Pietro Badoer

Pietro Badoer , also Pietro Particiaco , rarely Pietro Badoer-Partecipazio , in the chronologically closest sources Petrus Badovarius († 942 in Venice ), according to the state-controlled historiography of the Republic of Venice, was its 20th doge . He ruled from 939 to 942 as the last doge from the Particiaco family. Pietro Particiaco was the son of the 18th Doge Ursus II. Both his predecessor and his successor belonged to the family of the extremely influential Candiano.

The closest source in time, the Istoria Veneticorum of Johannes Diaconus , has nothing to report about his term of office, only that he was captured by the Bulgarian Tsar Simeon almost three decades earlier . Because of this silence from the sources, it was assumed early on that he had ruled peacefully. The “uneventfulness” in the Venetian sources began as early as 933 and spanned almost a whole decade. According to sources from the 14th century, Peter was buried in the church of the monastery of San Felice di Ammiana . His grave has not been preserved. The question of the status and function of the son of a Dog's journey to the court in Constantinople , and how independent Venice was from Byzantium at that time , is still debated.

family

The Particiaco were among the most powerful and influential tribunician families in Venice. Together with the Candiano and Orseolo, it was the Particiaco-Partecipazio family who, according to traditional considerations, provided most of Venice's doges from 810 to the constitutional reform of 1172. The first doge of a relatively independent Venice from Byzantium was Agnello Particiaco (810-827), followed by his sons Giustiniano and Giovanni (829-836). After Pietro Tradonico's reign for almost thirty years , the Particiaco returned to the Doge Chair with Orso I in 864 (which has only been handed down since Pietro I Candiano, i.e. since 887). He was followed by his son Giovanni II. As the last "Partecipazio", so the later historiography, seven years after the death of Orsos II, his son Pietro Badoer from a branch of the Particiaco family, the Badoer, came to the Dogenthrone in 939.

Belonging to the Particiaco is claimed in the Istoria Veneticorum of Johannes Diaconus , who wrote about 80 years after the Doge's death. The Chronicon Altinate gives it the nickname Paureta . Johannes Diaconus names Ursus as the father of Petrus Badovarius, who ruled from 939 to 942, the Chronicon Altinate identifies the Badoer with the Particiaco. Badoer, one of the brothers John II Particiaco , who died before 886, is considered a rather weak indication of an equation . Assuming that this Badoer was the father of Ursus II, so Marco Pozza, whose son could have taken over the baptismal name of his grandfather as a cognomen .

Diplomatic tasks, imprisonment, dogat

Shortly after Ursus, Peter's father, was elected Doge by the popular assembly, he sent his son to Constantinople to see Emperor Leo VI. This gave the son of the Dog, as has been customary for some time, the title of protospatharius . On the way back, Peter fell - probably in 911 or 912 - into the hands of the ruler of Zahumlje ( Herzegovina ) Michael , actually Mihailo Višević, who handed him over to the Bulgarian tsar Simeon , with whom he was allied against Byzantium. He released the son of the Dog for a ransom . The freedman later appeared on a diplomatic mission led by Domenico, the future bishop of Malamocco .

Nothing is known about the three years of his tenure as Doge.

reception

Until the end of the Republic of Venice

For the Venice of the 14th century, the interpretation given to the reign of the second Pietro Badoer, despite its brevity and uneventfulness, was of symbolic importance in several respects. The focus of the Chronicle of Doge Andrea Dandolo perfectly represents the views of the long-established political leadership bodies that have steered historiography especially since this Doge. His work was repeatedly used as a template by later chroniclers and historians. The focus was always on the questions of the political independence between the disintegrating empires, of relative peace in an epoch that was interpreted as chaotic, and then of law from its own roots, i.e. the derivation and legitimation of their claim to territorial and maritime domination. Because Venice was forced to act very independently in a politically fragmented environment at this time. The Candiano family, who ruled before and after the last Badoer and gave Venice a strong expansion boost, played an essential role. Like other Doges, Pietro Badoer represents a period of calm before the next increase in power in Venice. In doing so, he ensured peace and flourishing trade.

