Morizen and Vitalen, who asked for the confirmation of the old treaties [...] The emperor agreed to their request" . After Wido's death, who was succeeded by his son Lambert, the Venetians stuck to Berengar, who also confirmed their privileges, while the Venetians did not even bother with Arnolf von Kärnten , who had also used the "Huns" or "Hungarn" . "Your historians themselves seem to praise Berengarius very much, and the priest John ascribes certain deeds to him which we search in vain in other writings of the time." He compared the Hungarians with the Huns of late antiquity : "Those peoples who overran who extended the upper part of Italy were worthy sons of their savage fathers who had settled in Pannonia. ”They defeated Berengarius's 15,000-man army on“ the Brenta ”, and now the wealth of Venice attracted them. “They just took the route that Pippin had taken”, by which Pippin, the son of Charlemagne , was meant who had tried to conquer Venice around 806. From Eraclea the inhabitants had fled to Venice, as well as from the other destroyed cities, which gave the city a special value. A battle broke out on “Peter and Paul” and the Doge became “the savior of his fatherland”. According to LeBret, the Doge sent archers and ships to Berengar to block the river crossings. The Hungarians eventually withdrew for gifts. Venice and Berengar now worked closely together, which proved itself in the fight against Ludwig von Niederburgund , who occupied Pavia . While Berengar locked himself up in Verona and his opponent traveled on to Rome for the imperial coronation, Berengar finally triumphed in 905. “In all these coincidences, Peter Tribunus remained a loyal friend of Berengarius.” Venice was a weak king most useful. After 23 years and 23 days, the Doge died, as LeBret notes.

In 1853 , Samuele Romanin describes the power struggles in the Carolingian Empire in similar detail in the first of ten volumes of his Storia documentata di Venezia . The Hungarians, he believes, had already tamed Charlemagne (“domi da Carlo Magno”), but were then called by Arnolf against Moravia . In their ferocity they resembled Slavs, Saracens and Normans. The Hungarians moved to Romanin, also traced back to the Huns, through Friuli in April 900. Berengar, who hardly knew the name of this people, initially forced the Hungarians to flee, but lost after he had turned down an offer of peace 'on the Brenta'. On the way to Milan they heard about the wealth of Venice, which, moreover, had not yet been plundered when they moved. Old castles were now being built in Venice, such as Brondolo , a new one was being built as the Torre delle Bebbe , and others were being built in Caorle and Bibione . The wall around Olivolo extended further west along the Riva degli Schiavoni . Similar to LeBret, Romanin also sees a parallel to Pippin's approach. According to Romanin, a place near Mestre was long called Campo degli Ungari , a street not far from Piove di Sacco was called Via degli Ungari (p. 213). Their boats were made of leather and wicker, but they had to give up after a year. Romanin quotes from a chronicle by the name of Barbara Berengar, who congratulated the Doge on his victory and is said to have called him “conservatore della pubblica libertà ed espulsore dei Barbari”, meaning “savior of freedom and expeller of the barbarians”. For Romanin this happened at a time when Europe was becoming more and more barbaric, ignorance was extreme, morals in all classes had fallen into disuse, in anticipation of the end of the world. Forests and swamps covered most of the continent, and trade was paralyzed. Only the Venetians were able to make long trade trips to Africa and Asia. Romanin contradicts some authors who wrote about the murder of the Doge, because this claim was "totalmente falso", that is, "completely wrong". However, there was indeed a dispute over the bishopric of Olivolo, which in 909 was accepted by a different candidate than the one the Doge had favored. Quoting Johannes Deaconus, Romanin assumed that the whole people had mourned the doge's death.

August Friedrich Gfrörer († 1861) assumes in his history of Venice from its founding to 1084 , which appeared eleven years after his death , that Byzantium still exercised the greatest influence in the lagoon, and that there was a pro-Franconian and there was a pro-Byzantine party that dominated certain places within the lagoon. Gfrörer suspects that John II. Completely from Byzantium and the Carolingian Karl III. turned to, also because his business perhaps extended to the Franconian Empire. Then came the reinstatement of Johann, who, however, could no longer hold his office due to a lack of Franconian support - a dependence on the Carolingian that Pinton later refuted. As always with Gfrörer, Constantinople was behind the appointment of fellow Doges and the resignation of the Doge. In this case, the origin of the Doge family from "the Byzantine fire herd Heracliana" indicates a corresponding procedure, which, however, initially became obsolete due to the early death of Doge Pietro Candiano, only to become virulent again under the Tribuno. Gfrörer calculated that Pietro Tribuno must have died in May 911, but that his successor was only "confirmed" eight months later, as Andrea Dandolo writes, which in Gfrörer's opinion could only refer to a confirmation from the emperor in Constantinople (P. 225). The city fortifications against the Hungarians, who settled in Pannonia from 896 , began a year later. Gfrörer quotes from the chronicle of Andrea Dandolo. According to Gfrörer, however, the attack by the Hungarians did not take place until 906 (p. 219), the decisive battle on June 29, 906, at the "Peter and Paul Festival". The appointment of Dominicus as Bishop of Olivolo, "of which the legend goes that he was installed ... in spite of Doge Peter", as Dandolo reports, leads Gfrörer to believe that there was a "Catholic party" which was against the dependence of the church and its utilization by the state (what he called "Byzantinism") wanted to defend. Gfrörer again quotes Andrea Dandolo, who reports of chroniclers who write that "Peter was a harsh and unjust ruler and was therefore killed by the people". Dandolo must therefore have known lost chronicles, and the Doge mainly drew from documents. Therefore he came to the judgment that Pietro Tribuno was a “wise, kind, peaceful prince”.