Italy and the Adriatic region around 1000

The oldest vernacular chronicle, the Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo from the late 14th century, presents the processes, like Andrea Dandolo, on a level dominated by individuals, especially the Doges. However, the actual decision-making processes remain in the dark. According to this chronicle, which reports only laconically about the Doge, his time was characterized by free trade, especially in Lombardy . This free trade was made possible by privileges that Pietro Badoer, who ruled from 938 to 941 according to this chronicle, had negotiated with King Berengar (it is unclear which Berengar the chronicle refers to, because Berengar I was king only until 924, Berengar II. however only from 950). The Venetian traders only paid one “piçola gabella”, which gave them a considerable advantage over other traders. It is said that the Doge's own coins were minted for the first time, namely “cum grande trionpho”. Otherwise, “grandissima paxe et tranquilitade”, “greatest peace and quiet” prevailed until his death.

In Pietro Marcello's count, Pietro Badoer is the 19th doge. In 1502, in his work, later translated into Volgare under the title Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia , he led the Doge in the section "Pietro Badoero Doge XIX." Some believe, according to Marcello, that the kidnapping of the betrothed by most authors of the reign his predecessor was assigned, including their violent liberation at Caorle , occurred under this doge. Nothing else worth remembering happened under this doge, who ruled for two years.

The history venete dal principio della città fino all'anno 1382 of Gian Giacomo Caroldo only know of the 20th Doge that he was captured by the Slavs on his return from Constantinople, but his father had freed him from it. Now, as a doge, he himself ruled “con pace e tranquillità” for three years, “with peace and quiet” also with Caroldo.

In the Chronica published in 1574, this is Warhaffte actual and short description, all the lives of the Frankfurt lawyer Heinrich Kellner in Venice , who based on Pietro Marcello made the Venetian chronicle known in the German-speaking area, is "Peter Badoer the Nineteen Hertzog". After adding that the future doge had returned "from Grecia" (from Greece), Kellner took up his post in 939 after he was trapped in "Sclavonia". The author thinks that "some" are "who say / that at this time the Jstrians or Jllyricans at Caorle had been beaten" after they had robbed a wedding party in Castello and robbed the women - this event often becomes his term of office Attributed to the predecessor. Then the author continues: “Nothing else is reported / memorized or written / as it happened to him.” For two years he ruled the “community” “with great kindness / so / that one respects him for a highly glorious prince. "

In the translation by Alessandro Maria Vianolis Historia Veneta , which appeared in Nuremberg in 1686 under the title Der Venetianischen Herthaben Leben / Government, und Die Die / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bis on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , the doge “Petrus Badoarius, called the twentieth Hertzog ”. When the son of Dogs fell into slavery on his return from Constantinople, he was "led and guided to the highest peak of honor of his fatherland" for the lowest reason of humiliation by happiness / as it were by the hand / bit. Scarcely had he been raised to the rank of Doge when he sent envoys to King Berengar, with whom he "made a very close friendship". “He was the first among the dukes to mint and strike gold coins; under his reign the beginning was made with the bell tower / on St. Marcus-Platz / which / like a ream / also extends far beyond the tallest buildings of the city /; From what good work he has begun, however, after three years of reign he will abandon / and leave his manufacture to his successors ”. After Vianoli he was buried in San Felice in Ammiana in 942 .

In 1687 Jacob von Sandrart wrote in his work Kurtze and an enlarged description of the origin / recording / territories / and government of the world-famous republic of Venice following the description of the reign of Petrus Candianus: “But it followed him in the year 939 to (XIX .) Petrus Badoarius of the previous Ursi's brother / who died after 2 years ”.

Historical-critical representations

According to the state history of the Republic of Venice by Johann Friedrich LeBret, published from 1769 onwards, “the state of Venice enjoyed its tranquility”, while heavy fighting raged incessantly in both Byzantium and Italy. "His princes defended the rights of the people, and in spite of all the disruption, the arts and action seemed to have fled alone to the islands, where the export and import of goods grew every day." "The factories were then alone in northern Italy to be found in Venice and Mayland. ”“ Such was the general system when Peter Badoer the Second ascended to the princely chair. ”According to LeBret,“ the whole character of the Venetian people had changed somewhat for some time. It becomes more affable; it lets its princes die in peace; there are no outrages. "" Peter Badoer does not make a brilliant figure in history, and received the spirit of action and peace with his nation. "

For Samuele Romanin , who is otherwise very detailed and embedded in the historical context of the neighboring territories , who represented this epoch in 1853 in the first of ten volumes of his Storia documentata di Venezia , "nulla accadde di notabile", so nothing remarkable happened in the two years of rule of the Badoer.

August Friedrich Gfrörer († 1861) assumes in his history of Venice from its founding to 1084 , which was only published eleven years after his death , that Byzantium still exercised the greatest influence in the lagoon, which is reflected in many details. Even if his predecessor Petrus Candianus, as Gfrörer thinks, deserved the praise of Andrea Dandolo, "Peter Candiano's effectiveness is like cut off, although he lived until 939 and remained Doge". For Gfrörer, this is in turn proof that Venice received instructions from Constantinople. The imperial court was by no means happy with a doge “who spread so boldly”. The expression in Dandolo that 939 "Petrus Badoario dux decernitur", that is, it was a resolution, also indicates the strong influence of Constantinople for Gfrörer. This gap in the tradition from 933 onwards continued, because Dandolo also reports little of “Thaten Peters Badoario” as chronicler Johann. The former simply says: 'After Peter Badoario had been a doge for 3 years, he closed his days in peace.' "Tradition is therefore from 933 to 942 without events.

Pietro Pinton, who translated and annotated Gfrörer's work in the Archivio Veneto in the annual volumes XII to XVI, corrected his idea of ​​an overly strong influence of Byzantium. His own account did not appear until 1883, also in the Archivio Veneto. But even here he could only state: “Del breve ducato di Pietro Badoario nulla dicono le cronache, nè pero l'autore”, “The chronicles say nothing about the short ducat of Petrus Badoarius, therefore nothing about the author”, by which Gfrörer was meant .

In 1861, Francesco Zanotto reported in his Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia that the Doge, whose sale into slavery was just as remembered as his liberation, and whose family had earned such great merits, because of this prehistory “i voti della nazione per salire al trono ducale “, that is,“ the votes of the nation to be able to ascend the Doge's throne ”. As Italy sank into war and discord, Venice became an island of calm. 'After Sanudo' the doge was buried in San Felice on the island of Ammiana near his father. The author considers it remarkable that some counted the Doge as the second of his name, as they were the first to count the fellow Doge who stood at the side of his brother Giovanni II for a short time . The occasional claim that King Berengar granted Venice the right to mint coins is refuted by the fact that the first Berengar was no longer alive at this time, the second was not yet king (even if he incorrectly mentions the years 824 and 850, where it is 924 and 950 should be).

Also Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna calls in the first, in 1867 published volume of his Storia dei Dogi di Venezia first captivity at, Bulgarians King ', in which the term of his Dogensohn, nunmehrige 20th Doge "Pietro Partecipazio" had fallen. Shortly afterwards he added that "Pietro Partecipazio o Badoaro" was elected Doge after about 28 years. Similar to Zanotto, he mentions the different counting method as the second of his name, and he assigns the contractual agreements to the predecessor and successor of Pietro Badoer. Otherwise, the fact that it was possible to appoint a doge from the ranks of the Badoer alongside the powerful Candiano is an indication of the enormous influence of the family.