Pietro Pinton translated and annotated Gfrörer's work in the Archivio Veneto in annual volumes XII to XVI. Pinton's own account, which did not appear until 1883 - also in the Archivio Veneto - came to very different, less speculative results than Gfrörer. For Pinton it was not the leaning of two warring factions on one of the two empires, but rather the struggle against the Hungarians that prompted Emperor Leo to give the Doge the title of Protospatharius. In any case, this is the order in which Johannes Diaconus reports, while Andrea Dandolo's title was already awarded after his inauguration. In addition, Gfrörer argues illogically when he asserts on the one hand that the confrontation has become more moderate, on the other hand, the mostly underage candidates for the offices of bishops and patriarchs as exponents of their families have been murdered many times - which does not appear in the sources. Pinton rather emphasizes the contrasts within the lagoon, such as the one between Rialto and Malamocco, because the latter was the seat of the Doge until around 811, and the city fell more and more behind the residence of Rialto. On the basis of a document dated January 14, 932, Pinton also refutes Gfrörer's assumption of a longer interregnum according to the Tribuno, from which he deduces hard conflicts, so that this can be reduced to a few months by recalculating the years of rule.

As early as 1861, Francesco Zanotto reported in his Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia that the Doge had the city fortified. There were also walls around the Doge's Palace, St. Mark's Basilica and St. Mark's Square. The Hungarians came to him in boats that they had captured on their way, but which were still made of wicker and leather. Zannotto also adds a refutation of the murder thesis, as well as the contrast between rich Venice and the crumbling Franconian empire.

For Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna , in the first volume of his Storia dei Dogi di Venezia , published in 1867, the 17th Doge belonged to the Memia or Memma family. For him the invaders were "Tartari, Ugri", against whom the Doge had the walls built in the early 900; that chain was pulled up at night. The attackers 'followed Pippin's example', but were so beaten that they never dared to attack the lagoon again, even if they carried out their raids every year for a long time elsewhere. The 'victory of Albiola' was one of the most important of the Venetians after Cicogna.

Heinrich Kretschmayr outlined the epoch as completely chaotic, all order failed, while the “internally torn and decrepit country was hit by the Magyar plight.” On the other hand, Venice “enjoyed an almost unbroken peace, at least externally”. Tribunus was considered the "actual city founder", Chioggias borders against Loreo and Cavarzere were marked out. But the “Magyars” appeared in boats made of animal skins and - according to Kretschmayr, perhaps mistaken for the battle site of Pippins from 810 - they were defeated near Albiola. Otherwise, the author regards "the time of the Peter Tribunus and Ursus Paureta as an era of peace".

In his History of Venice , John Julius Norwich first emphasizes the treaties with the Italian kings of 888 and 891, agreements that had already been renewed in 883. Venice, according to Norwich, was the only way to prevent being 'sucked up' into one of the two empires. Venice regularly strengthened its special rights. If in 883 a Doge murderer was threatened with a fine, plus exile, from 888, like all Venetians now, he remained under the jurisdiction of the new Doge and remained subject to the laws of Venice, not those of the Empire. This mainly served the legal security of the Venetian traders. This in turn gave the shipbuilding industry an upswing, but also promoted the expansion of the city. In the last decade of the 9th century, Norwich was considered to be the “happiest and most prosperous of all” for Venice. Then in 899 a crisis followed by the Hungarians, which some chroniclers considered cannibals , "which, on occasion, they may well have been", as Norwich speculates. But their defeat in their "portable coracles " was supposedly "quick and complete". In order to prevent further invasions from possibly better equipped peoples, Venice was only now building its fortifications. As Johannes Diaconus found out a century after these events, Venice only now became a “civitas”. Otherwise, the author expresses his hope that the "authorities" would treat the crumbling remains of the wall, which would have been found at the southern end of the Rio dell'Arsenale, as respectfully as they deserved.