Heinrich Kretschmayr states that nothing is reported about the later years of Pietro II Candiano, “and the three years of the next Dogates passed in silence, the last time a Particiaco, Orso's second son, Petrus Badoario (939– 942), the former prisoner of the Bulgarian Tsar Symeon; precisely that sources from the 14th century know of him that he was buried like his father in S. Felice di Ammiana. "

For John Julius Norwich , in his History of Venice , in which the Candiani exclusively dominate Venice's history for 44 years, the last Particiaco-Badoer in the Doge's office was not worth mentioning. In a “brief and wholly unmemorable hiatus in 939” only the series of Candiano doges was briefly interrupted.

For Nicola Bergamo, Pietro Badoer, about whose rule so little is known, is important in two ways. On the one hand, with him, at least in historiography, the transition from the Particiaco to the Badoer took place. On the other hand, Bergamo deduces from the fellow Doge's trip to Constantinople that it must have been more than a mere embassy. On the one hand, it was Ursus' first official act to send his son Peter to the court of Emperor Leos - as Johannes Diaconus (ed. Zanichelli, III, 40) expressly notes: “mox ut dux effectus est, suum filium, Petrum nomine, Constantinopolim ad Leonem imperatorem destinavit. ”'This practice', so Bergamo, 'was fundamental for the recognition by the imperial administration (“ amministrazione ”) and it could not be reduced to a mere embassy, ​​which some historians have considered it to be'. The main source for this epoch, Johannes Diaconus, does not contain any indication of such a high degree of independence from Byzantium at this early period. This view may go back to Marino Sanudo . On the contrary, the son was given the task of accepting court office and honorary gifts as the physical, trustworthy representative and designated successor of his father, which the emperor intended for the new lord of Venice. This in turn allowed Venice to reduce internal competition in view of this emphasis, and to increase acceptance of the ruling family. In addition, Venice was a particularly desirable destination as the 'beacon of civilization'. Finally, Bergamo emphasizes as central in his argument that Johannes Diaconus reports that the emperor himself 'allowed' the son of the Doge sent to the metropolis to return home - "ad propria redire permisit" - after he raised him to protospatharios and provided him with extremely rich gifts would have. It is simply inexplicable why the return of a mere ambassador should have been permitted by the emperor personally instead of the doge. Last but not least, this also explains why the returning son of the Dog, who wanted to travel through the territory of the Croats, "fraude deceptus, omnibusque bonis privatus atque Vulgarico regi, Simeoni nomine, exilii pena transmissus est", sneakily captured, robbed and sent to the ' Bulgarian King 'was delivered. This can only be explained by the fact that the two rulers involved, who had no conflict with Venice, wanted to meet the emperor. Bergamo concedes that it was only thanks to the mediation of Dominicus, deacon of Metamauco (Alt Malamocco) that the fellow dog was ransomed.

swell

• Luigi Andrea Berto (ed.): Giovanni Diacono, Istoria Veneticorum (= Fonti per la Storia dell'Italia medievale. Storici italiani dal Cinquecento al Millecinquecento ad uso delle scuole, 2), Zanichelli, Bologna 1999 ( text edition based on Berto in the Archivio della Latinità Italiana del Medioevo (ALIM) from the University of Siena).
• La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia [Medio Evo], IX), Rome 1890, p. 134 (“His diebus mortuo Petro duce Badavario , qui rexerat ducatum annis tribus ... "), 178 (" Catalogo dei dogi "). ( Digitized version )
• Ester Pastorello (Ed.): Andrea Dandolo, Chronica per extensum descripta aa. 460-1280 dC , (= Rerum Italicarum Scriptores XII, 1), Nicola Zanichelli, Bologna 1938, p. 172 ( digitized, p. 172 f. )

literature

• Marco Pozza:  Particiaco, Orso II. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 81:  Pansini – Pazienza. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2014, (represents the basis of the representation part, apart from that of the actual Dogat, which, however, has no recorded event).

Remarks

1. ^ La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia [Medio Evo], IX), Rome 1890, p. 132 ( digitized version ).
2. ^ Roberto Cessi (ed.): Origo civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense) , Rome 1933, p. 118.
3. ↑ La cronaca veneziana del diacono Giovanni , in: Giovanni Monticolo (Ed.): Cronache veneziane antichissime (= Fonti per la storia d'Italia [Medio Evo], IX), Rome 1890, p. 133.
4. ^ Roberto Cessi (Ed.): Origo civitatum Italiae seu Venetiarum (Chronicon Altinate et Chronicon Gradense) , Rome 1933, p. 157.
5. ↑ On the Badoer / Particiaco cf. Marco Pozza: I Badoer. Una famiglia veneziana dal X al XIII secolo , Francisci, Padua 1982.
6. ^ Roberto Pesce (Ed.): Cronica di Venexia detta di Enrico Dandolo. Origini - 1362 , Centro di Studi Medievali e Rinascimentali "Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna", Venice 2010, p. 42.
7. ↑ Pietro Marcello : Vite de'prencipi di Vinegia in the translation of Lodovico Domenichi, Marcolini, 1558, p 33 ( digitized ).
8. ↑ Șerban V. Marin (Ed.): Gian Giacomo Caroldo. Istorii Veneţiene , Vol. I: De la originile Cetăţii la moartea dogelui Giacopo Tiepolo (1249) , Arhivele Naţionale ale României, Bucharest 2008, p. 69 ( online ).
9. ↑ Heinrich Kellner : Chronica that is Warhaffte actual and short description, all life in Venice , Frankfurt 1574, p. 13r ( digitized, p. 13r ).
10. ↑ Alessandro Maria Vianoli : Der Venetianischen Hertzüge Leben / Government, und die Nachsterben / Von dem First Paulutio Anafesto an / bit on the now-ruling Marcum Antonium Justiniani , Nuremberg 1686, pp. 129-131, translation ( digitized ).
11. ↑ Jacob von Sandrart : Kurtze and increased description of the origin / recording / areas / and government of the world famous Republick Venice , Nuremberg 1687, p. 23 ( digitized, p. 23 ).
12. ↑ Johann Friedrich LeBret : State history of the Republic of Venice, from its origin to our times, in which the text of the abbot L'Augier is the basis, but its errors are corrected, the incidents are presented in a certain and from real sources, and after a Ordered the correct time order, at the same time adding new additions to the spirit of the Venetian laws and secular and ecclesiastical affairs, to the internal state constitution, its systematic changes and the development of the aristocratic government from one century to the next , 4 vols., Johann Friedrich Hartknoch , Riga and Leipzig 1769–1777, Vol. 1, Leipzig and Riga 1769, pp. 195 f. ( Digitized version ).
13. ^ Samuele Romanin : Storia documentata di Venezia , 10 vols., Pietro Naratovich, Venice 1853–1861 (2nd edition 1912–1921, reprint Venice 1972), vol. 1, Venice 1853, p. 232 ( digitized version ).
14. ↑ August Friedrich Gfrörer : History of Venice from its foundation to the year 1084. Edited from his estate, supplemented and continued by Dr. JB Weiß , Graz 1872, p. 250 ( digitized version ).
15. ^ Pietro Pinton: La storia di Venezia di AF Gfrörer , in: Archivio Veneto 25.2 (1883) 288–313, here: p. 308 (part 2) ( digitized version ).
16. ↑ Francesco Zanotto: Il Palazzo ducale di Venezia , vol. 4, Venice 1861, p. 46 f. ( Digitized version ).
17. ^ Emmanuele Antonio Cicogna : Storia dei Dogi di Venezia , Vol. 1, Venice 1867, o. P.
18. ^ Heinrich Kretschmayr : History of Venice , 3 vol., Vol. 1, Gotha 1905, p. 108.
19. ^ John Julius Norwich : A History of Venice , Penguin, London 2003.
20. ↑ Nicola Bergamo: Venezia bizantina , Helvetia editrice, Spinea 2018, p. 139 f.
21. ↑ Johannes Diaconus ed. Zanichelli, III, 40.

predecessor	Office	successor
Pietro II Candiano	Doge of Venice 939–942	Pietro III Candiano