swell

Narrative sources

• La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia [Medio Evo], IX), Rome 1890, pp. 129-131, 133, 178 ( digitized version ).
• Luigi Andrea Berto (ed.): Giovanni Diacono, Istoria Veneticorum (= Fonti per la Storia dell'Italia medievale. Storici italiani dal Cinquecento al Millecinquecento ad uso delle scuole, 2), Zanichelli, Bologna 1999 ( text edition based on Berto in the Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo (ALIM) from the University of Siena).
• Origo civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense) , Ed. Roberto Cessi , Rome 1933, pp. XXVII, XXXI, XLII, 29, 45 f., 125, 134 f., 138.
• Ester Pastorello (Ed.): Andrea Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 460-1280 dC , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1), Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna 1938, pp. 164-168, 172, 358 f. ( Digital copy, p. 164 f. )
• Roberto Cessi, Fanny Bennato (eds.): Venetiarum historia vulgo Petro Iustiniano Iustiniani filio adiudicata , Venice 1964, pp. 50-52.
• Marino Sanudo , Le vite dei dogi , ed. Giovanni Monticolo, in Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XXII, 4, Città di Castello 1900–1911, p. 123.
• Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, p. 66 f.

Legislative sources, letters

• Roberto Cessi (Ed.): Documenti relativi alla storia di Venezia anteriori al Mille , 2 vols., Vol. II, Padua 1942, pp. 28-30, 33f., 36.
• Alfred Boretius , Victor Krause (eds.): Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum , in: Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Legum sectio II, Capitularia regum Francorum, II, Hannover 1897, pp. 143, 147.
• Vittorio Lazzarini : Un privilegio del doge Pietro Tribuno per la badia di S. Stefano d'Altino , in: Vittorio Lazzarini: Scritti di paleografia e diplomatica , Padua 1969, pp. 133, 135, 137 f., 145, 147.
• Luigi Schiaparelli (Ed.): I diplomi di Berengario I, Rome 1903, p. 15 f.
• Luigi Schiaparelli (Ed.): I diplomi di Guido e di Lamberto , Rome 1906, p. 21.

literature

• Marco Pozza: Tribuno, Pietro , in: Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Vol. 96 (2019)
• Mario Brunetti: Tribuno, Pietro , in: Enciclopedia Italiana (1937)

Web links

Commons : Pietro Tribuno  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

1. ↑ "Il presupposto di continuità genealogica su cui si basava la trasmissione del potere in area veneziana ha portato come conseguenza la già accennata attribuzione ai dogi più antichi di stemmi coerenti con quelli realmente usati dai loro stemmi." (Maurizio Carlo Alberto stemmra di alcune famiglie di Dogi prearaldici , in: Notiario dell'associazione nobiliare regional veneta. Rivista di studi storici, ns 8 (2016) 35–68, here: p. 41).
2. ↑ Cf. Gina Fasoli : Le incursioni ungare in Europa nel sec. X , GC Sansoni, Florence 1945, p. 91 ff: La grande spedizione in Italia dell '898-900 .
3. ↑ Giuseppe Toaldo: Del Posto nel conduttore elettrico Campanile di San Marco in Venice. Memoria, in cui occasionalmente si ragiona dei Conduttori, che possono applicarsi ai vascelli, Ai magazzini da polvere, ed altri Edifikj , Venice 1776, p. IX ( digitized version ).
4. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali "Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna", Venice 2010, p. 40 f.
5. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation of Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, pp 28-30 ( digitized ).
6. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , Vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, p. 66. ( online ).
7. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all life in Venice , Frankfurt 1574, p. 11r – 11v ( digitized, p. 11r ).
8. ↑ Alessandro Maria Vianoli : Der Venetianischen Hertehmen Leben / Government, und dieback / From the first Paulutio Anafesto to / bit on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , Nuremberg 1686, pp. 114-114, translation ( digitized ).
9. ↑ Jacob von Sandrart : Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous Republick Venice , Nuremberg 1687, p. 21 f. ( Digitized, p. 21 ).
10. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret : State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origin to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in a certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to the next , 4 vols., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 182–187 ( digitized version ).
11. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 1, Venice 1853, pp. 206–215 ( digitized version ).
12. ↑ August Friedrich Gfrörer : History of Venice from its foundation to the year 1084. Edited from his estate, supplemented and continued by Dr. JB Weiß , Graz 1872, pp. 217-225 ( digitized version ).
13. ↑ Pietro Pinton: La storia di Venezia di AF Gfrörer , in: Archivio Veneto 25.2 (1883) 288-313, here: pp. 298-301 (part 2) ( digitized version ).
14. ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia , Vol. 4, Venice 1861, pp. 40–42 ( digitized version ).
15. ^ Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna : Storia dei Dogi di Venezia , Vol. 1, Venice 1867, o. P.
16. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, p. 103 f.
17. ^ John Julius Norwich : A History of Venice , Penguin, London 2003.

predecessor	Office	successor
Pietro I. Candiano	Doge of Venice 888–911	Orso II. Particiaco